ALTERAÇÕES NA MICROBIOTA GASTROINTESTINAL DE CRIANÇAS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Researchs about the causes of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has led several scientists to relate many others systems to the patient's brain, linking changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) to typical behaviors of people with ASD, suggesting that the brain-intestine axis is an important piece in this 'puzzle'. This work aimed to investigate the microbiota gastrointestinal in children with ASD. Such research was carried out on scientific work platforms, resulting in 293 works, which, after the selection, totaled 28 works analyzed. Almost all of them showed changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with ASD, the reduction of their diversity being the main alteration of these individuals in relation to the control group. The bacterial family Lachnospiraceae, the bacterial gender Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Feacalibacterium, and Bacteroides stood out in these studies; and the fungal genus Candida. Among the symptoms, constipation was quite frequent in children with ASD and some groups of microorganisms were positively or negatively associated with changes in sleep, speech development and behavioral aspects. We conclude that there are several alterations of GIM in children with autism when compared to children with typical neurodevelopment, being also affected by anatomical and metabolic issues as causes or consequences of ASD. There is a need for further studies, especially in the Brazilian population, and more specifically in the states, in view of the great heterogeneity of our people and their culture, the great dietary variations of the last decades, as well as the increase in gene flow among world populations.

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Influence the Baths of Bishophite on Indicators of Protein S100B in Blood in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Journal of restorative medicine and rehabilitation ◽

10.38025/2078-1962-2020-98-4-48-54 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

T.F. Golubova ◽

L.A. Tsukurova ◽

A.V. Nuvoli ◽

S.V. Vlasenko ◽

E.A. Savchuk E.A.

Keyword(s):

Children With Autism ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Abnormal Development ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Protein S100b ◽

The Brain

The aim of the study was to study the effect of bishovite baths on the dynamics of plasma S100B protein in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Material and methods. 45 children with autism (F84) aged from 6 to 15 years were examined – general croup (GG). The control group (KG) consisted of 25 healthy children. I group – 22 children who received the health research therapy (HRT); II group – 23 children who received a course of the baths with bishophite. The examination included examination by specialists, an assessment of the severity of the disease using the CARS scale (Children’s Rating Scale of Autism), evaluation in blood serum of protein S100B. Results. The content of S100B in children with autism was significantly higher in comparison with KG. The level of S100B in children with ASD with abnormal development of brain structures (MRI) was significantly higher in comparison with KG and with a group of children without signs of violation of brain structures. With hard ASD the S100B indicators were higher, and at medium severity did not differ significantly from the KG. After the treatment only in the II group, there was a significant decrease in S100B in GG in children with abnormalities in the development of the brain and with severe severity. Conclusions. The majority of children with ASD with anomalies of brain structures, there are signs of hypoxia of the brain and violation of the blood-brain barrier. A positive effect of bischophite baths was revealed in children with ASD, having antioxidant, antitoxic, and neuroprotective effects.

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Speech Abilities in a Heterogeneous Group of Children With Autism

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00651 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Kate Broome ◽

Patricia McCabe ◽

Kimberley Docking ◽

Maree Doble ◽

Bronwyn Carrigg

Keyword(s):

Expressive Language ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Spontaneous Speech ◽

Receptive Language ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Speech Development ◽

Limited Information ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Speech Data

Purpose This study aimed to provide detailed descriptive information about the speech of a heterogeneous cohort of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to explore whether subgroups exist based on this detailed speech data. High rates of delayed and disordered speech in both low-verbal and high-functioning children with ASD have been reported. There is limited information regarding the speech abilities of young children across a range of functional levels. Method Participants were 23 children aged 2;0–6;11 (years;months) with a diagnosis of ASD. Comprehensive speech and language assessments were administered. Independent and relational speech analyses were conducted from single-word naming tasks and spontaneous speech samples. Hierarchical clustering based on language, nonverbal communication, and spontaneous speech descriptive data was completed. Results Independent and relational speech analyses are reported. These variables are used in the cluster analyses, which identified three distinct subgroups: (a) children with high language and high speech ability ( n = 10), (b) children with low expressive language and low speech ability but higher receptive language and use of gestures ( n = 3), and (c) children with low language and low speech development ( n = 10). Conclusions This is the first study to provide detailed descriptive speech data of a heterogeneous cohort of children with ASD and use this information to statistically explore potential subgroups. Clustering suggests a small number of children present with low levels of speech and expressive language in the presence of better receptive language and gestures. This communication profile warrants further exploration. Replicating these findings with a larger cohort of children is needed. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16906978

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Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases ◽

10.15171/mejdd.2018.112 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 205-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ashraf Mohamadkhani

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

High Yield ◽

Human Gut ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

The Brain

The brain-intestinal axis concept describes the communication between the intestinal microbiota as an ecosystem of a number of dynamic microorganisms and the brain. The composition of the microbial community of the human gut is important for human health by influencing the total metabolomic profile. In children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the composition of the fecal microbiota and their metabolic products has a different configuration of the healthy child. An imbalance in the metabolite derived from the microbiota in children with ASD affect brain development and social behavior. In this article, we review recent discoveries about intestinal metabolites derived from microbiota based on high-yield molecular studies in children with ASD as part of the "intestinal brain axis".

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Mini-Basketball Training Program Improves Social Communication and White Matter Integrity in Children with Autism

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10110803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 803

Author(s):

Kelong Cai ◽

Qian Yu ◽

Fabian Herold ◽

Zhimei Liu ◽

Jingui Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Training Program ◽

Social Communication ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Internal Capsule ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Exercise Group ◽

White Matter Integrity ◽

Control Group ◽

Children With Asd

Impairments in social communication (SC) represent one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While previous studies have demonstrated that exercise intervention improves SC in children with ASD, there is currently no neuroscientific evidence supporting its benefits. Therefore, we evaluated the outcomes of a long-term exercise intervention on SC and white matter integrity (WMI) in children with ASD, and further explored the neural mechanism of exercise intervention on SC in these children. Twenty-nine children aged 3–6 years with ASD were assigned to either exercise group (n = 15) or control group (n = 14). The exercise group received a scheduled mini-basketball training program (5 sessions per week, forty minutes per session) for 12 consecutive weeks, while the control group was instructed to maintain their daily activities. Groups were assessed before and after intervention on SC and WMI. SC scores were lower in the exercise group post-intervention. Compared with the control group, WMI of the exercise group showed higher fractional anisotropy in the body of corpus callosum, fornix, right cerebral peduncle, left posterior limb of internal capsule, right retrolenticular part of internal capsule, left anterior corona radiate and left superior fronto-occipital fasciculus; lower mean diffusivity in the left anterior corona radiate and the bilateral corticospinal tract. Furthermore, increased WMI was associated with lower scores on a measure of social cognition in the overall sample. This study is the first to provide evidence that exercise intervention improves SC and white matter integrity in children with autism.

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Parenting Behavior in Mothers of Preschool Children with ASD: Development of a Self-Report Questionnaire

Autism Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2015/381236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Greet Lambrechts ◽

Jarymke Maljaars ◽

Hannah Boonen ◽

Lotte van Esch ◽

Karla Van Leeuwen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Parenting Behavior ◽

Self Report ◽

Control Group ◽

Factor Analyses ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Gender And Age

Parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encounter many daily challenges and often experience much stress. However, little research exists about parenting behavior among these parents. With this study, we aim to address this gap. We examined the structure and internal consistency of a questionnaire intended to measure parenting behavior among mothers of young children with ASD. Furthermore, we compared parenting behavior among mothers of young children with and without ASD between two and six years old. Factor analyses resulted in a factor solution with seven subscales of parenting behavior. Two additional subscales especially relevant for parenting preschoolers with ASD were also considered.Analyses of covariance, controlling for gender and age, showed significantly higher scores forDisciplineandStimulating the Developmentin the control group in comparison with the ASD group. These findings suggest that mothers of preschoolers with ASD are still trying to find strategies to guide and stimulate their child’s behavior and development effectively.

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Comparison of Auditory Brain Stem Responses and Otoacoustic Emission of Autism with Healthy Children

Galen Medical Journal ◽

10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1937 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 1937

Author(s):

Seyed Gholamreza Noorazar ◽

Yalda Jabbari Moghaddam ◽

Rasul Kharzaee ◽

Mojtaba Sohrabpour

Keyword(s):

Brain Stem ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Otoacoustic Emission ◽

Repetitive Behaviors ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Auditory Brain Stem Responses ◽

Auditory Brain Stem ◽

The Brain

Background: Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder, including difficulty in establishing relationships and social interaction, difficulty in communication, performing restricted, and repetitive behaviors. The impaired reception and integration of sensory information especially auditory data are one of the main characteristics of children with autism. According to various studies, the brain stem plays a key role in the reception and integration of auditory and sensory data. Hence, this study aims to comparison auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and otoacoustic emission (OAE) of autism patients with healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 20 autism children (4-8 years old) as case group who referred to psychiatry clinics affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and 20 healthy age-matched as the control group. The severity of autism was evaluated by the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS). Also, ABR and OAE were recorded, and all data compared with the healthy children. Results: The latencies between the waves III-V and I-V bilaterally, and wave V bilaterally and wave I in the left ear showed a significant increase in children with autism compared to the healthy group. Conclusion: This study shows that there was a reduced nerve conduction velocity in the auditory pathway of the brain stem in children with autism compared to healthy children. [GMJ.2020;9:e1937]

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Effects of an attachment-based parent intervention on mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: preliminary findings from a non-randomized controlled trial

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health ◽

10.1186/s13034-021-00389-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nobuyo Kubo ◽

Megumi Kitagawa ◽

Sayaka Iwamoto ◽

Toshifumi Kishimoto

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Children With Asd

Abstract Background Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often experience difficulties in responding appropriately to the needs of those children, who typically express attachment in distinct and nonconventional ways. This highlights the need for an attachment-based approach targeted at caregivers of children with ASD. Circle of Security Parenting (COSP), an attachment-based parenting program, is designed to increase caregivers’ sensitivity to children’s attachment needs. The aim of this study was to provide verification of the effectiveness of COSP in mothers of children with ASD. Methods This study was a non-randomized controlled trial. Sixty mothers of children with ASD aged 4–12 were recruited. Twenty mothers received the COSP intervention, while 40 did not. The characteristics of children in the control group were matched with those of the intervention group. To evaluate the outcomes of the intervention, changes in parental self-efficacy and mental health were assessed using the Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy (TOPSE) and the General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30). The children’s improvement in emotional and behavioral problems was assessed from the mothers’ perspective using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Both groups completed the assessments in parallel. Evaluations were compared between baseline (T1) and 6-month follow-up (T2). Results Scores for self-efficacy and mental health of mothers and behavior of children were significantly improved from T1 to T2 in the intervention group, but not in the control group. Participants’ mental health was markedly worsened in the control group. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the COSP program for mothers of children with ASD improved their parental self-efficacy and mental health, and reduced their subjective sense of difficulties related to their children’s behaviors. Our findings support the effectiveness of the attachment-based program for mothers of children with ASD, providing the groundwork for further studies of the attachment-based intervention for children with ASD and their families. Future studies with larger samples and randomization are also needed for direct evaluation of the improvement of children's attachment security, and for exploration of the synergistic relationship between various family support strategies and COSP. Trial Registration This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (No. UMIN000039574)

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Effects of Mini-Basketball Training Program on Social Communication Impairment and Executive Control Network in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5132

Author(s):

Sixin Yang ◽

Zhimei Liu ◽

Xuan Xiong ◽

Kelong Cai ◽

Lina Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Executive Control ◽

Social Communication ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Network ◽

Executive Control Network ◽

Children With Asd

This study evaluated the effect of a 12-week mini-basketball training program (MBTP) on social communication (SC) and the executive control network (ECN) in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We finally assigned 30 preschool children with ASD to an experiment group (n = 15, 12 males, 3 females) or a control group (n = 15, 13 males, 2 females). The experiment group participated in a 12-week MBTP (40-min sessions per day, 5 days a week), while the control group only received the institutional routine behavioral rehabilitation intervention. The SC of preschool children with ASD was measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2), whereas functional connectivity (FC) of the ECN was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) at pre-and post-test. Our results showed that SC exhibited significant improvement in the intervention group, especially in SRS-2 total score, social cognition, and social communication. We found significantly enhanced functional connectivity between the right cerebellum and left inferior frontal gyrus in the experimental group, while functional connectivity between the left middle temporal gyrus and right cerebellum were decreased in the control group. Furthermore, there were no significant correlations between the change in SC scores and FC of the ECN. Altogether, this study provides valuable insights that a 12-week MBTP improves SC and functional connectivity of the ECN in preschool children with ASD. We further inferred that neural mechanisms might be associated with changing the ECN of preschool ASD children caused by the 12-week MBTP.

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Effects of a Therapeutic Horseback Riding Program on Social Interaction and Communication in Children with Autism

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2656

Author(s):

Mengxian Zhao ◽

Shihui Chen ◽

Yonghao You ◽

Yongtai Wang ◽

Yanjie Zhang

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Communication Skills ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Control Group ◽

Horseback Riding ◽

Therapeutic Horseback Riding ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Post Test ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

Various therapeutic interventions have been studied and found to be effective in reducing the stereotypical behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There has been increasing interest in using animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) as an alternative approach to therapeutic rehabilitation for children with ASD, and many studies have reported that AAI has significant benefits for the cognitive, psychological, and social behavior of children with ASD. The present study was designed to examine the effects of a 16 weeks therapeutic horseback riding program on social interaction and communication skills in children with autism. Eighty-four children diagnosed with ASD, aged between 6 and 12 years old, were recruited for this study. All selected participants met the DSM-V criteria, and a total of sixty-one participants (N = 61) completed the study. A quasi-experimental design with an experimental group and control group was implemented for this study, taking measurements at pre-test, interim-test, and post-test to monitor the behavior changes in social and communication throughout the 16-week intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA and the independent sample t-test were used for data analysis, to assess the difference between the experimental group and control group. The results indicated that the THR program had positive influences on overall social skills and communication, based on the SSIS and the ABLLS-R scores, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A notable improvement in the overall social interaction score was observed from the interim-testing point to post-test. In addition, participants in the therapeutic horseback riding (THR) group achieved significant improvements on six out of seven items in their communication evaluations. In conclusion, after 16 weeks of intervention, the THR program significantly enhanced the subdomains of social and communication skills in the areas of social interaction, communication, responsibility, and self-control, compared to the control group.

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Effects of Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on the Intestinal Microbiome in Mice

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.633527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Ci Han ◽

Zhaodi Zhang ◽

Nana Guo ◽

Xueting Li ◽

Mengyuan Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Control Group ◽

Inhalation Anesthesia ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

Changing Trend ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Specific Manifestation ◽

Almost All ◽

The Brain ◽

Experimental Group

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to intestinal microbiome. Almost all operations will go through the anesthesia process, but it is not clear whether the intervention of anesthesia alone will affect the change in the intestinal microbiome. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia on the intestinal microbiome. The animal in the experimental group was used to provide sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia for 4 hours. The control group was not intervened. The feces of the experimental group and the control group were collected on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after anesthesia. Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia will cause changes in the intestinal microbiome of mice. It appears on the 1st day after anesthesia and is most obvious on the 7th day. The specific manifestation is that the abundance of microbiome and the diversity of the microbiome is reduced. At the same time, Untargeted metabonomics showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had more increased metabolites related to the different microbiome, among which 5-methylthioadenosine was related to the central nervous system. Subsequently, the intestinal microbiome diversity of mice showed a trend of recovery on the 14th day. At the genus level, the fecal samples obtained on the 14th day after anesthesia exhibited significantly increased abundances of Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Akkermansia and significantly decreased abundances of Lactobacillus compared with the samples obtained on the 1st day after anesthesia. However, the abundance of differential bacteria did not recover with the changing trend of diversity. Therefore, we believe that sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia is associated with changes in the internal microbiome and metabolites, and this change may be completed through the brain-gut axis, while sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia may change the intestinal microbiome for as long as 14 days or longer.

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