Reinforcement Theory and Study of the Impact of Internet Technologies on Political Participation of Modern Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay Vladimirovich Grishin
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Internet Technologies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the methodological possibilities of reinforcement theory in the field of studying the influence of Internet technologies on political behavior. The prospects of the theory of reinforcement are considered in the context of the changing role of Internet technologies in the political process since the beginning of the 2010s and the growing popularity of competing methodological directions, first of all, the theory of mobilization. It is revealed that the rivalry between the theory of reinforcement and the theory of mobilization at the present stage turns into a state of methodological dualism. Reinforcement theory not only retained its significance in the context of the growth of political mobilization in the period of the 2010s, but also received further development: the new concept of selective avoidance supplemented its theoretical apparatus. Reinforcement theory retains its significance for the study of political leadership among Russian youth, the activities of radical youth organizations. One of the factors in preserving the methodological potential of reinforcement theory in the study of the political activism of Russian youth is the practical combination of its principles with the network approach.

scholarly journals Understanding the Use of Byzantine Routes in Central Anatolia (ca. 7TH–9TH Centuries)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 259-278
Author(s):  
Tülin Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Anatolia ◽  
The Political ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Political Equilibrium ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Changing Role

This paper mainly focuses on the impact of the change in the political equilibrium in the East caused by the effects of the Arab invasions on the main communication routes in Byzantine Central Anatolia. Beginning in the 640s and continuing for over 150 years, these incursions had an impact on the ways in which major routes in and through the new frontier zone were used, reflecting in part the fact that during this period the Taurus mountain range constituted the natural frontier between the Byzantines and the Arabs. The main communication routes in Central Anatolia, which lie on the northwest-southeast axis, were of importance in terms of the changing role of the main urban centres established along them, since Arab attacks were directed at both major and minor urban and fortified centres in Central Anatolia, as the Byzantine and Arab sources mention. Although the main centres such as Ancyra and Dorylaion were affected by the attacks, these and most other major cities continued to exist throughout the period in question. In this regard, the continued existence of such centres determined the ways in which the major routes of communication were used. A study of the changes in the role and functions of the cities in central Anatolia may thus help to understand the use of the main routes, based on the archaeological, i.e. building structures, ceramics, etc., and textual evidence, including that from narrative sources.

scholarly journals RECONSIDERING THE INTERDEPENDANCE OF AIR TRANSPORT AND TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Tourist Demand ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Further Development

Transport and tourism are interdependent, since the development of tourism is influenced by the development of transport but at the same time it affects the development of transport. The improvement of air transport has enabled faster, safer and more comfortable connection of generating countries and destinations, which has a positive impact on the development of tourism. On the other hand, the increase in tourist demand encourages the further development of transport and means of transport are being developed for tourist purposes. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the role of air transport in tourism has changed in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemicand also in which direction it will develop changes. In order to investigate the changing role of air transport in tourism, a three-step analysis was conducted. The first step analyses the interdependence of tourism and air transport in the period before the global pandemic. In the second step, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air transport and consequently on tourism is investigated. While the third step predicts the consequences that this pandemic could have on air transport and tourism.The results of the analysis showed that the interdependence of air transport and tourism is stable even in conditions of global crises (such as a pandemic). However, it can be expected that both air transport and tourism will experience changes, both in the area of safety standards and in the area of new product development.

scholarly journals الدور السياسي للمرأة في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة (The Role of Women in Politics in the United Arab Emirates)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-140
Author(s):  
خصيبة راشد اليماحي ◽  
الفاتح عبدالله عبد السلام
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Impact

تهتم الورقة البحثية بدراسة دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة نظرا لتنامي تأثيرها في السنوات العشر الماضية، وفي الحقيقة يبدو أن التأثير كان إيجابيا في مجمله لأن منظور العملية السياسية المبنية على اشراك الطرفين الرجل والمرأة أثبتت فعاليتها في كثير من دول العالم، وفي الإمارات بالأخص، ولكن يبقى هناك بعض الإشكاليات التي ارتأى البحث أن تسعى إليها المرأة في دولة الإمارات العربية لتفعل من تأثيرها على مجمل الحياة السياسية؛ حيث إن مشاركتها في الحياة السياسية مقتصرة حتى الآن على انتظار التغيير من أعلى الهرم السياسي. خلص البحث إلى اهتمام دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة بوضع مجموعة من التشريعات التي تضمن للمرأة حقوقها في كافة المستويات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية أثر بشكل واضح على قدراتها التأثيرية في العملية السياسية، واشراك المرأة في عمليات التمكين الاقتصادي والسياسي أثر بشكل كبير في تحقيق نشاط سياسي واضح للمرأة الإماراتية. الكلمات المفتاحية: المشاركة السياسية، الانتخابات، الدور السياسي، الوزارات. Abstract The paper examines the role of women in political life in the United Arab Emirates due to their growing influence in the last ten years. In fact, the impact seems to be positive in its entirety because the perspective of the political process based on the involvement of both men and women has proven effective in many countries of the world and in UAE in particular. However, there are still some problems that the research found such as the fact that women have to wait for change to cascade down from the top of the political hierarchy. The study concluded that the UAE has set a group of legislations that guarantee women their rights at all social, economic and political levels, clearly affecting their influential capacities in the political process, and involving women in economic and political empowerment. Keywords: Political participation, election, political role, ministers.

ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО БУДУЩЕГО РОССИЙСКОЙ МОЛОДЕЖЬЮ

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
O. V. Lagutin ◽  
E. O. Negrov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
North West ◽  
Youth Leaders ◽  
The North ◽  
Rfbr Grant ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article deals with the assessment of the prospects of the political future by representatives of Russian youth. The text of the article has been prepared within the framework of the project “Potential of Youth Political Leadership in The Course of Political Socialization and Circulation of Elites in the Russia Regions in the 2010s (using the example of South-Western Siberia and the North-West of the Russian Federation), RFBR grant No. 18-011-01184. The relevance of the research is in combining a fundamental review of the main directions of research of the role of youth participation in the social and political process and the involvement of a specific empirical study conducted in the spring of 2019, which allows highlighting various aspects of the situation. The empirical part of the study is based on the study “Ideas of Youth about Possibilities of Youth Leaders and Youth Organizations in Russia”, which was conducted in spring 2019 in four constituent entities of the Russian Federation — Altai Territory, Leningrad and Novosibirsk Regions and St. Petersburg. The method of research was a personal standardized interview, the sample size was 1000 respondents (250 in each of the regions), representatives of young people aged 14 to 30 permanently reside in the territory of the studied subjects of the federation. Based on factor and cluster analyzes, the main models of expectations of the political future are presented. The article should be of interest to researchers, both professionally involved, and simply interested in the topic of the influence of the real political process on such a significant group of the population as youth.

Back to the Westminster model? The Brexit process and the UK political system

2021 ◽  
pp. 019251212096737
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Baldini ◽  
Edoardo Bressanelli ◽  
Emanuele Massetti
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Party System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Westminster Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of Brexit on the British political system. By critically engaging with the conceptualisation of the Westminster model proposed by Arend Lijphart, it analyses the strains of Brexit on three dimensions developed from from Lijphart’s framework: elections and the party system, executive– legislative dynamics and the relationship between central and devolved administrations. Supplementing quantitative indicators with an in-depth qualitative analysis, the article shows that the process of Brexit has ultimately reaffirmed, with some important caveats, key features of the Westminster model: the resilience of the two-party system, executive dominance over Parliament and the unitary character of the political system. Inheriting a context marked by the progressive weakening of key majoritarian features of the political system, the Brexit process has brought back some of the traditional executive power-hoarding dynamics. Yet, this prevailing trend has created strains and resistances that keep the political process open to different developments.

Rwanda: the Political Failure of the UN Security Council

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Ambassador Colin Keating
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Failure

This article discusses the role of the UN Security Council during the crisis in Rwanda in 1993/94. It focuses on the peacekeeping dimensions of the Council’s involvement. It is a perspective from a practitioner, rather than an academic. It also makes some observations about whether the Rwanda crisis has had an enduring influence on Security Council practice. It does not address the impact on practical aspects of peacekeeping or on the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

Legislators, Bureaucrats, and Canadian Democracy: The Long and the Short of It

1977 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Sigelman ◽  
William G. Vanderbok
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
The Political ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Canadian Politics ◽  
Strategic Role

The bureaucratization of the political process that characterizes twentieth century politics in many countries has not bypassed Canada—as evidenced by skyrocketing rates of government employment and expenditure and, even more dramatically, by the ever-expanding policy-making power of Canadian bureaucracy. One observer sees the civil service as occupying an increasingly strategic role in Canadian politics, a condition thatreflects in part the expanding role of modern government into highly technical areas, which tends to augment the discretion of permanent officials because legislators are obliged to delegate to them the administration of complex affairs, including the responsibility for drafting and adjudicating great amounts of sub-legislation required to “fill in the details” of the necessarily broad, organic statutes passed by Parliament. Some indication of the scale of such discretion is found in the fact that, during the period 1963–8, an annual average of 4,130 Orders-in-Council were passed in Ottawa, a substantial proportion of which provided for delegating authority to prescribe rules and regulations to ministers and their permanent advisers. By contrast, the number of laws passed annually by Canadian federal parliaments is rarely over one hundred.

Party-Political and Socio-Economic Сonsequences of Elections to the German Bundestag

2021 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
V.B. Belov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Face ◽  
German Bundestag ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the results of the last Bundestag elections. They marked the end of the Angela Merkel era and reflected the continuation of difficult party-political and socio-economic processes in the informal leader of the European Union. The main attention of the research focuses on the peculiarities of the election campaign of the leading parties and of the search for ways of further development of Germany in the face of urgent economic and political challenges. These challenges include the impact of the coronavirus crisis, the impact of the energy and digital transition to a climate-neutral economy, and the complex international situation. Based on original sources, the author analyzes the causes of the SPD victory and the CDU/CSU bloc defeat, the results of the negotiations of the Social Democrats with the Greens and Liberals, the content of the coalition agreement from the point of view of the prospects for the development of domestic and foreign policy and the economy of Russia's main partner in the west of the Eurasian continent. The conclusion is made about the absence of breakthrough ideas, the consistent continuation of the course started by the previous government for a carbon-free economy and the strengthening of the role of Germany in Europe and the world. For this course, conflicts and problems in achieving the set goals will be immanent due to the compromising nature of the coalition agreements.

The impact of Political Parties Law no. 36 of 2015 on requlatinq political parties pluralism in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurdistan Saeed
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Opposition ◽  
The Law ◽  
Lack Of Commitment ◽  
The Impact

This study deals with the political parties’ pluralism in Iraq under the Parties Law No. 36 of 2015. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it looks at a topic that is at the heart of democracy and it is necessary for the success of any democratic processes. The study focuses on parties’ pluralism in Iraq since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until the end of the Baath Party regime in 2003, it also covers the period after 2003 and pays particular attention to the Parties Law No. 36 of 2015. It focuses on the legal framework of political parties after the adoption of the Political Parties Law and studies the impact of this law on parties’ pluralism in Iraq after its approval in 2015. The study concludes that Law No. 36 of 2015 is incapable of regulating parties’ pluralism for reasons including: the lack of commitment by the political parties to the provisions of the law, the inability of the Parties Affairs Department to take measures against parties that violate the law the absence of a strong political opposition that enhances the role of political parties, the association of most Iraqi parties with foreign agendas belonging to neighboring countries, and the fact that the majority of Iraqi parties express ethnic or sectarian orientations at the expense of national identity.

scholarly journals Political participation of the chinese youth in market economy and implication on communist youth league

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2489-2498
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Communist Youth League

Political participation entails citizens’ engagement to exert influence on the political process and policies in a desired direction. Therein, participation of the youth has significance as a transient yet constantly receiving community with potential to shape the course of history in any society. The activities and functions of youth organizations have been pivotal in effecting changes in the twentieth century Asian socio-political and economic realms. Under the similar circumstances, the People’s Republic of China appears to be continuously evolving its social, economic, political and cultural regimes in response to the fluctuating demands of the citizens and the youth. This Essay fathoms changes in political participations of the youth in China, its implication on the Communist Youth League and how the Communist Youth League responds in the era of Market Economy.

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