Optical Properties of Tap Water Purity using He-Ne Laser with Different Power Density

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Zeena M. Al-Azzawi ◽  
◽  
Narges Zamil Abdulzahra ◽  
Iman H. Hammood ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Purity

scholarly journals Structure, Mechanical and Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Al–Si–N Films Prepared by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Zenkin ◽  
Fedor Konusov ◽  
Aleksandr Lauk ◽  
Denis Zelentsov ◽  
Stanislav Demchenko
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Point Defects ◽  
High Power ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Magnetron Discharge ◽  
Sputtered Films ◽  
Target Power ◽  
Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering

This article reports on the influence of the sputtering parameters (discharge voltage, average target power density) of a high power impulse magnetron discharge (HiPIMS) on the structure, mechanical and optical properties of silicon-rich Al–Si–N films. We show that with the change of a discharge target power density in the range of 30–120 W/cm2, the hardness of the sputtered Al–Si–N films nonlinearly changes in the range of 22–29 GPa, while the concentration of the absorption centers changes in the range of 1018–1020/cm3. The optical spectra of the HiPIMS sputtered films are completely different from the Al–Si–N films prepared by a direct current magnetron sputtering, with an absence of “monoenergetic” optical absorption centers, which are attributed to point defects.

Morphological characteristics and optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1650140
Author(s):  
Haihua Tang ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Yunfei Liu ◽  
Dejun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Rf Power ◽  
Optical Energy Gap ◽  
Reaction Pressure ◽  
Hydrogenated Amorphous

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) technique with silane (SiH[Formula: see text] as reactive gas. The influence of process parameters on the morphological characteristics and optical properties of a-Si:H thin films were systematically investigated. When the RF power density was taken as the only variable, it firstly improves the smoothness of the surface with increasing the RF power density below the value of 0.17 W/cm2, and then exhibits an obvious degradation at further power density. The refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical energy gap initially increase and reach a maximum at 0.17 W/cm2, followed by a significant decrease with further RF power density. When the RF power density was taken as the only variable, the surface of a-Si:H thin films become smoother by increasing the reaction pressure in the investigated range (from 50 Pa to 140 Pa), and the refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical energy gap increase with increasing of reaction pressure. The effect of RF power density and the reaction pressure on the morphological characteristics and optical properties of a-Si:H thin films was obtained, contributing to the further studies of the performance and applications of a-Si:H thin films.

Relationship between water qualities and treatments in the ultra pure water production system

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Okouchi ◽  
K. Yamanaka ◽  
Y. Ishihara ◽  
T. Yanaka ◽  
H. Uedaira
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Production System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Spin Lattice Relaxation ◽  
Dielectric Parameter ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Dielectric Relaxation Time ◽  
Ultra Pure Water ◽  
Water Purity

In an ultra pure water (UPW) production system which can satisfy the water qualities for 4 megabit DRAM, the changes in water qualities from a tap water (58.4 mg/dm3 as CaCO3 hardness) as a raw water to UPW were followed from the view of the micro-structure and microdynamic behavior of water molecules with increasing of the water purity by a complex permittivity and 17O-NMR measurements, as well as measurements of resistivity, density, and so on. The dielectric relaxation time and spin-lattice relaxation time of 17O nuclei related to the microdynamic behavior of water molecules indicated a trace change between the tap water and UPW. However, the dielectric parameter α which characterizes a symmetric distribution of relaxation times was gradually lowered with increasing of the water purity. The relationship between the half-width of 17O magnetic resonance and pH gave the rate constants for the prototropic charge migration in water. The difference of α and density between the tap water and UPW became a measure of water purity.

Generating Electrical Performance of Plant Fuel System Using Hydroponic System Containing ZnO Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Saranrat Siri ◽  
Kanokporn Sompornpailin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Plant System

A variety of living organisms have a potential to generate the electrical currents which are alternative resources of electric power. Plant organisms absorb light radiation and convert electromagnetic energy to chemical energy via photosynthetic process. An electrical power is also generated from this process. However, a few amounts of currents are generated in this system. In this experiment, plants under the hydroponic system are used for studying the generation of electric power. Different ratios of tap water and Hoagland’s solution were used as culture solution. The cathode and anode were used as electrode in this system. Bioelectric potentials and currents of each treatment are detected at fifteen day of the generating system. The results showed that plant system under solution containing a high Hoagland’s nutrient generated current density and power density higher than those of the system containing a low Hoagland’s nutrient. However, plant system under solution containing a low Hoagland’s nutrient showed higher voltage than those of the system containing a high Hoagland’s nutrient. Metal oxide nanoparticles, known as photo-catalyst in fuel cell, were added in the solution of culture system and analyzed for electric power density. The result presented that ZnO nanoparticles affected a different increase in power density depending on the ratios of tap water and Hoagland’s solution.

Role of Hydrogen Plasma on the Electrical and Optical Properties of Indium Zinc Transparent Conductive Oxide

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Raniero ◽  
Alexandra Gonçalves ◽  
Ana Pimentel ◽  
Shibin Zhang ◽  
Isabel Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Transparent Conductive Oxide ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Electrical And Optical Properties ◽  
Hydrogenated Silicon ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Conductive Oxide

In this work we studied the influence of the power density of hydrogen plasma on electrical and optical properties (Hall mobility, free carrier concentration, sheet resistance, optical transmittance and a.c. impedance) of indium zinc oxide films, aiming to determine their chemical stability. This is an important factor for the optimization of amorphous/nanocrystalline p-i-n hydrogenated silicon (a/nc-Si:H) solar cells, since they should remain chemically highly stable during the p layer deposition. To perform this work the transparent conductive oxide was exposed to hydrogen plasma at substrate temperature of 473 K, 87 Pa of pressure and 20 sccm of hydrogen flow. The results achieved show that IZO films were reduced for all plasma conditions used, which leads mainly to a decrease on films transmittance. For the lowest power density used in the first minute of plasma exposition the transmittance of the IZO films decreases about 29%.

scholarly journals Фемтосекундная лазерная запись волноводных микроструктур в пленках Рb(Zr,Ti)О-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- и их характеризация нелинейно-оптическим методом

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
А.С. Елшин ◽  
Е.Д. Мишина
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Properties ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Laser Writing ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Optimum Speed ◽  
Light Beams

AbstractFemtosecond laser writing of ferroelectric one-dimensional microstructures possessing waveguide and nonlinear optical properties in Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3 films is considered, and the passage of light beams via obtained waveguide structures is traced. The optimum speed and power density of the writing laser beam are within 50–500 μm/s and 1–1.5 MW/cm^2, respectively. A two-stage method of writing is proposed, which provides for improved nonlinear optical properties of obtained waveguide microstructures.

Design of objective lens for 200-kV high-resolution electron microscopes

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
K. Tsuno ◽  
T. Honda ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
M. Naruse
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Axial Magnetic Field ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Correction Of Astigmatism ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Stage 1

Developement of computer technology provides much improvements on electron microscopy, such as simulation of images, reconstruction of images and automatic controll of microscopes (auto-focussing and auto-correction of astigmatism) and design of electron microscope lenses by using a finite element method (FEM). In this investigation, procedures for simulating the optical properties of objective lenses of HREM and the characteristics of the new lens for HREM at 200 kV are described.The process for designing the objective lens is divided into three stages. Stage 1 is the process for estimating the optical properties of the lens. Firstly, calculation by FEM is made for simulating the axial magnetic field distributions Bzc of the lens. Secondly, electron ray trajectory is numerically calculated by using Bzc. And lastly, using Bzc and ray trajectory, spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients Cs and Cc are numerically calculated. Above calculations are repeated by changing the shape of lens until! to find an optimum aberration coefficients.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Differential polarization imaging of sickled cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Marcos F. Maestre
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Polarization Imaging ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Chiral Structures

Recently we have developed a form of polarization microscopy that forms images using optical properties that have previously been limited to macroscopic samples. This has given us a new window into the distribution of structure on a microscopic scale. We have coined the name differential polarization microscopy to identify the images obtained that are due to certain polarization dependent effects. Differential polarization microscopy has its origins in various spectroscopic techniques that have been used to study longer range structures in solution as well as solids. The differential scattering of circularly polarized light has been shown to be dependent on the long range chiral order, both theoretically and experimentally. The same theoretical approach was used to show that images due to differential scattering of circularly polarized light will give images dependent on chiral structures. With large helices (greater than the wavelength of light) the pitch and radius of the helix could be measured directly from these images.

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