ANALISA COST OF ILLNESS AKIBAT PENGGUNAAN NSAIDS DI SEBUAH APOTEK DI KOTA MEDAN, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Hari Ronaldo Tanjung ◽  
Azmi Sarriff ◽  
Urip Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Undesirable Event ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Drug Therapy Problems ◽  
Pharmacy Setting

Background: A drug therapy problem is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that interferes with achieving the desired goals of therapy. Drug Therapy Problems (DTPs) can lead to ineffective pharmacotherapy and may cause drug-related morbidity and mortality.Objective: The study aimed to estimates the direct medical cost of illness caused by the drug morbidity or mortality related to NSAID utilization in a community pharmacy setting at Medan, Indonesia.Method: Thisstudy used 7 (seven) categories probabilities and costs associated with the therapeutic outcomes to estimate the direct medical cost of illness resulting from morbidity related NSAIDs utilization. Direct non medical costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs related to drug-related-morbidity and mortality were not valued in this cost-of-illness analysis.The duration of the study was from July 2009 to October 2010.Result: The patient that experienced NSAIDs-related morbidity estimated to spend Rp.467.848,- each and Rp.11.696.200,- in total to managing the morbidity. Every Rp.1,- spent on NSAIDs therapy, an additional Rp.1,45,- was estimated to spent in managing morbidity related NSAIDs utilization.Conclusion: This result showed the cost of illnessrelated morbidity of NSAIDs utilization exceeds the cost of the medications themselves

scholarly journals Cost of Illness of Malaria in Coastal Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Affan K ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Service Utilisation ◽  
District Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the major health issues in developing and underdeveloped countries. It is considered to be one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality. This study intends to estimate the cost of illness of malaria at the household level and health service utilisation pattern for malaria treatment in coastal Karnataka. Materials and Methods: It was a secondary data-based cross-sectional study comprising people suffering from malaria during the period from September to December 2016. Result: The median gross total cost of illness (a single episode of malaria) was 4,000 INR, the median direct medical cost was zero, and the median direct non-medical cost was 100 INR. The majority of individuals (92.2%) took treatment from public healthcare sectors. Conclusion: The effective implementation of anti-malarial interventions by the District Health Authority, District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, and treatment from public health sectors resulted in negligible direct medical cost which made a remarkable reduction in the cost of illness of malaria.

scholarly journals ANALISIS COST OF ILLNESS PENYAKIT HIPERTENSI DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PRAYA, NTB

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Aris Fadillah ◽  
Juwita Ramadhani ◽  
Karina Erlianti ◽  
Hasniah Hasniah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hypertensive Crises ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Heath Care ◽  
Antihypertensive Treatments

The high prevalence of hypertension and the long-term of antihypertensive treatments required are the main reasons for the need of economic analysis on the costs of hypertensive treatment. This study aims to quantify direct medical cost of hypertension. This study uses retrospective cost of illness analysis in descriptive observational design with heath care perspective. Data were collected from the hospital’s management information system, patient's prescriptions and patient's medical records. Fifty-eight patient’s data were analyzed. Direct medical cost of the patient without comorbidities in stage 1 hypertension was Rp 535,660 ± 100,681, stage 2 hypertension was Rp 381,940 ± 126,423 and hypertensive crises was Rp 456,241 ± 197,959. Direct medical cost of the patients with comorbidities in stage 1 hypertension was Rp 398,750 ± 240,542, stage 2 hypertension was Rp 486,227 ± 241,136 and hypertensive crises was Rp 425,816 ± 140,898. Direct medical costs for patients with compelling indications in stage 1 hypertension was Rp 512,810 ± 152,661, stage 2 hypertension was Rp 444,183 ± 109,162 and hypertensive crises was Rp 410,364 ± 80,388. Cost for drugs was represented as the largest component of direct medical cost (37.49%) followes by cost for ward (26.54%), medical treatment fee (15.88%), medical support fee (9.05%), doctor visit fee (8.12%) and service fee (2.91%). The hypertension's stage, comorbidities and compelling indications are not affecting the cost of therapy. The rational use of drugs will decrease the cost of hypertension treatment.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

scholarly journals Cost of care of chronic non-communicable diseases in Jamaican patients: the role of obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Christine M. Fray-Aiken ◽  
Rainford J. Wilks ◽  
Abdullahi O. Abdulkadri ◽  
Affette M. McCaw-Binns
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic cost of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) and the portion attributable to obesity among patients in Jamaica.METHODS: The cost-of-illness approach was used to estimate the cost of care in a hospital setting in Jamaica for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, breast cancer, colon cancer, osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol. Cost and service utilization data were collected from the hospital records of all patients with these diseases who visited the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during 2006. Patients were included in the study if they were between15 and 74 years of age and if female, were not pregnant during that year. Costs were categorized as direct or indirect. Direct costs included costs for prescription drugs, consultation visits (emergency and clinic visits), hospitalizations, allied health services, diagnostic and treatment procedures. Indirect costs included costs attributed to premature mortality, disability (permanent and temporary), and absenteeism. Indirect costs were discounted at 3% rate.RESULTS: The sample consisted of 554 patients (40%) males (60%) females. The economic burden of the nine diseases was estimated at US$ 5,672,618 (males 37%; females 63%) and the portion attributable to obesity amounted to US$ 1,157,173 (males 23%; females 77%). Total direct cost was estimated at US$ 3,740,377 with female patients accounting for 69.9% of this cost. Total indirect cost was estimated at US$ 1,932,241 with female patients accounting for 50.6% of this cost. The greater cost among women was not found to be statistically significant. Overall, on a per capita basis, males and females accrued similar costs-of-illness (US$ 9,451.75 vs. US$ 10,758.18).CONCLUSIONS: In a country with per capita GDP of less than US$ 5,300, a per capita annual cost of illness of US$ 10,239 for CNCDs is excessive and has detrimental implications for the health and development of Jamaica.

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Tuberculosis Diabetes Co-Morbidity in Tuberculosis Patients Attending Two Chest Clinics in Lagos State

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
F.A. Ayeni ◽  
O.O. Oyetunde ◽  
B.A. Aina ◽  
H.O. Yarah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Significant Burden

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) three-fold. The cost of accessing care for TB-DM co-morbidity poses a significant burden on patients, as they bear both direct and indirect costs of treatment, mostly of out-of-pocket.Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of illness in patients with TB-DM co-morbidity in two chest clinics in Lagos State.Materials and Methods: An observational study, carried out in two chest clinics in Lagos State to evaluate direct medical costs associated with TBDM co-morbidity during TB treatment. A semi structured questionnaire, pharmacy price list of drugs and an online transportation service lara.ng was employed to document and quantify prescribed medications, laboratory investigations, number of clinic attendance and attendant transportation costs.Results: Among the participants, 53.8% were females. The mean age was 50.7±9.7 years. The total direct medical and non-medical costs for TBDM management was NGN8,604,819 (USD24,585.20) for the duration of TB treatment. Average cost per patient (CPP) was NGN179,384.85 (USD512.53). This was equivalent to 49.8% of the current national minimum wage. Male patients incurred more mean direct medical cost than female patients (NGN26, 647.90 vs NGN24, 020.40), while female patients incurred more mean direct non-medical costs than the males (NGN22, 314.30 versus NGN13, 041.70). Patients aged 60 years and above incurred the highest mean direct costs compared to other age groups.Conclusion: Direct medical costs are substantial in TBDM co-morbidity and increase with age.

Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Sandhu ◽  
Kathikeyan G ◽  
Ann Bolger ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
Dhruv S Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

scholarly journals Economic burden of Eating disorders in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Minha Hong ◽  
Saengryeol Park ◽  
Won Sub Kang ◽  
In-Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total Prevalence

Abstract Objective Few studies have investigated the epidemiology of eating disorders using national representative data. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and economic burden of eating disorders in South Korea.Method The aim of this study was to estimate the disease burden of diagnosed eating disorders (ICD F50.x) over a six-year period between 2010 and 2015, in South Korea. The direct medical cost, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs resulting from eating disorders were estimated in order to calculate the economic burden of such disorders.Results The total prevalence was 12.02 people (per 100,000) in 2010, and 13.28 in 2015. The economic cost of eating disorders was estimated to be USD5,727,843 in 2010 and USD5,338,752 in 2015. The economic cost and prevalence of eating disorders was the highest in the 20–29 age group.Conclusion The results showed the eating disorders are insufficiently managed in the medical insurance system. The further research is warranted to better understand the economic burdens of each eating disorders.

scholarly journals The National Economic Burden of Rare Disease in United States in 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Yang ◽  
Inna Cintina ◽  
Anne Pariser ◽  
Elisabeth Oehrlein ◽  
Jamie Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Disease ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
National Economic

Abstract Background: To provide a comprehensive assessment of the total economic burden of rare diseases (RD) in the U.S. in 2019.We followed a prevalence-based approach that combined the prevalence of 379 RDs with the per-capita direct medical and indirect costs, to derive the national economic burden by patient age and type of RD. To estimate prevalence and the direct medical cost of RD, we used claims data from three sources: Medicare 5% Standard Analytical File, Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System, and Optum claims data for the privately insured. To estimate indirect and non-medical cost components, we worked with the rare disease community to design and implement a primary survey.Results: There were an estimated 15.5 million U.S. children (N=1,322,886) and adults (N=14,222,299) with any of the 379 RDs in 2019 with a total economic burden of $997 billion, including a direct medical cost of $449 billion (45%), $437 billion (44%) in indirect costs, and $111 billion (11%) in non-medical costs. The top drivers for excess medical costs associated with RD are hospital inpatient care and prescription medication; the top indirect cost categories are labor market productivity losses due to absenteeism, presenteeism, and forced early retirement.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the scale of the RD economic burden and call for immediate attention from the scientific communities, policy leaders, and other key stakeholders such as health care providers and employers, to think innovatively and collectively, to identify new ways to help improve the care, management, and treatment of these often-devastating diseases.

COST OF ILLNESS PADA PASIEN PENYAKIT KANKER PAYUDARA DI RSUD ULIN BANJARMASIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
Noor Aisyah ◽  
◽  
Shela Puji Dina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Economic Burden Of Disease ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

The cost of illness is an important element in disease decision making because it can evaluate the economic burden of disease. One of them is breast cancer because breast cancer is a catastrophic disease. This study aims to determine direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, and total costs based on a societal perspective in breast cancer patients at Ulin Hospital, Banjarmasin. This study is an observational analytic study with a prevalence-based cost of illness approach. Data was taken retrospectively for direct medical costs collected from patient medical records that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patient treatment data, and details of direct medical costs for the period January-July 2020. Direct non-medical costs and indirect costs were taken from the results of filling out a questionnaire to Breast cancer patients who have undergone treatment in the inpatient room of RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin. Data analysis used descriptive statistics to identify patient characteristics and the costs of breast cancer. The results of the study, the average direct medical cost of breast cancer patients at Ulin Banjarmasin Hospital was Rp. 6,281,700. The average direct non-medical cost was Rp. 416,780 and the average indirect cost was Rp. 229,820. Meanwhile, the average overall cost per episode of inpatient was Rp. 6,928,300

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