scholarly journals Economic Burden of Tuberculosis Diabetes Co-Morbidity in Tuberculosis Patients Attending Two Chest Clinics in Lagos State

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
F.A. Ayeni ◽  
O.O. Oyetunde ◽  
B.A. Aina ◽  
H.O. Yarah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Significant Burden

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) three-fold. The cost of accessing care for TB-DM co-morbidity poses a significant burden on patients, as they bear both direct and indirect costs of treatment, mostly of out-of-pocket.Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of illness in patients with TB-DM co-morbidity in two chest clinics in Lagos State.Materials and Methods: An observational study, carried out in two chest clinics in Lagos State to evaluate direct medical costs associated with TBDM co-morbidity during TB treatment. A semi structured questionnaire, pharmacy price list of drugs and an online transportation service lara.ng was employed to document and quantify prescribed medications, laboratory investigations, number of clinic attendance and attendant transportation costs.Results: Among the participants, 53.8% were females. The mean age was 50.7±9.7 years. The total direct medical and non-medical costs for TBDM management was NGN8,604,819 (USD24,585.20) for the duration of TB treatment. Average cost per patient (CPP) was NGN179,384.85 (USD512.53). This was equivalent to 49.8% of the current national minimum wage. Male patients incurred more mean direct medical cost than female patients (NGN26, 647.90 vs NGN24, 020.40), while female patients incurred more mean direct non-medical costs than the males (NGN22, 314.30 versus NGN13, 041.70). Patients aged 60 years and above incurred the highest mean direct costs compared to other age groups.Conclusion: Direct medical costs are substantial in TBDM co-morbidity and increase with age.

scholarly journals Estimating the Direct Medical Cost of Syphilis in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zi Gong ◽  
Kui Ru Hu ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Xia Wan ◽  
He Yi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract Background Few studies investigating the direct medical cost of syphilis was conducted in developing countries, including China. Methods The main tasks of our study were to estimate the direct medical costs of syphilis in China at subnational level, and to characterize the distribution of the direct medical cost of syphilis in 31 Chinese provincial districts in relation to GDP. Data on medical expenses for syphilis patients diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) was used to estimate direct medical cost per case, which was then multiplied by the number of newly reported cases of syphilis in China to yield the absolute medical cost for syphilis. Relative costs, defined as the absolute costs in per million of gross domestic product (GDP), was also calculated. Comparisons of direct medical cost represented as absolute cost and relative cost respectively, in different years and different provincial districts were conducted. Gini index was used to characterize the distribution of syphilis cases and direct medical cost of syphilis at provincial level. Results Average cost of patients with follow-up more than 36 month was regarded as the most reasonable estimate of direct medical cost per case, and was obtained as US $ 134.43 in primary syphilis, US $ 119.24 in secondary syphilis, US $ 503.76 in tertiary syphilis and US $ 97.59 in latent syphilis. Absolute medical cost of syphilis in China increased from US $ 11.15 million to US $46.89 million from 2004 to 2016. Relative cost in China increased from 2.85 to 5.26 per million of GDP from 2004 to 2010, and decreased from 5.26 to 3.99 per million of GDP from 2010 to 2016. The largest relative cost was always observed in western region. Between 2009 and 2016, a large relative medical cost was observed in 7 to 9 provinces in western region, 3 to 5 provinces in eastern region, 1 to 4 provinces in central region, 1 to 2 provinces in northeastern region. The level of inequality decreased from 2010 to 2016, and kept a continuously moderate equality from 2012 to 2016. Conclusion This study provided a rough estimate of the direct medical costs of syphilis in China and its distribution pattern in 31 Chinese provincial districts. The results highlight that syphilis caused a huge economic burden in China, which distributed disproportionally within provinces. Western region bore a huge and increasing economic burden, while the economic burden in eastern region had once been huge, but tending to decline. Thus, more active and effective control are needed, and strategies on the prevention and control of syphilis be managed according to local conditions.

scholarly journals The National Economic Burden of Rare Disease in United States in 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Yang ◽  
Inna Cintina ◽  
Anne Pariser ◽  
Elisabeth Oehrlein ◽  
Jamie Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Disease ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
National Economic

Abstract Background: To provide a comprehensive assessment of the total economic burden of rare diseases (RD) in the U.S. in 2019.We followed a prevalence-based approach that combined the prevalence of 379 RDs with the per-capita direct medical and indirect costs, to derive the national economic burden by patient age and type of RD. To estimate prevalence and the direct medical cost of RD, we used claims data from three sources: Medicare 5% Standard Analytical File, Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System, and Optum claims data for the privately insured. To estimate indirect and non-medical cost components, we worked with the rare disease community to design and implement a primary survey.Results: There were an estimated 15.5 million U.S. children (N=1,322,886) and adults (N=14,222,299) with any of the 379 RDs in 2019 with a total economic burden of $997 billion, including a direct medical cost of $449 billion (45%), $437 billion (44%) in indirect costs, and $111 billion (11%) in non-medical costs. The top drivers for excess medical costs associated with RD are hospital inpatient care and prescription medication; the top indirect cost categories are labor market productivity losses due to absenteeism, presenteeism, and forced early retirement.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the scale of the RD economic burden and call for immediate attention from the scientific communities, policy leaders, and other key stakeholders such as health care providers and employers, to think innovatively and collectively, to identify new ways to help improve the care, management, and treatment of these often-devastating diseases.

COST OF ILLNESS PADA PASIEN PENYAKIT KANKER PAYUDARA DI RSUD ULIN BANJARMASIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
Noor Aisyah ◽  
◽  
Shela Puji Dina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Economic Burden Of Disease ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

The cost of illness is an important element in disease decision making because it can evaluate the economic burden of disease. One of them is breast cancer because breast cancer is a catastrophic disease. This study aims to determine direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, and total costs based on a societal perspective in breast cancer patients at Ulin Hospital, Banjarmasin. This study is an observational analytic study with a prevalence-based cost of illness approach. Data was taken retrospectively for direct medical costs collected from patient medical records that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patient treatment data, and details of direct medical costs for the period January-July 2020. Direct non-medical costs and indirect costs were taken from the results of filling out a questionnaire to Breast cancer patients who have undergone treatment in the inpatient room of RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin. Data analysis used descriptive statistics to identify patient characteristics and the costs of breast cancer. The results of the study, the average direct medical cost of breast cancer patients at Ulin Banjarmasin Hospital was Rp. 6,281,700. The average direct non-medical cost was Rp. 416,780 and the average indirect cost was Rp. 229,820. Meanwhile, the average overall cost per episode of inpatient was Rp. 6,928,300

scholarly journals Treatment pattern and direct medical costs of pediatric outpatients with actuate respiratory infection at X hospital in Jambi

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Hendri Pranata ◽  
Rasmaladewi Rasmaladewi ◽  
Mukhlis Sanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Total Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Retrospective Data Collection ◽  
Pediatric Outpatients

Introduction: Acute respiratory infection is common among the general public. Such disease and its associated symptoms encourage higher consumption of medicine. Varied medications for ARI patients incur different costs of each patient, which eventually lead to higher healthcare costs. Objectives: To identify the treatment patterns and direct medical costs among ARI pediatric patients at X Hospital in Jambi. Methods: This research was an observational study with retrospective data collection. The samples were collected in 2018. Results: The results showed that the most-frequently administered antibiotic for ARI pediatric patients was cefixime (29.17%), while the most-commonly used supportive therapy for ARI pediatric patients was the combination of antihistamines, antipyretics-analgesics, decongestant, and corticosteroid (16.67%). The total direct medical cost to ARI pediatric patients was IDR 191,097. Conclusion: The mean direct medical cost for ARI therapy was IDR 191,097. More administered therapy resulted in higher medical costs. Keywords: ARI, child, antibiotics, direct medical costs

scholarly journals Analysis of the management and costs of headache disorders in Spain during the period 2011–2016: a retrospective multicentre observational study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e034926
Author(s):  
Josep Darbà ◽  
Alicia Marsà
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

ObjectivesTo investigate the number and characteristics of the Spanish population affected by headache disorders and the direct medical cost that these patients represent for the healthcare system.DesignA retrospective multicentre observational study.SettingRecords from all patients admitted with headache in primary and secondary care centres in Spain between 2011 and 2016 that were registered in a Spanish claims database were included in the analysis. Direct medical costs were calculated using the standardised average expenses of medical procedures determined by the Spanish Ministry of Health.ResultsData extraction claimed primary care records from 636 722 patients and secondary care records from 30 077 patients. Women represented 63% and 65% of all patients with headache in primary and secondary care respectively, with the exception of cluster headaches, a group with 60% of male patients. No large shifts were observed over time in patients’ profile; contrarily, the number of cases per 10 000 patients attended in primary care increased 2-folds between 2011 and 2016 for migraine and 1.85-folds for other headaches. Migraine was the cause for 28% of primary care consultations and 50% of secondary care admissions, and it was responsible for the largest portion of healthcare costs in 2016, a total amount of € 7 302 718. The estimated annual direct medical cost of headache disorders was € 10 716 086.ConclusionsMigraine was responsible for half of the secondary care admissions linked to headache disorders. The raise detected in the number of cases registered in primary care is likely to impact the direct medical costs associated to these disorders causing an increase in the total burden they represent for the Spanish National Healthcare System.

scholarly journals Health care resources utilization and costs associated with different clinical stages of chronic hepatitis B in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackleen Azer Abd El-Halim ◽  
Gihan Ismael Gewaifel ◽  
Eman Ahmed Fawzy Darwish ◽  
Ahmed Maher Ramadan ◽  
Gihan Hamdy ElSisi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Age Group ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Health Care Resources ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
And Control

Abstract Introduction Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is associated with many serious clinical and social consequences. Despite Egypt being classified as a country of low endemicity, the infection is associated with a 15–25% risk of premature death from liver cancer or end-stage liver disease. The national committee of treatment and control of viral hepatitis has already offered a high-quality service for the diagnosis and treatment of CHB on a free basis. The current study aims to estimate the health care resources utilization and the annual direct medical cost associated with different clinical stages of CHB-related disease in Egypt. Methodology The data was retrieved through record review for three months in the General Administration of Hepatitis Viruses Control, Egypt. Then, the data was extrapolated to the population level by multiplying the prevalence in Egypt with a focus on the productive age groups (25–59 years). Results The cost and utilization of different health care resources increase with disease progression. The total annual direct medical costs due to CHB in Egypt is 21.3 L.E. Billion (4.7 Int$ billion/year) for the management of estimated 1,420,700 CHB patients. The direct medical costs among the productive age group (25–59 years) constitute more than half of the total cost (57%). The highest disease burden is encountered among (25–29 years) age group; 2.695 L.E. billion (0.59 Int$ billion/year). Despite liver transplantation phase being associated with the highest annual cost/patient, the number of patients in this stage is the lowest. Then, it only constitutes 0.04% of the disease direct medical cost in the country. The chronic hepatitis clinical stage constitutes 57.26% of the disease direct medical cost in Egypt’s working age group. Conclusion Strengthening the preventive and control measures is mandatory to alleviate the disease’s direct medical costs. Close monitoring of the chronic hepatitis stage is mandatory to prevent disease progression. Enhancement of vaccination efforts will lower the disease prevalence and its cost. The universal health insurance system which is gradually implemented in Egypt nowadays will be a cornerstone in relieving the economic stresses by allowing more access to high-quality health care services.

scholarly journals The epidemiology and direct medical costs of diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection among men in Manitoba, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiaan H. Righolt ◽  
Gurpreet Pabla ◽  
Salaheddin M. Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Invasive Cancer ◽  
Male Resident ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

AbstractBackgroundThere is little information on the economic burden of human papillomavirus-related diseases (HPV-RDs) among men. We used province-wide clinical, administrative and accounting databases to measure the direct medical costs of HPV infections in men in Manitoba (Canada).MethodsWe included all males aged 9 years and older with health insurance coverage in Manitoba between January 1997 and December 2016. We identified HPV-RD patient cohorts and matched each patient to HPV-RD-free men. We estimated the net direct medical cost (excess cost of hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and prescription drugs) of patients compared to their matches for anogenital warts (AGWs) and HPV-caused cancers. We adjusted costs to 2017 Canadian dollars. For each condition, we attributed costs to HPV based on the etiological fraction caused by HPV infection.ResultsWe found that the median net direct medical cost was about $250 for AGW patients and $16,000 for invasive cancer patients. The total cost was about $49 million or $2.6 million per year. Overall, 54%-67% ($26-$33 million) was attributable to HPV infection according different estimates of the attributable fraction. The net annual attributable cost was $2.37-$2.95 per male resident and $161-$200 per male newborn. The estimated potential savings was 30% for the bivalent vaccine and 56%-60% for the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines.ConclusionsOverall, HPV’s economic burden on males remains significant, the average cost of treating all conditions attributable to HPV was about $180 per male newborn. Invasive cancer accounted for the majority of these costs.

Developing National Estimates of the Out-of-Pocket Costs of Cancer: The Importance of Including Patients with Lymphoma.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3138-3138
Author(s):  
Kathryn R. McCaffrey ◽  
Kenneth R. Carson ◽  
Lucie Kutikova ◽  
Matt Fisher ◽  
Simon Pickard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

Abstract Background: While Congress has mandated that the NIH provide a national estimate of the cost of cancer, almost all cancer cost studies have focused exclusively on breast cancer. No study has reported comparison data for persons with Hodgkin’s disease (HD) or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). These illnesses have a high cure rate, and affected persons are likely to experience significant economic hardships. Many participate in the workforce during treatment and long after the treatment is complete. Herein, we report preliminary results from an ongoing study on the out-of-pocket direct medical and non-medical costs for a cohort of patients with lymphoma and provide contextual comparison with a cohort of breast cancer patients who received care at the same cancer center (Arozullah, Supportive Oncology, 2004). Methods: 178 breast cancer and lymphoma patients provided information on out-of-pocket costs for the preceding 3-month period; 12% had a diagnosis of HD or NHL. In total, 120 lymphoma patients will be interviewed for this study. Direct medical costs are costs related to medical care such as medications, procedures, and doctor visits. Direct non-medical costs are costs related to cancer, but not medical care, such as costs for meals, transportation, parking, and phone calls. Results: The majority of both lymphoma and breast cancer patients were < 65 years old, married, and employed. All patients had healthcare insurance coverage, with the majority insured with private plans. In comparison to women with breast cancer, persons with HD/NHL had similar mean monthly out-of-pocket cost expenditures, $635 versus $728. For lymphoma patients, factors associated with high direct medical costs included ≤ 12th grade education ($1,585/month) and HD ($1,133/month). Conclusion: Mean monthly out-of-pocket expenditures are similar for HD/NHL and breast cancer. Direct medical out-of-pocket expenditures for lymphoma vary. Direct medical expenditures are greatest for HD ($1,130), intermediate for aggressive NHL and breast cancer ($512–$597), and lowest for indolent NHL ($180). Comprehensive economic analyses of cancer should include a range of malignancies. Average Monthly Out-of-Pocket Costs for Lymphoma and Breast Cancer Patients. Direct Medical Cost Direct Medical Cost Direct Non-Medical Cost Direct Non-Medical Cost Lymphoma Breast Lymphoma Breast Household Income < $60,000 $381 $664 $40 $111 ≥ $60,000 $599 $553 $159 $161 Education ≤ 12th grade $1,585 $610 $72 $118 > 12th grade $437 $653 $141 $122 Diagnosis < 6 Months $577 $487 $114 $135 ≥ 6 Months $333 $660 $128 $130 Total Lymphoma $516 .. $119 .. HD $1,133 .. $155 .. AggressiveNHL $512 .. $167 .. Indolent NHL $180 .. $166 .. Total Breast Cancer .. $597 .. $131

The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Federico Solla ◽  
Eytan Ellenberg ◽  
Virginie Rampal ◽  
Julien Margaine ◽  
Charles Musoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Sandhu ◽  
Kathikeyan G ◽  
Ann Bolger ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
Dhruv S Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

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