scholarly journals Livschancer og social mobilitet - forskellige fødselsårganges vilkår

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Munk
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Educational Capital ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Gender And Work ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Capital

Life chances and social mobility: different cohort conditions. Social position still depends on social origin, gender and work experience. Cohorts born in the mid- 1960s are less advantaged than cohorts born in the mid- and late 1950s, when studied at the time the respective birth cohorts were 31 years old. Research indicates that younger cohorts have a lesser chance of obtaining social positions such as higher-grade professionals/managers than relatively older cohorts had, when education, gender and other background factors have been controlled for. In addition, the younger cohorts have an increased risk of ending up in unskilled occupational groups. This development can be explained in part by the change in labour market conditions, such as unemployment, and in part by educational inflation (educational expansion), which means that similar social positions will be increasingly over time occupied by individuals who have more education and credentials that are demanded by workplaces. Agents are positioned according to a state of distribution of the specific capital (e.g. educational capital). Generally, a highly educated population, under pressure, will influence strong families to invest more in their children’s education, in order to defend their position (a “defensive expenditure“). This social process of differentiation can be characterised as an unequal achievement society.

SEASON OF BIRTH AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: SUMMER BIRTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSLEXIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
Richard Livingston ◽  
Balkozar S. Adam ◽  
H. Stefan Bracha
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Curve ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Neurological Soft Signs ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinic Population

Objective: Increased risk for certain psychiatric disorders has been associated with season of birth. This study was undertaken to look for hypothesized season-of-birth effects for dyslexia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and neurological soft signs in children and adolescents. Method: Month of birth and the diagnostic findings in question were examined based on charts from a clinic population of 585 boys. Odds ratios and etiological fractions were calculated. Results: Neurological soft signs showed a sporadic peak for June births and schizophrenia spectrum showed a peak for August and November. A smooth curve suggesting true seasonality was evident in dyslexia for births in May, June, and July. For different 5-year birth cohorts, early summer birth accounts for 24 to 71% of cases of dyslexia. Conclusions: The authors suggest that viral infection, especially influenza, during the second trimester of pregnancy is the most attractive hypothesis to explain these findings. If this hypothesis is supported, immunization in women of child-bearing age could reduce the incidence of dyslexia. Secondary prevention could also be enhanced by early identification and treatment of children who were exposed in utero.

scholarly journals CONFLICTOLOGICAL CULTURE OF PERSONALITY IN A PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENT (BY THE EXAMPLE OF PEDAGOGUES AND ENGINEERS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shcherbakova ◽  
Anna Tatarinceva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Gender And Work ◽  
Professional Environment ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The levels of conflictological culture of pedagogues and engineers, the peculiarities of its formation as well as the comparison of the conflictological culture’s levels among representatives of these specialties on the base of their gender and work experience are analyzed in the proposed research. Each specialist owns a certain level of the conflictological culture’s development and he/she expresses it in a professional environment. The relevance of the research’s theme is caused by the necessity to improve conflictological culture of specialists for their further successful activities. The Aim of the research is the identification of differences in the levels’ formation of specialists’ conflictological culture by the example of pedagogues and engineers and the influence of such a characteristic as a gender and work experience  on it. The Object of the research is the process of forming conflictological culture of pedagogues and engineers. The Methods of the research are the following:1. the theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the given problem;2.the empirical analysis of obtained data reflected the level’s formation of pedagogues and engineers. 

Maternal Thyroid Function, Use of Antithyroid Drugs in Early Pregnancy, and Birth Defects

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 6040-6048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Linding Andersen ◽  
Louise Knøsgaard ◽  
Jørn Olsen ◽  
Peter Vestergaard ◽  
Stig Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Antithyroid Drug ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Abstract Context Antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy in early pregnancy is associated with birth defects, but more data are needed to substantiate the risk associated with different types of ATD. Furthermore, the role of abnormal maternal thyroid function per se remains unclarified. Objective To evaluate the risk of birth defects associated with the use of ATD in an extended nationwide cohort and the role of abnormal maternal thyroid function in birth cohorts including stored maternal blood samples from early pregnancy. Participants Danish pregnant women and their live-born children, including 1,243,353 children from a Nationwide Register-Based Cohort (NRBC), 1997 to 2016; 8830 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), 1997 to 2003; and 14,483 children from the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort (NDRPC), 2011 to 2015. Main Outcome Measures Birth defects diagnosed before 2 years of age. Results In the NRBC, altogether 2718 (0.2%) children had been exposed to ATD in early pregnancy. The overall frequency of birth defects was 6.7% (95% CI, 6.7% to 6.8%) in nonexposed children and higher after exposure to methimazole/carbimazole (9.6%; 95% CI, 8.2% to 11.2%) and propylthiouracil (8.3%; 95% CI, 6.7% to 10.3%). On the other hand, the frequency of maternal thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy was similar in the random cohort and in cases of birth defect in the DNBC (12.4 vs 12.6%, P = 0.8) and the NDRPC (15.1 vs 15.4%, P = 0.8). Conclusions Results corroborate an increased risk of birth defects associated with the use of ATD in early pregnancy and suggest that abnormal maternal thyroid function is not a major risk factor for birth defects.

Age, gender and work experience as predictors of success

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Fournier ◽  
Elizabeth M. Ineson
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hospitality Management ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender And Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive value of age, gender and work experience in relation to hospitality management (HM) academic success, as measured by year one leadership programme (LP) achievement and cumulative grade point average (CGPA). The association between LP and CGPA success and internship performance is also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – The sample comprised 349 international undergraduate HM students. Secondary data were compiled and analysed using SPSS. Eight hypotheses, developed from the literature were tested using χ2, t-tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. Findings – Although age was not a predictor of success, males significantly outperformed females. Pre-programme work experience was not a predictor of LP performance but length of paid work experience and supervisory work experience were linked significantly to mean CGPA. LP achievement was positively associated with CGPA and with successful internship completion. Research limitations/implications – Although the student sample was international and spanned three cohorts, the data collection was limited to one institution. Practical implications – Pre-programme work experience, in particular supervisory experience, and the incorporation of management competency-linked LPs into first-year HM curricula are recommended. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the under-researched predictive value of age, gender and pre-programme work experience in relation to HM academic performance, in particular in an LP context. An additional innovative finding is the positive association between LP achievement and success in HM professional practice.

scholarly journals Patient-centred attitudes among medical students: Gender and work experience in health care make a difference

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. e191-e198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Wahlqvist ◽  
Ronny K. Gunnarsson ◽  
Gösta Dahlgren ◽  
Svante Nordgren
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Gender And Work

scholarly journals Occupational variation in incidence of bladder cancer: a comparison of population-representative cohorts from Nordic countries and Canada

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e016538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Hadkhale ◽  
Jill MacLeod ◽  
Paul A Demers ◽  
Jan Ivar Martinsen ◽  
Elisabete Weiderpass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Occupational Cancer ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Cancer Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Occupational Patterns ◽  
Tobacco Workers ◽  
Reduced Risk

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare occupational variation of the risk of bladder cancer in the Nordic countries and Canada.MethodsIn the Nordic Occupational Cancer study (NOCCA), 73 653 bladder cancer cases were observed during follow-up of 141.6 million person-years. In the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC), 8170 cases were observed during the follow-up of 36.7 million person-years. Standardised incidence ratios with 95% CI were estimated for 53 occupations in the NOCCA cohort and HR with 95% CIs were estimated for 42 occupations in the CanCHEC.ResultsElevated risks of bladder cancer were observed among hairdressers, printers, sales workers, plumbers, painters, miners and laundry workers. Teachers and agricultural workers had reduced risk of bladder cancer in both cohorts. Chimney-sweeps, tobacco workers and waiters had about 1.5-fold risk in the Nordic countries; no risk estimates for these categories were given from the CanCHEC cohort.ConclusionWe observed different occupational patterns in risk of bladder cancer in Nordic countries and Canada. The only occupation with similarly increased risk was observed among sales workers. Differences in smoking across occupational groups may explain some, but not all, of this variation.

scholarly journals Total Antioxidant Capacity and Malondialdehyde in Depressive Rotational Shift Workers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Khajehnasiri ◽  
Seyed Bagher Mortazavi ◽  
Abdolamir Allameh ◽  
Shahin Akhondzadeh ◽  
Hassan Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Shift work is associated with sleep deprivation, occupational stress, and increased risk of depression. Depressed patients show increased oxidative stress. During excessive oxidative stress, Malondialdehyde (MDA) increases and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decreases in body. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the serum level of TAC and MDA among depressed rotational shift workers in Shahid Tondooyan Tehran Oil Refinery. 21-item Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure depression level. The level of TAC and MDA was measured by 8 mL fasting blood sample. MDA was determined by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Serum total antioxidants were measured using the ABTS. Results of this study showed that TAC mean and standard deviation concentration was 2.451 (±0.536) mg/dL and MDA was 3.725 (±1.098) mic·mol/L, and mean and standard deviation of depression score and BMI were 14.07 (±3.84) and 24.92 (±3.65) kg/m2, respectively. Depression score had a positive correlation with rotational shift work experience and work experience (r=0.218andr=0.212), respectively, (P<0.05).

Reconceptualization of “Brain Drain”

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-314
Author(s):  
Li Zong ◽  
Yixi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Highly Educated

AbstractTraditional approach to the issue of “brain drain” and “brain gain” focuses on outflow and inflow of migration of academics and professionals between countries of origins and destinations. It is suggested that, in the international labor market, the developing countries have experienced the problem of brain drain while the developed countries have benefited from brain gain in the process of globalization and international mobility of talent. From this perspective, “brain drain” or “brain gain” is primarily measured by the number of talented people who have “moved in” or “moved out” of a country, but not the extent to which the “brain” has been utilized. This study redefines the notion of “brain drain” by focusing on the actual utilization of professional talents. Previous research findings show that despite attractive Canadian immigration policy and the increasing number of professional immigrants, Canada as a developed country has the problem of “brain waste” due to its systemic barriers such as the devaluation of foreign credentials and non-recognition of foreign work experience for professional Chinese immigrants. At the same time, China as a developing country has benefited from contributions made by highly educated professionals/students returning to their home country through its attractive and rewarding opportunities for those who have attained knowledge and skills from overseas. China has become a model of “brain gain” for developing countries by implementing a series of open and favorable policies to attract top-notch overseas Chinese and foreign talents to help promote the economic development and global competitiveness of the nation.

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