scholarly journals Analysis of consumer behavior and energy calculation for phase end of life on stamped batik products

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Much. Djunaidi ◽  
Dyah Ayuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Used Goods

A product will enter the end of life phase when the usage period expires. End of life recycleis divided into three categories, namely reuse, recycle, and landfills. Reuse is transferring usage rights to others to be used for the same purpose. Recycle is utilising used goods as raw materials for other products. Landfills are putting used clothing to a garbage dump site. Consumers have different tendencies to the expired product. Stamped batik as a typical product of Solo also experiences the same treatment at the end of its life. This study has the objective of reviewing the consumer behaviour toward the stamp batik and calculating the energy needed in the final product period. Simapro 3.8.0.0 sofwate was used for the analysis. Based on consumer behaviour toward the end of product life, the stamped batik user mostly transfer the function of stamped batik to cleaning cloth or recycle (48.97%). The energy needed for the recycling process of stamped batik is 3.2 kPt. The energy resources of the landfill of stamped batik are 0,085 kPt. The electrical energy used for landfills of stamped batik is  14.4 MJ per year.

Research of Value Analysis Oriented End of Life Vehicle Dismantling and Recycling Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3450-3454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Qiang Zhou ◽  
Han Mo Tan ◽  
Guo Hong Dai
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
The Developed Countries

With rapid increasing of the vehicle population of China, The treatment of End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) becomes a serious social problem. Because the situation of ELV, labor cost and the condition of facilities of China are different from the developed countries, the technologies and the recycling process used by the developed countries can not be simply imported to China without any change. In this paper, the recycling processes of the developed counties are analyzed firstly. And then, the shortage and the advantage of the Chinese recycling factories are discussed. According to it, a scheme of ELV recycling process is presented. And three value analyzing models are illustrated which include: (1) model of ELV to raw materials; (2) model of intermediate scrap to product; (3) model of remanufacturing. In the end, the facilities used for EVL recycling factories based on this process are discussed too.

scholarly journals Modifikasi Pengering Tipe Tray Dryer Dengan Penambahan Insulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Iqbal Fahri Tobing ◽  
Mustaqimah Mustaqimah ◽  
Raida Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Efficiency

Abstrak. Pengering tipe Tray Dryer merupakan salah satu alat pengering rak atau pengering kabinet yang dapat digunakan untuk mengeringkan berbagai jenis bahan baku makanan. Alat pengering ini dirancang dengan tipe paralel flow tray dimana udara panas yang dihasilkan akan disirkulasikan sejajar dengan permukaan rak pengering dan bekerja menggunakan sumber energi listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodifikasi pengering tray dryer dengan penambahan insulator dan mengetahui konsumsi energi alat pengering tray dryer pada pengeringan kunyit. Parameter pengujian uji kinerja alat tanpa bahan meliputi distribusi suhu, kelembaban relatif dan kecepatan aliran udara dan untuk perhitungan konsumsi energi meliputi penggunaan energi listrik, perhitungan energi thermal, energi mengeringkan bahan, energi untuk menguapkan air bahan, efisiensi pengeringan, energi kipas dan kehilangan energi melalui cerobong. Pada pengujian pengering tray dryer suhu yang digunakan adalah 55°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara fungsional dan struktural alat pengering tray dryer setelah dimodifikasi dengan melapisi dinding luar ruang pengering dapat beroperasi dengan baik, proses pengeringan lebih cepat dan energi yang digunakan juga sedikit dibandingkan dengan sebelum dimodifikasi. Konsumsi energi listrik pada alat pengering tray dryer setelah dimodifikasi pada saat proses pengeringan dengan suhu 35oC selama 6,5 jam sebesar 35,33 kWh (127,2 MJ), pada suhu 45oC sebesar 24,26 kWh (88,06 MJ) dengan lamanya pengeringan selama 4,5 jam dan suhu 55oC sebesar 18,89 kWh (68,01 MJ) dengan lama pengeringan selama 3,5 jam, hal ii disebabkan lama pengeringan merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan besar kecilnya konsumsi energi listrik. Konsumsi energi thermal selama proses pengeringan dengan suhu 35°C adalah sebesar 17,53 MJ, suhu 45°C sebesar 19,54 MJ dan suhu 55°C sebesar 21,34 MJ. Berdasarkan hasil kalkulasi antara energi listrik dan energi thermal didapatkan efisiensi pengeringan pada suhu 35°C sebesar 27,80%, suhu 45°C sebesar 22,2% dan suhu 55°C sebesar 31,4%.Modification Of Tray Dryer With InsulatorAbstract. Tray Dryer is a type of dryer or cabinet dryer that can be used to dry various types of food raw materials. This dryer is designed with a parallel flow tray type where the hot air generated will be circulated parallel to the surface of the drying rack and work using an electric energy source. This study aims to modify the tray dryer with the addition of an insulator and determine the energy consumption of dryer dryers in turmeric drying. The test parameters of the performance test of equipment without material include temperature distribution, relative humidity and air flow velocity and for the calculation of energy consumption including the use of electrical energy, thermal energy calculation, energy drying material, energy to evaporate material water, drying efficiency, fan energy and energy loss through chimney. In testing the tray dryer dryer the temperature used is 55 ° C. The results showed that functionally and structurally the tray dryer after being modified by covering the outer walls of the drying chamber could operate well, the drying process was faster and the energy used was also less compared to before it was modified. Electric energy consumption in the tray dryer after being modified during the drying process with a temperature of 35oC for 6.5 hours amounted to 35.33 kWh (127.2 MJ), at a temperature of 45oC of 24.26 kWh (88.06 MJ) with a duration drying for 4.5 hours and a temperature of 55oC of 18.89 kWh (68.01 MJ) with a drying time of 3.5 hours, this is due to the length of drying is one of the factors causing the size of the electrical energy consumption. The consumption of thermal energy during the drying process with a temperature of 35 ° C is 17.53 MJ, a temperature of 45 ° C is 19.54 MJ and a temperature of 55 ° C is 21.34 MJ. Based on the results of calculations between electrical energy and thermal energy obtained drying efficiency at a temperature of 35 ° C at 27.80%, a temperature of 45 ° C at 22.2% and a temperature of 55 ° C at 31.4%

Life Cycle Analysis of Solar Module Recycling Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Müller ◽  
Karsten Wambach ◽  
Erik Alsema
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Silicon Wafers ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Reusable Components ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Life Phase

AbstractSince June 2003 Deutsche Solar AG is operating a recycling plant for modules with crystalline cells. The aim of the process is to recover the silicon wafers so that they can be reprocessed and integrated in modules again. The aims of the Life Cycle Analysis of the mentioned process are (i) the verification if the process is beneficial regarding environmental aspects, (ii) the comparison to other end-of-life scenarios, (iii) the ability to include the end-of-life phase of modules in future LCA of photovoltaic modules. The results show that the recycling process makes good ecological sense, because the environmental burden during the production phase of reusable components is higher than the burden due to the recycling process. Moreover the Energy Pay Back Time of modules with recycled cells was determined.

scholarly journals Utilization of Electronic Waste for Energy-saving Lamp Circuits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2111 (1) ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
Zamtinah ◽  
I Mustaqim ◽  
HS Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Used Goods

Abstract Indonesia is one of the largest electronic consumer countries in the world. The negative impact unless the increase in the use of electrical energy, there is also an increase in electronic waste or e-waste. If electronic waste (e-waste) is not managed properly, it will cause its own problems, especially environmental health problems. One alternative to overcome these problems is the use of e-waste as a raw material for a series of Waste-Based Energy Saving Lamps, abbreviated as SLHE BBL. This study aims to develop SLHE BBL prototypes base on electric and electronics waste, and test the performance of SLHE BBL prototypes. The SLHE BBL method developed by research and development adapted from Borg & Gall with the following stages: First, needs analysis and product planning; Second: Initial product development, validation and initial product revision. Third: Product development, testing, product revision. Fourth: Finalization dan Dissemination. The research instrument consisted of an observation sheet, luxmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, multimeter, watt meter. The collected data was then analyzed quantitatively and descriptively. The results of the research are as follows: 1) waste that can be recycled into raw materials for SLHE BBL include: resistors, capacitors, LED lights on computer mice or electronic component indicators, used goods casings, adapters, diodes, cables, TV’s control remote; 2) Electrical and mechanical design of SLHE BBL can be assembled into prototype of SLHE BBL; 3) The performance of the SLHE BBL prototype is that the lamp can be adjusted in colour and light intensity; the measured electrical parameters are within the range in accordance with the provisions of electrical standards such as Perasyaratan Umum Instalasi Lstrik (PUIL), International Electrical Commisionin (IEC), or National Electrical Code (NEC)

scholarly journals End-of-Life Alternatives of Glass Reinforced Polyester Boat Hulls Compared by LCA

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 096369351802700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Önal ◽  
Gökdeniz Neşer
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Infusion Method

Glass reinforced polyester (GRP), as a thermoset polymer composites, dominates boat building industry with its several advantages such as high strength/weight ratio, cohesiveness, good resistance to environment. However, proper recovering and recycling of GRP boats is became a current environmental requirement that should be met by the related industry. In this study, to propose in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out for six scenarios include two moulding methods (namely Hand Lay-up Method, HLM and Vacuum Infusion Method, VIM) and three End-of-Life (EoL) alternatives(namely Extruding, Incineration and Landfill) for a recreational boat's GRP hulls. A case study from raw materials purchasing phase to disposal/recycling stages has been established taking 11 m length GRP boat hull as the functional unit. Analysis show that in the production phase, the impacts are mainly due to the use of energy (electricity), transport and raw material manufacture. Largest differences between the methods considered (HLM and VIM) can be observed in the factors of marine aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication while the closest ones are abiotic depletion, ozon layer depletion and photochemical oxidation. The environmental impact of VIM is much higher than HLM due to its higher energy consumption while vacuum infusion method has lower risk than hand lay-up method in terms of occupational health by using less raw material (resin) in a closed mold. In the comparison of the three EoL techniques, the mechanical way of recycling (granule extruding) shows better environmental impacts except terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation and acidification. Among the EoL alternatives, landfill has the highest environmental impacts except ‘global warming potential’ and ‘human toxicity’ which are the highest in extrusion. The main cause of the impacts of landfill is the transportation needs between the EoL boats and the licenced landfill site. Although it has the higher impact on human toxicity, incineration is the second cleaner alternative of EoL techniques considered in this study. In fact that the similar trend has been observed both in production and EoL phases of the boat. It is obvious that using much more renewable energy mix and greener transportation alternative can reduce the overall impact of the all phases considerably.

scholarly journals Risk-Averse Scheduling of Combined Heat and Power-Based Microgrids in Presence of Uncertain Distributed Energy Resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7119
Author(s):  
Abbas Rabiee ◽  
Ali Abdali ◽  
Seyed Masoud Mohseni-Bonab ◽  
Mohsen Hazrati
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Robust Scheduling ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a robust scheduling model is proposed for combined heat and power (CHP)-based microgrids using information gap decision theory (IGDT). The microgrid under study consists of conventional power generation as well as boiler units, fuel cells, CHPs, wind turbines, solar PVs, heat storage units, and battery energy storage systems (BESS) as the set of distributed energy resources (DERs). Additionally, a demand response program (DRP) model is considered which has a successful performance in the microgrid hourly scheduling. One of the goals of CHP-based microgrid scheduling is to provide both thermal and electrical energy demands of the consumers. Additionally, the other objective is to benefit from the revenues obtained by selling the surplus electricity to the main grid during the high energy price intervals or purchasing it from the grid when the price of electricity is low at the electric market. Hence, in this paper, a robust scheduling approach is developed with the aim of maximizing the total profit of different energy suppliers in the entire scheduling horizon. The employed IGDT technique aims to handle the impact of uncertainties in the power output of wind and solar PV units on the overall profit.

scholarly journals Global Warming Potential of a New Waterjet-Based Recycling Process for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Leonard Kurz ◽  
Mojtaba Faryadras ◽  
Ines Klugius ◽  
Frederik Reichert ◽  
Andreas Scheibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Increasing Demand

Due to the increasing demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the need for vehicle battery raw materials is increasing. The traction battery (TB) of an electric vehicle, usually a lithium-ion battery (LIB), represents the largest share of a BEV’s CO2 footprint. To reduce this carbon footprint sustainably and to keep the raw materials within a closed loop economy, suitable and efficient recycling processes are essential. In this life cycle assessment (LCA), the ecological performance of a waterjet-based direct recycling process with minimal use of resources and energy is evaluated; only the recycling process is considered, waste treatment and credits for by-products are not part of the analysis. Primary data from a performing recycling company were mainly used for the modelling. The study concludes that the recycling of 1 kg of TB is associated with a global warming potential (GWP) of 158 g CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Mechanical removal using a water jet was identified as the main driver of the recycling process, followed by an air purification system. Compared to conventional hydro- or pyrometallurgical processes, this waterjet-based recycling process could be attributed an 8 to 26 times lower GWP. With 10% and 20% reuse of recyclate in new cells, the GWP of TBs could be reduced by 4% and 8%, respectively. It has been shown that this recycling approach can be classified as environmentally friendly.

A New Aluminium Silicon-Boron Nitride Abradable for Compressor Components

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boddenberg ◽  
B. Kock ◽  
M. Dorfman ◽  
L. Russo ◽  
M. Nestler
Keyword(s):  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Air Separation ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Abradable Coatings ◽  
Optimization And Performance

Abstract Air separation plants use centrifugal compressors where air and electrical energy are the only raw materials used in the production process. So energy costs play a crucial role and the compressors are heavily penalized when guaranteed performance levels are not achieved. In order to better generate performance, abradable coatings, previously used in the gas turbine industry, have been designed into turbocompressors. This paper will show the optimization and performance improvements of a new aluminium silicon-boron nitride material.

scholarly journals Eco-design processes in the automotive industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Ewelina Staniszewska ◽  
Dorota Klimecka-Tatar ◽  
Matevž Obrecht
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEvery year approximately 70 million passenger cars are being produced and automotive industry is much bigger then just passenger cars. The impact of automotive industry on the environment is tremendous. From extracting raw materials through manufacturing and assembly processes, exploitation of the vehicle to the reprocessing irreversible, extensive environmental damage is done. The goal of this study is to show how implementing eco-design processes into supply chain management can reduce the impact of automotive industry on the environment by e.g. reducing the use of the fuel, increasing the use of recycled materials. Focus is on evaluation of current state, environmental impacts and potential improvements for design, raw materials, manufacturing and distribution and end-of-life phase.

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