scholarly journals Idea of the Proof

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
A. M. Anisov
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Formal Presentation ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exact Definition ◽  
Made In

The article explores the informal side of the idea of the proof. The word "idea" is used in a sense dating back to Plato. Proof is understood as a precisely established connection of precisely formulated and objectively existing ideas. This connection of ideas belongs to the realm of the possible and can be present in some possible worlds and absent in others. Attempts to interpret the proof as a procedure of convincing argumentation are criticized. It is shown that the proof is not necessarily convincing, and that persuasiveness may be inherent outside the proof-based forms of argument. The genesis of the idea of the proof is briefly traced from its origins to the present day. Arguments are made in favor of the thesis of the idea of the proof in Pythagorean philosophy. The question of why the idea of the proof has not been rediscovered anywhere and never is discussed. The problem of the time gap between the appearance of the proof and the exact definition of the concept of the proof in modern logic is considered. An accessible example substantiates the inseparability of the idea of the proof from its formal presentation in one or another logic. A list of some basic informal predicates of the proof is given and a brief description is given.

Need of Human Rights as a Better Way of Life

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.

General Schema Theory for Genetic Programming with Subtree-Swapping Crossover: Part II

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Poli ◽  
Nicholas Freitag McPhee
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Exact Formulation ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
General Schema ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Effective Fitness ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Exact Definition

This paper is the second part of a two-part paper which introduces a general schema theory for genetic programming (GP) with subtree-swapping crossover (Part I (Poli and McPhee, 2003)). Like other recent GP schema theory results, the theory gives an exact formulation (rather than a lower bound) for the expected number of instances of a schema at the next generation. The theory is based on a Cartesian node reference system, introduced in Part I, and on the notion of a variable-arity hyperschema, introduced here, which generalises previous definitions of a schema. The theory includes two main theorems describing the propagation of GP schemata: a microscopic and a macroscopic schema theorem. The microscopic version is applicable to crossover operators which replace a subtree in one parent with a subtree from the other parent to produce the offspring. Therefore, this theorem is applicable to Koza's GP crossover with and without uniform selection of the crossover points, as well as one-point crossover, size-fair crossover, strongly-typed GP crossover, context-preserving crossover and many others. The macroscopic version is applicable to crossover operators in which the probability of selecting any two crossover points in the parents depends only on the parents' size and shape. In the paper we provide examples, we show how the theory can be specialised to specific crossover operators and we illustrate how it can be used to derive other general results. These include an exact definition of effective fitness and a size-evolution equation for GP with subtree-swapping crossover.

Defining hormesis: the necessary tool to clarify experimentally the low dose–response relationship

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Carelli ◽  
I Iavicoli
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Made In

The authors comment on Calabrese and Baldwin's paper ‘Defining Hormesis’, which, to date, is the first attempt to provide a definition of hormesis that goes beyond the different interpretations of this phenomenon reported in the literature. While appreciating the effort made in this study to place hormesis in a general and at the same time specific context, the authors believe some clarifications are needed as regards the quantitative features of this phenomenon. In this connection, they speculate on whether Calabrese and Baldwin think it appropriate to include hormesis assessment criteria in the document, referring in particular to those reported in a previous paper. The authors share Calabrese and Baldwin's conclusion that future experimental models designed to study hormetic phenomena must necessarily include the time factor, which not only guarantees this phenomenon will be detected, but is also able to detect the specific type of hormesis.

The construction of units in conversational talk

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGRET SELTING
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Activity Type ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Conversational Context ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

The notion of Turn-Constructional Unit (TCU) in Conversation Analysis has become unclear for many researchers. The underlying problems inherent in the definition of this notion are here identified, and a possible solution is suggested. This amounts to separating more clearly the notions of TCU and Transition Relevance Place (TRP). In this view, the TCU is defined as the smallest interactionally relevant complete linguistic unit, in a given context, that is constructed with syntactic and prosodic resources within their semantic, pragmatic, activity-type-specific, and sequential conversational context. It ends in a TRP unless particular linguistic and interactional resources are used to project and postpone the TRP to the end of a larger multi-unit turn. This suggestion tries to spell out some of the assumptions that the seminal work in CA made in principle, but never formulated explicitly.

Approaches to an Exact Definition of Schizo-Affective Psychoses for Research Purposes

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 245-253
Author(s):  
Peter Berner ◽  
Christian Simhandl
Keyword(s):  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exact Definition

scholarly journals Review and Development Trend of Digital Hydraulic Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Qiwei Zhang ◽  
Xiangdong Kong ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Kaixian Ba ◽  
Zhengguo Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Development Trend ◽  
Exact Definition

Since the emergence of digital hydraulic technology, it has achieved good results in intelligence, integration, energy saving, etc. After decades of development, and it has also attracted wide attention in the industry. However, for many years, the definition of digital hydraulic technology has differed between researchers, and there is no uniform definition. Such a situation affects the development of it to a certain extent. Therefore, this paper gives the exact definition of digital hydraulic technology based on a large number of researches on it. At the same time, the paper analyzes the research status and developmental process of the such a technology, and we forecast the development trend of it.

scholarly journals Potrošnja egzotičnog voća i povrća na području grada Zadra

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonijo Galić ◽  
Bruno Gauta ◽  
Lidija Halilović ◽  
Ivana Jadreško ◽  
Suzana Kardum
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exotic Fruits ◽  
The City ◽  
Exact Definition ◽  
Marketing Approach

Consumers in Croatia only recently got the opportunity to buy exotic fruits and vegetables. Until now offer was limited to the already known species which could be found on the shelves for decades, and this types can generally be cultivated in Croatia (except bananas, pineapples and several types of citrus). The demand for exotic fruits and vegetables and its cultivation in Western Europe is growing, and this trend is coming to Croatia. In the study conducted for the city of Zadar the correlation of the interest in buying exotic fruit/vegetables and familiarity with the product, the exact definition of the product and the most significant characteristics of kiwano/sweet potatoes was explored. Regression analysis results showed that all three independent variables significantly predict purchase of both kiwano and sweet potatoes. Three segments of consumers with respect to their demographic characteristics were identified using cluster analysis. A more detailed analysis of these groups could serve future researchers in order to segment the market and determine the marketing approach to each of the segments.

scholarly journals Analysis of the data of hydrogeochemical monitoring of groundwater in the North Sivash artesian basin

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
K. Ya. Bulakhova ◽  
S. M. Sudarikov
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Artesian Basin ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Gypsum Content ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aquifer Complex ◽  
Made In

The results of hydrogeochemical monitoring of the Sarmat-Meotis-Pontic sediments aquifer complex of the North Sivash artesian basin have been analyzed. The analysis based on a routine observations for 16 producing wells. The observations were made in the period from 2014 to 2017 years. A correlation and regression analysis has been made for definition of dependencies between changes in the concentrations of the normalized components. The results obtained allow us to evaluate the main factors of formation of the chemical composition of groundwater. At the present stage, metamorphosed waters are pulled up from the lower strata of the complex, that leads to an increase in the amount of mineralization. The formation of sulphate waters is primarily associated with the peculiarities of the geological structure, namely, the high gypsum content of quaternary deposits and the presence of hydraulic connection with the overlying aquifers. One of the reasons for the formation of sulphate waters is the anthropogenic impact associated with the close location of the acid accumulator containing sulfur tailing. The results obtained allow us to proceed to the next stage of the survey — the creation of a natural hydrogeological model of the research area and the carrying of the thermodynamic modeling.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Digital Fashion in Pandemic Italy: Districts, Designers, and Displays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fashion Designers ◽  
Cultural Media ◽  
Made In

Change is at the heart of the definition of fashion, as many theorists, designers and cultural analysts have shown. This article takes up this perspective to question the role of fashion design in the 21st century in the relation to cultural, media and technological changes. Adopting a field research approach, the paper analyses the interaction between fashion, designers and digital technologies that are emerging in Italy in order to re-grasp Made in Italy in a futuring perspective. The case studies were selected for their relevance to the digital in terms of design, production, and display. The paper analyses that the pandemic crisis is having on the Made in Italy, stimulating new ways of designing, understanding, producing, and consuming fashion.

scholarly journals Features of formation and use of Incoterms rules in different editions

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Liubov HANAS ◽  
Andrii TODOSHCHUK
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Eighth Edition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
Group D ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The globalization of the world space is an irreversible process and it requires clear generalizations and systematization. In the trade sphere, these are the rules of Incoterms. The study of these rules is quite an actual problem today, considering that nine interpretations have been formed, the last of which took place this year. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the editions of Incoterms, which are published by the International Chamber of Commerce in order to unify the rules of international trade. Results. As of January 1, 2020, nine editions of the rules of international and domestic trade were formed – Incoterms: 1936, 1953, 1967, 1974, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. The first systematization of the rules of international trade had six conditions (FAS, FOB, CNF, CIF, EXS, EXQ), which directly related to sea or river transport. The next edition took place only 17 years later. This edition adds three terms of delivery, that did not apply to water transport (FOT, FOR and DCP). The third edition was made in 1967, as a result DAF and DDP terms were added. The fourth edition was published in 1974. This led to the inclusion of a new term FOB Airport – «Free on Board Airport». In 1980, the term FRC (Free Carrier… Named at Point) was introduced. All versions of the rules before 1990 were based on the introduction of additional terms that would be convenient to use in international trade. And in 1990, the International Chamber of Commerce updated the list of Incoterms by eliminating inapplicable and introducing new terms. A new version of the rules was published in 2000, however, neither the quantity nor the names of the terms of delivery have changed. The interpretation of certain terms has changed. The eighth edition was made in 2010, but came into force on January 1, 2011. This interpretation presents eleven conditions of Incoterms. The eighth edition introduced significant changes into the group “D”. The ninth version of the terms of international deliveries came into force on January 1, 2020, indicating the main changes related to product insurance, replacement of delivery from the group “D”, changes in the order of items within the definition of obligations of buyer and seller, etc. Conclusions. The Incoterms rules do not replace the contract between the buyer and the seller, they only define the main obligations, risks and costs, unless otherwise agreed by the parties of the contract. Incoterms are extremely important in the unification of international trade and they will change in the process of international trade in case of occurrence of such a need.

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