scholarly journals The role of the independent director in CEO supervision and turnover

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Stein ◽  
Salvador Plaza
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Independent Directors ◽  
Independent Director ◽  
Corporate Executive ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Individual

A considerable amount of research has been done on the figure of the CEO, approaching it from many angles. Our analysis focuses on the role played by the independent director in the supervision and turnover of the chief corporate executive. In the process, we have carried out a comprehensive reflection on the independent director, consulting the latest literature and including the results of the most recent empirical evidence. We have noticed that the role of the independent director often goes beyond the tasks that are usually considered specific to this function, namely, supervision of the company’s senior management. However, the directors’ independence cannot be built by requirements. It is a personal quality of the individual that transcends the various problems raised by agency theory. We believe that correct CEO supervision can only be effectively undertaken if the independent directors have these personal qualities. It seems that companies with a larger number of independent directors are more likely to replace the CEO when performance is not as expected. This can only happen if the independent directors enjoy effective independence.

scholarly journals Limiting role of resource dependence: an examination of director interlocks, board meetings and family ownership

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Sukumara Panicker ◽  
Rajesh Srinivas Upadhyayula
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Resource Provisioning ◽  
Independent Directors ◽  
Family Ownership ◽  
Independent Director ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThis paper attempts to examine the activity and involvement of board of directors in internationalization activities of firms in emerging markets, by evaluating the resource provisioning roles of interlocks provided by board of directors, and the frequency of board meetings. We demonstrate that the effectiveness of board involvement is contingent upon the levels of family ownership in firms since family ownership could impact the firm’s ability to utilize the presence of different types of board members.Design/methodology/approachThe authors test our hypotheses on a sample of listed Indian companies, extracted from the Prowess database published by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), a database of the financial performance of Indian companies. On a panel of 3,133 firm years of 605 unique Indian firms with foreign investments, over a time period of 2006–2017, the authors apply different estimation techniques.FindingsThe results demonstrate that both board meeting frequency and director interlocks are instrumental in supporting internationalization activities in emerging market firms. However, family ownership moderates the role of insider and independent interlocks on internationalization investments in different ways; the authors find that interlocks provided by independent directors support internationalization activities in family firms, whereas those provided by insider directors do not. Further, the study also finds that board meetings are less effective in internationalization of family firms.Practical implicationsThe authors conclude that family firms aiming at international diversification require to develop more connected and networked independent directors to enable internationalization in firms. While independent director interlocks enhance the international investments, it is also useful to know that board meetings are ineffective in utilizing the resources in family firms. This points to the possibility that family firms should device mechanisms to integrate family meetings with board meetings so that they can utilize the within-family processes to aid in their internationalization decisions.Originality/valueThe study contributes to resource dependence theory by understanding its limiting role in family firms. Theoretically, it helps delineate the limiting resource provision role of the insider directors vis-à-vis independent directors. The authors argue that the resource provision role of insider director interlocks does not effectively help in internationalization in comparison to independent director interlocks in family-dominated firms. Consequently, the study shows the limiting role of resource provision and utilization by family-owned firms in comparison to non-family-owned firms.

scholarly journals Understanding coaching efficacy in education through activity systems: privileging the nuances of provision

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Lofthouse ◽  
Anthea Rose ◽  
Ruth Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Activity Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coaching Efficacy ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Cultural Historical Activity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Challenge

PurposeThe research demonstrates the role of activity systems based in Cultural Historical Activity Theory as a means of analysing characteristics and efficacy of specific provisions of coaching in education.Design/methodology/approachThree examples of coaching in education were selected, involving 51 schools in England. The three examples were re-analysed using activity systems. This drew on existing evaluation evidence, gathered through interviews, questionnaires, focus groups and recordings of coaching.FindingsIn each example, the object of the coaching was to address a specific challenge to secure the desired quality of education. Using activity systems it is possible to demonstrate that coaching has a range of functions (both intended and consequential). The individual examples illustrate the potential of coaching to support change in complex and diverse education settings.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of existing data from evaluations means that direct comparisons between examples are not made. While data were collected throughout the duration of each coaching programme no follow-up data was available.Practical implicationsThe analysis of the examples of coaching using activity systems provides evidence of the efficacy of specific coaching provision in achieving individually defined objectives related to sustaining and improving specific educational practices.Originality/valueThe research offers insights into how coaching in education might be better tuned to the specific needs of contexts and the challenges experienced by the individuals working in them. In addition, it demonstrates the value of activity systems as an analytical tool to make sense of coaching efficacy.

The Standard of Scientific Pedagogical Expertise: a Creative Dimension

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Technology In Education ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Pedagogical Expertise ◽  
Creative Insight ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Methodological Practice ◽  
Personal Portrait

Pedagogical expertise is considered as a system-forming scientific technology in education, which has a significant impact on the practice of teaching and the formation of a creative personality, actually becoming a method of scientific cognition in the context of improving the quality of education. It is advisable to design all programs of higher pedagogical education according to the deductive principle-from the general content component presented in the structure of technologies of pedagogical expertise of educational projects and programs, to private methodological practice-oriented recommendations proposed by experts as an indicative basis for teacher actions. The role of an expert and his personal qualities are of particular importance in the composition of pedagogical expertise. Based on the professional analysis of the expert's activity, his personal portrait is formed. In pedagogical expertise, the ratio of the objective (various normative documents regulating the activities of an expert) and the subjective is crucial, when the quality of the examination depends on the competence, experience of an expert specialist, his wisdom, intuition and creative insight. The analytical review of the mistakes of pedagogical experts should be used as the basis of the methodology for training teachers and expert specialists in the field of education.

scholarly journals Is Lack of Morality an Explanation for the Economic and Financial Crisis? A Catholic Point of View

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-418
Author(s):  
Klára Katona
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Religious Doctrine ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Economic Thinking

AbstractBefore 2008, several studies provided empirical evidence of a positive correlation between the functions of financial intermediation and economic growth. In 2008, the financial crisis shook trust in this correlation. Several studies found that comprehensive and fundamental changes were needed in the entire financial market. Attention focused on the role of morality as an essential and integral element of the economy, arguing that without a moral attitude at the individual and institutional levels, the whole system necessarily runs into crisis. Among the moral interpretations of the economy, which are concurrently based on philosophical tradition and religious doctrine, the Catholic Church has presented some of the most consistent and unified teachings related to such questions over time, but the effect on economic thinking is less than what relevance and other merits justify. Catholic social teaching suggests morality and the economy are inseparable and highlights the moral interpretation of economic discrepancies. By analyzing theoretical and empirical evidence, this paper assesses the economic validity and legitimacy of Catholic thought about the immanent role of ethics in the economy and the financial crisis.

scholarly journals Elicitation as a Multilayered Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 160940691879701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma K. Tsui ◽  
Emily Franzosa
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Individual Interview ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Shared Authority ◽  
Interview Training ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

This article describes a novel approach to reciprocal peer interviewing in which participants interview one another sequentially, allowing each the space of a full interview to articulate her experiences and reflections. This structure of data collection offers a new conceptualization of the way that elicitation functions; not just as a process inside of an interview, but one that is also shaped by factors preceding and outside of the individual interview, a process we call “meta-elicitation.” We argue that this form of reciprocal peer interviewing offers a view of the emic that is both participant-led and uniquely balanced between collective and individual perspectives. However, we also argue that shared authority and rapport are actively, and not always successfully, negotiated in such interviews. To prepare participants for peer interviewing, we hosted a 1-day workshop involving interview training, planning, and the recording of interviews. To maximize quality of such projects, we recommend that external researchers consider carefully (1) the balance of structure and flexibility in designing the workshop and interviews, (2) thorough preparation of participants, and (3) the role of meta-elicitation dynamics during analysis.

scholarly journals The Role of Adrenoceptors in the Retina

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594
Author(s):  
Yue Ruan ◽  
Tobias Böhmer ◽  
Subao Jiang ◽  
Adrian Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The retina is a part of the central nervous system, a thin multilayer with neuronal lamination, responsible for detecting, preprocessing, and sending visual information to the brain. Many retinal diseases are characterized by hemodynamic perturbations and neurodegeneration leading to vision loss and reduced quality of life. Since catecholamines and respective bindings sites have been characterized in the retina, we systematically reviewed the literature with regard to retinal expression, distribution and function of alpha1 (α1)-, alpha2 (α2)-, and beta (β)-adrenoceptors (ARs). Moreover, we discuss the role of the individual adrenoceptors as targets for the treatment of retinal diseases.

Politics, Power, and the Role of the Village Priest in Paraguay

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Rural People ◽  
The People ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Church

The parochial priests in small Paraguayan towns are generally reputed, in Paraguay, to exercise an extraordinary amount of power and influence over the people of their parishes—to a greater extent, it would seem, than in most other Latin American countries. This is, moreover, despite the fact that the church, as an institution, is considerably weaker, economically and politically, than in all but a handful of such countries. Therefore, what power the individual priest may have can not be viewed as simply an extension of the power of the church. Most urban Paraguayans, including at least some members of the church hierarchy, are inclined to attribute this situation to the alleged superstitious or credulous nature of the Paraguayan peasants. The rural people themselves, on the other hand, are apt to explain the influence of their own local priest, at least, as due to his personal qualities or strength of character, as did the Services when referring to the prestige of the local priest of Tobati.

scholarly journals Interventions for challenging behaviour in intellectual disability

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afia Ali ◽  
Jessica Blickwedel ◽  
Angela Hassiotis
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Individual

SummaryChallenging behaviour is common in intellectual disability but it is difficult to diagnose and manage. It can adversely affect the quality of life of the individual and cause the breakdown of community placements, resulting in hospital admission. This article discusses the aetiology of challenging behaviour (including the complex relationship with mental illness), diagnostic problems, the current evidence base in relation to psychosocial and pharmacological treatments, and service delivery.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the aetiological basis of challenging behaviour.•Understand the role of functional analysis.•Appreciate the evidence base in relation to the psychological and pharmacological treatment of challenging behaviour.

scholarly journals Kualitas Audit Didasarkan Pada Isu-Isu Keahlian Dan Profesionalisme Auditor

Manajerial ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Sartono
Keyword(s):  
Audit Committee ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Audit Process ◽  
Audit Firm ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Potential Damage

<p align="justify">This research will examine the views from stakeholders on the quality of audits based on issues of expertise and professionalism of auditors, audits commercialization  and transparency the audit. This study focuses attention on the response from implementation of audits quality regulations according to the company’s audits, the audit committee and investors. The focus of this research is an analysis of research by identifying four major drivers of audit quality, namely: culture in an audit firm; skills and personal qualities of audit partners and staff; the effectiveness of the audit process; the reliability and usefulness of audit reporting. In this study also identifies a number of factors that affect the quality of audit beyond the control of the auditor, namely: the approach taken by management; the contribution made by the audit committee; role of shareholders and commentators; role as a driver of audit quality litigation; regulatory approaches; the pressure caused by the acceleration reports. The results showed that the regulatory bodies and professionals involved in the management and improvement of audit quality to make efforts to improve the tarnished image, increase its legitimacy and reputation as well as the dominance of responses raised concerns about potential damage to the profession.</p>

scholarly journals Culture and education as a binding condition for harmonious personal development

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Sukhorukov ◽  
Yuriy Gladkiy
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Training

The exclusive role of culture and education in the modern strategy of sustainable development is emphasized. For so many centuries, culture and education had a distinct flavor of luxury and were available, as a rule, to a select few. Currently, there is a widespread expansion of culture and education, and indicators of upbringing and training have become the primary condition for the sustainable existence of society and the individual. The question arises: what is the hidden primacy of culture and education today? The authors call the answer to it moral postulates and enlightenment, which affect not only the human mind, but feelings and soul, giving rise to desires and actions that obey the will. It is concluded that ideals, beliefs and other qualitative characteristics of a person are the main regulators of sustainable social life. Thus, the role of culture and education is to implement social harmony and ensure the quality of life of people.

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