scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationship between KIM-1 and suPAR level in COVID-19 patients and a different perspective on suPAR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buğra Kerget ◽  
Ferhan Kerget ◽  
Alperen Aksakal ◽  
Seda Aşkın ◽  
Elif Yilmazel Ucar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Supar Level ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

Objective: COVID-19 is one of the most important health problems concerning the last century and our knowledge of the disease is still limited. In our study, we aimed to compare serum-soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) level with clinical course in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Our study included 102 patients over the age of 18 who were diagnosed with Covid-19 between September 2020 and December 2020 by taking nasopharyngeal swap and using real time PCR method and 30 volunteer medical personnel over the age of 18 who were PCR negative after the nasopharyngeal swap. KİM-1 and suPAR were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: NLR, LDH, prothrombin time, CRP, PaO2/FiO2, D-Dimer, ferritin and fibrinogen levels, which have been mentioned in previous studies to be of prognostic importance for COVID-19, were observed to be higher in the severely ill group (p=0,001, 0,001, 0,05, 0,001, 0,001, 0,005, 0,001, 0,001 respectively). suPAR and KIM-1 levels were statistically significantly higher in patient groups compared to the control group (p=0.001 for all). While suPAR level was statistically significantly lower in severe patients compared to moderate patients (p=0.034), KIM-1 level was observed to be higher in severe patients (p=0.001). Conclusion: The increased level of KIM-1 in severe patients, which is thought to play an important role in the endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 to the cell, may have an important place for the therapeutic target in the future. SuPAR can be considered to play an important role especially in the defense mechanism and fibrinolysis and its decreased level in severe patients may be associated with poor prognosis in the early period. However, extensive studies are needed to reach a definitive opinion about suPAR.

scholarly journals Urinary Measurement of Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Helps Diagnose Acute Pyelonephritis in a Preclinical Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hahn-Ey Lee ◽  
Sun Hee Lee ◽  
Minki Baek ◽  
Hwang Choi ◽  
Kwanjin Park
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pyelonephritis ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Urinary Ngal ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

Background. The study assessed whether measurement of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury could be helpful in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis and subsequent scarring. Method. Escherichia coli J96 (0.3 mL inoculum containing 1×109/mL) was directly injected into the renal cortex of 3-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats (n=20), with saline substituted in a control group (n=10). Following the injection, urine was collected 2, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after injection. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), and interleukin-18 were quantitatively measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of the biomarkers were adjusted for creatinine. Time course changes within a group or between the groups were compared. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationship between urinary levels and histological scarring. Results. Significantly elevated urinary NGAL was evident at two and seven days after injection, and Kim-1 was elevated at two days after injection. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed the sensitivity of these markers at these times. No urinary marker at acute stage of APN was correlated with the amount of future scarring, negating their predictive value. Conclusion. Urinary NGAL and Kim-1 could be helpful in diagnosing febrile urinary tract infection in children.

scholarly journals KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule 1) in the urine of renal cell carcinoma patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
K. Yu. Kanukoev ◽  
N. S. Sergeeva ◽  
T. A. Karmakova ◽  
N. V. Marshutina ◽  
M. P. Solokhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽  
Disease Stages

Objective: to assess the potential clinical significance of KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule 1) as a urinological marker for kidney cancer.Materials and methods. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1 — kidney injury molecule 1) levels in 67 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 36 healthy volunteers (a control group).Results. Both in patients and in healthy individuals, uKIM-1 levels were age independent. A difference between mean uKIM-1 values in RCC patients (2.4 ± 0.2 ng/ml) and the control group (0.7 ± 0.1 ng/ml) was statistically significant (p <0.0001). In RCC patients the higher uKIM-1 level was observed at more advanced clinical disease stages: the values increasedfrom 2.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml at the stage I and 3.0 ± 0.5 ng/ml at the stage II—III to 4.4 ± 1.2 ng/ml at the stage IV. In the group of patients with stage IRCC, most representative by the number of cases (n = 44) the uKIM-1 levels correlated with the tumor size and were increased in patients with different histological subtypes of the tumor, including clear cell, papillary and chromophobe RCC. After nephrectomy, a monotonous decrease in uKIM-1 level was observed, and after 6 days its values approached the mean value in the control group. Two days after kidney resection, uKIM-1 increased and then decreased, remaining elevated after 6 days.Conclusion. This study demonstrates that uKIM-1 can be attributed to potentially significant urine tumor-associated markers of RCC.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Diagnostic Validities of Serum NGAL, KIM-1, and L-FABP in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Tahmineh Ostovar ◽  
Hosein Rezaei ◽  
Javad Zavar Reza
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most threatening and important disorders worldwide in both industrial and developing nations. In addition, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are three factors suggested as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in CKDs. Considering the lack of enough efficiency of the creatinine in the prognosis of the CKD, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between these three factors and CKD occurrence and determine if they could be considered valid biomarkers in this regard. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was designed enrolling 42 patients with confirmed CKD referring to the Imam Khomeini hospital of Kangan. The participants were 42 years old and gender-matched healthy counterparts. Blood samples were obtained, and then NGAL, KIM-1, and L-FABP were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercial kits (Bioassay Technology Laboratory). Finally, the serum creatinine was detected by applying Jaffe’s method. Results: Based on the results, significant differences were found in the serum levels of all four factors between CKD patients and the control group. More precisely, the serum levels of NGAL (P < 0.0001, specificity: 87.6%, sensitivity: 79.3%, and the area under the curve, AUC: 0.89), L-FABP (P < 0.0001, specificity: 83.3%, sensitivity: 78.3%, and AUC: 0.86), KIM-1 (P < 0.0001, specificity: 85.7%, sensitivity: 78.6%, and AUC: 0.88), and creatinine (P < 0.0001) were significantly higher in individuals with CKDs in comparison with controls. Eventually, the serum levels of NGAL, L-FABP, and KIM-1 were significantly correlated with each other in both patient and control groups (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: In general, NGAL, L-FABP, KIM-1, and creatinine could be used as independent biomarkers for the diagnosis of CKD. Moreover, the measurement of NGAL, L-FABP, and KIM-1 altogether could be a valid assessment for the diagnosis of CKD.

scholarly journals Assessment of Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 as an Indicator of Early Renal Insult in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 262-267
Author(s):  
Walaa Shahin ◽  
Ahmed Bader ◽  
Rawdah Ahmed ◽  
Mona Alattar ◽  
Mona Alfalaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Ultrasound ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

BACKGROUND: The risk of acute kidney injury in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is due to renal tubular affection by CFTR gene. AIM: Our study aimed at early detection of renal impairment in CF patients, to enable careful monitoring and adjustment of nephrotoxic medications. METHODS: Fifty patients with CF were enrolled in our study; they were age- and sex-matched to 40 healthy control children. All subjects were screened by urine analysis, measurements of kidney function tests, fractional excretion of sodium, β2-microglobulin (beta-2-M) excretion, and renal ultrasound examination. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) was assayed using ELISA technique. RESULTS: Both urinary beta-2-M and KIM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in CF patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The duration of the disease was significantly positively correlated with the urinary beta-2-M and KIM-1 levels (r = 0.6 and 0.7, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that urinary KIM-1 can be considered as a sensitive early indicator of acute renal injury.

scholarly journals A Novel Biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury, Vanin-1, for Obstructive Nephropathy: A Prospective Cohort Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Washino ◽  
Keiko Hosohata ◽  
Masashi Oshima ◽  
Tomohisa Okochi ◽  
Tsuzumi Konishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Obstructive Nephropathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

Background: Vanin-1 is a novel acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker that has not been clinically investigated as a biomarker for obstructive nephropathy. This study investigated the diagnostic value of vanin-1 as a biomarker for adult obstructive nephropathy by comparing it to existing AKI biomarkers. Methods: A total of 49 patients, 21 controls, and 28 hydronephrosis (HN) cases were assessed. AKI biomarkers in bladder (BL) urine and renal pelvic (RP) urine in the HN group were compared to each BL marker in the control group. In a subgroup of cases receiving interventions for obstructive nephropathy, the BL values of each biomarker were assessed after the intervention. Results: RP vanin-1 levels were significantly higher while BL vanin-1 levels were marginally higher in the HN group than in the control group. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve values for RP and BL vanin-1 were 0.9778 and 0.6386, respectively. In multivariate analyses, BL vanin-1 and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), but not kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were independent factors for predicting the presence of HN. In cases receiving interventions, vanin-1 decreased significantly from 1 week after the intervention in cases of moderate to severe obstructive nephropathy compared to RP values at baseline. Conclusion: Urinary vanin-1 is a useful biomarker to detect and monitor the clinical course of obstructive nephropathy.

scholarly journals Urine NGAL and KIM-1: tubular injury markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-749
Author(s):  
Eryk Latoch ◽  
Katarzyna Konończuk ◽  
Katarzyna Taranta-Janusz ◽  
Katarzyna Muszyńska-Rosłan ◽  
Edyta Szymczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Urine Ngal ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

Abstract Introduction Nephrotoxicity is a potential adverse effect of anticancer treatment in childhood. Cytostatics, abdominal radiotherapy, total body irradiation (TBI) and some agents used in supportive care may induce acute kidney injury (AKI) or lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are increased in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Method The study cohort consisted of 86 patients (42 females) previously treated for ALL. The median time after cessation of treatment was 6.55 (IQR: 1.96–9.93) years and median age at the time of study: 12 (IQR: 6.76–16.00). The control group included 53 healthy peers. Immunoenzymatic ELISA commercial kits were used to measure urine KIM-1 and NGAL levels. Results The median levels of urine uNGAL (p < 0.05), uNGAL/creatinine (cr.) ratio (p < 0.0001) and uKIM-1/creatinine ratio (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in ALL survivors in comparison with healthy controls. Female patients had significantly higher levels of NGAL and NGAL/cr. than males (mean 8.42 ± 7.1 vs. 4.59 ± 4.5 ng/mL and 86.57 ± 77 vs. 37.7 ± 37 ng/mg, respectively; p < 0.01). Of all the study participants, 11 (13%) presented eGFR below 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. The NGAL/cr. ratio seemed to be the best predictor of decreased eGFR (AUC = 0.65). The cumulative dose of methotrexate and cyclophosphamide did not predict the values of the urine NGAL, NGAL/cr., KIM-1/cr. and eGFR. Five years after the end of treatment, the patients had higher levels of uKIM-1 (1.02 ± 0.8 vs. 0.62 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p < 0.01), uNGAL (7.9 ± 6.7 vs. 4.6 ± 5 ng/mL, p < 0.01) and lower eGFR (114 ± 29 vs. 134 ± 35 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.01) in comparison with ALL survivors with the observation period of less than 5 years. Conclusion We demonstrated that ALL survivors have higher levels of urine NGAL, NGAL/cr. and uKIM-1/cr. ratio as compared to the control group. Further long-term follow-up studies are necessary to assess the significance of the NGAL and KIM-1 and their relationship to kidney damage after anticancer treatment in childhood.

Effects of prophylactic administration of glutamine on CD4+ T cell polarisation and kidney injury in mice with polymicrobial sepsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Hou ◽  
Jin-Ming Wu ◽  
Kuen-Yuan Chen ◽  
Po-Da Chen ◽  
Cing-Syuan Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Polymicrobial Sepsis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
T Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of glutamine (GLN) pretreatment on CD4+ T cell polarisation and remote kidney injury in mice with gut-derived polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were randomly assigned to three groups: normal control fed with American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet and two sepsis groups provided with either AIN-93G-based diet or identical components, except part of casein was replaced by GLN. Mice were given their respective diets for 2 weeks. Then, mice in the sepsis groups were performed with caecal ligation and puncture and were killed 72 h after the surgery. Blood, spleens and kidneys were collected for further examination. The results showed that sepsis resulted in decreased circulating and splenic total T lymphocyte and CD4+ T cell percentages, whereas IL-4-, and forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)-expressing CD4+ T cells percentages were up-regulated. Compared with the sepsis control group, pretreatment with GLN maintained blood T and CD4+ T cells and reduced percentages of IL-4- and Foxp3-expressing CD4+ T cells. Also, a more pronounced activation and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression of splenic CD4+ T cells were observed. Concomitant with the decreased plasma IL-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) levels, the gene expression of KC, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and renal injury biomarker kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) were down-regulated when GLN was administered. These findings suggest that antecedent of GLN administration elicit a more balanced blood T helper cell polarisation, sustained T cell populations, prevented splenic CD4+ T cell apoptosis and attenuated kidney injury at late phase of polymicrobial sepsis. GLN may have benefits in subjects at risk of abdominal infection.

scholarly journals Potential Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Renal Acanthamoebiasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6583
Author(s):  
Karolina Kot ◽  
Patrycja Kupnicka ◽  
Oliwia Witulska ◽  
Aleksandra Czepan ◽  
Natalia Agnieszka Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Gelatin Zymography ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice

Recent studies indicate that Acanthamoeba spp. may play a significant role in kidney dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. The levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and MCP-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the activity of MMPs was determined by gelatin zymography. The elevated KIM-1 level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice at the beginning of Acanthamoeba spp. infection. In the immunosuppressed mice, the KIM-1 level was statistically different. The statistically decreased NGAL level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice compared to the uninfected mice. In the immunocompromised mice, we found statistically significant differences in MCP-1 levels between the uninfected and infected groups. There was an increase in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. compared to the uninfected mice. The results indicate that KIM-1, NGAL, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9/NGAL might be promising biomarkers of renal acanthamoebiasis.

scholarly journals Selected biochemical parameters in the urine of HIV-infected patients in monitoring of kidney function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Szymańska ◽  
Zofia Marchewka ◽  
Brygida Knysz ◽  
Agnieszka Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Lower Egfr ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

IntroductionFor years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Renal dysfunction can be caused by direct effects of HIV on the kidneys but also of applied combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Therefore there is a need of renal function diagnosis to monitor the development of kidney disturbances. In this study the urinary levels of selected low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) in HIV-infected patients were measured and related to current CD4+ T lymphocyte (LT CD4+) count, the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value and the applied cART.Material and methodsThe levels of 5 LMWP – kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), glutathione S-transferase α (GST-α) and π (GST-π) isoenzymes and neopterin (NPT) – in urine were measured in HIV-infected patients and healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsTaking into account the current LT CD4+ count, KIM-1, NGAL and GST-α showed statistically significant differences between groups with the CD4+ count < 500 and ≥ 500 cells (< 0.001). Depending on the eGFR, apart from KIM-1 and NGAL, NPT showed statistically significant differences in the investigated groups with normal and lower eGFR values (< 0.001). In terms of applied cART, the best parameters in the assessment of kidney damage were NGAL, GST-π and NPT (< 0.001).ConclusionsThis research shows that the analyzed LMWP parameters are useful in the assessment of kidney damage in HIV patients during cART, especially NPT, NGAL and GST-π. However, future studies should be conducted on larger groups.

scholarly journals Evaluation of kidney injury molecule-1 as a disease progression biomarker in diabetic nephropathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Abid Khan ◽  
Syeda Sadia Fatima ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Khan ◽  
Sana Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

Background & Objective: Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a peptide whose release into circulation is specific to tubular injury. This study aimed to estimate levels of kidney injury molecule-1 in diabetic patients with and without kidney disease. And evaluate the role of KIM-1 as an early screening marker of progressive kidney injury. Methods: This follow-up study included n=85 subjects from the diabetic clinic of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center (JPMC) in collaboration with Aga Khan University from November 2016 till September 2017 They were divided as: i) Group A1 (n=30) participants with diabetes for <5 years without microalbuminuria ii) Group A2 (n= 30) subjects with diabetes for 6-10 years with microalbuminuria; iii) Group B (n=25) subjects as healthy control group. All study participants were followed for 6 months and their blood glucose, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, albuminuria and serum KIM-1 were assayed. Results: High KIM-1 at baseline was present in group A2 patients as compared to controls and group A1 (p<0.001). Higher levels were seen after six months in group A1 along with the presence of micro albuminuria (p<0.001) suggesting kidney damage. Moderate positive association were seen for KIM1 with creatinine levels (r=0.530; p<0.001), and HbA1c (r=0.576; p<0.001) in all patients. While a strong positive association was seen for blood urea nitrogen as a marker for kidney function both at baseline (r= 0.728; p=0.000) and follow up (r=0.747; p=0.001). Multiple logistic regression controlling for age showed that KIM1 was independently associated with BUN (r=0.727; p<0.001), creatinine (r=0.510; p<0.001) and HbA1c (r=0.401; p=0.008) in all groups. Conclusion: Rising KIM-1 levels with progressive kidney damage with or without derangement of kidney function is reported in this study. This finding may pave a way towards identifying KIM1 as a prognostic marker for kidney injury. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.154 How to cite this:Khan FA, Fatima SS, Khan GM, Shahid S. Evaluation of kidney injury molecule-1 as a disease progression biomarker in diabetic nephropathy. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.154 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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