scholarly journals Wireless sensor node with low-power sensing

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Nikolic ◽  
Mile Stojcev ◽  
Zoran Stamenkovic ◽  
Goran Panic ◽  
Branislav Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Power Gating ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Total Power Consumption ◽  
Node Architecture

Wireless sensor network consists of a large number of simple sensor nodes that collect information from external environment with sensors, then process the information, and communicate with other neighboring nodes in the network. Usually, sensor nodes operate with exhaustible batteries unattended. Since manual replacement or recharging of the batteries is not an easy, desirable or always possible task, the power consumption becomes a very important issue in the development of these networks. The total power consumption of a node is a result of all steps of the operation: sensing, data processing and radio transmission. In most published papers in literature it is assumed that the sensing subsystem consumes significantly less energy than a radio block. However, this assumption does not apply in numerous applications, especially in the case when power consumption of the sensing activity is comparably bigger than that of a radio. In that context, in this work we focus on the impact of the sensing hardware on the total power consumption of a sensor node. Firstly, we describe the structure of the sensor node architecture, identify its key energy consumption sources, and introduce an energy model for the sensing subsystem as a building block of a node. Secondly, with the aim to reduce energy consumption we investigate joint effectiveness of two common power-saving techniques in a specific sensor node: duty-cycling and power-gating. Duty-cycling is effective at the system level. It is used for switching a node between active and sleep mode (with the duty-cycle factor of 1%, the reduction of in dynamic energy consumption is achieved). Power-gating is used at the circuit level with the goal to decrease the power loss due to the leakage current (in our design, the reduction of dynamic and static energy consumption of off-chip sensor elements as constituents of sensing hardware within a node of is achieved). Compared to a sensor node architecture in which both energy saving techniques are omitted, the conducted MATLsimulation results suggest that in total, thanks to involving duty-cycling and power-gating techniques, a three order of magnitude reduction for sensing activities in energy consumption can be achieved.

Nature-Inspired Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-275
Author(s):  
Ajay Kaushik ◽  
S. Indu ◽  
Daya Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Nature Inspired Algorithms

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their applications in a wide variety of areas. Sensor nodes in a WSN are battery operated which outlines the need of some novel protocols that allows the limited sensor node battery to be used in an efficient way. The authors propose the use of nature-inspired algorithms to achieve energy efficient and long-lasting WSN. Multiple nature-inspired techniques like BBO, EBBO, and PSO are proposed in this chapter to minimize the energy consumption in a WSN. A large amount of data is generated from WSNs in the form of sensed information which encourage the use of big data tools in WSN domain. WSN and big data are closely connected since the large amount of data emerging from sensors can only be handled using big data tools. The authors describe how the big data can be framed as an optimization problem and the optimization problem can be effectively solved using nature-inspired algorithms.

scholarly journals Analysis of CMOS Comparator in 90nm Technology with Different Power Reduction Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4922
Author(s):  
Anil Khatak ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Sanjeev Dhull
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Power Gating ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Total Power Consumption

To reduce power consumption of regenerative comparator three different techniques are incorporated in this work. These techniques provide a way to achieve low power consumption through their mechanism that alters the operation of the circuit. These techniques are pseudo NMOS, CVSL (cascode voltage switch logic)/DCVS (differential cascode voltage switch) & power gating. Initially regenerative comparator is simulated at 90 nm CMOS technology with 0.7 V supply voltage. Results shows total power consumption of 15.02 μW with considerably large leakage current of 52.03 nA. Further, with pseudo NMOS technique total power consumption increases to 126.53 μW while CVSL shows total power consumption of 18.94 μW with leakage current of 1270.13 nA. More then 90% reduction is attained in total power consumption and leakage current by employing the power gating technique. Moreover, the variations in the power consumption with temperature is also recorded for all three reported techniques where power gating again show optimum variations with least power consumption. Four more conventional comparator circuits are also simulated in 90nm CMOS technology for comparison. Comparison shows better results for regenerative comparator with power gating technique. Simulations are executed by employing SPICE based on 90 nm CMOS technology.

scholarly journals Leakage Power Minimization Using Gating Technique In FPGA Controlled Device

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Mr. Sagar Kothawade
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Leakage Power ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Power Gating ◽  
Low Leakage ◽  
Look Up Table ◽  
Area Overhead ◽  
Total Power Consumption

FPGA based controlled devices are widely used in integrated chip sector provided the power consumed by such devices should be low. Leakage power takes vital part in contributing towards the total power consumption. This research work concentrates in proposing a power gating technique based on look up table approach. The novelty of this approach is that common look up tables are employed for asynchronous architectures for each leaf node. Due to this the leakage power and the total area overhead can be minimized. The proposed architecture is simulated through M-Power analysis and simulator tool for leaf nodes and efficiently utilizes H-tree methodology to minimize area. The reduction in number of look up tables leads to 45% to 50% reduction in leakage power of FPGA device.

Energy Efficient Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
pp. 42-66
Author(s):  
Awais Ahmad ◽  
Anand Paul ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Seungmin Rho
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Time Division Multiple Access ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Access Protocol ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Multiple Access Protocol

Avoiding from congestion and provision of reliable communication characterising the low energy consumption and high data rate is one of the momentous challenges at Media Access Control (MAC) layer. This become more difficult to achieve when there is energy constraint mixed with mobility of nodes. Same issue is addressed in this underlying paper. Here we have proposed a Time-Sharing Energy Efficient Congestion Control (TSEEC) technique for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (TDMA) and Statistical Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (STDMA) are major constituents of this technique. These helps in conserving the energy by controlling the sleeping, waking up and listening states of sensor nodes. Load Based Allocation and Time Allocation Leister techniques further helps in conserving the network energy minimizing the network congestion. First mentioned technique is designed on the basis of STDMA Protocol and uses the sensor node information to dynamically assign the time slots while later said technique is does the job of mobility management of sensor node. This Time Allocation Leister techniques further comprises of Extricated Time Allocation (ETA), Shift Back Time Allocation (SBTA), and eScaped Time Allocation (STA) sub techniques for managing the joing and leaving of nodes to cluster and redundant\absence of data for communication respectively. To control the movement of mobile sensor nodes, we have also introduced mobility pattern as part of TSEEC that helps in making the protocol adaptive to traffic environment and to mobility as well. A comparitive analysis of proposed mechanism with SMAC is performed in NS2 along with mathematical anslysis by considering energy consumption, and packet deliver ratio as performance evaluation parameters. The results for the former outperforms to that of later. Moreover, comparative analysis of the proposed TSEEC with other MAC protocols is also presented.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency Analysis of LoRa and ZigBee Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2836-2849
Author(s):  
K. Raghava Rao ◽  
D. Sateesh Kumar ◽  
Mohiddin Shaw ◽  
V. Sitamahalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wireless Sensor Node ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Iot Applications

Now a days IoT technologies are emerging technology with wide range of applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are plays vital role in IoT technologies. Construction of wireless sensor node with low-power radio link and high-speed processors is an interesting contribution for wireless sensor networks and IoT applications. Most of WSNs are furnished with battery source that has limited lifetime. The maximum operations of these networks require more power utility. Nevertheless, improving network efficiency and lifetime is a curtail issue in WSNs. Designing a low powered wireless sensor networks is a major challenges in recent years, it is essential to model its efficiency and power consumption for different applications. This paper describes power consumption model based on LoRa and Zigbee protocols, allows wireless sensor nodes to monitor and measure power consumption in a cyclic sleeping scenario. Experiential results reveals that the designed LoRa wireless sensor nodes have the potential for real-world IoT application with due consideration of communicating distance, data packets, transmitting speed, and consumes low power as compared with Zigbee sensor nodes. The measured sleep intervals achieved lower power consumption in LoRa as compared with Zigbee. The uniqueness of this research work lies in the review of wireless sensor node optimization and power consumption of these two wireless sensor networks for IoT applications.

scholarly journals Design Sleep Mode and Wakeup Method for OpenFlow Switches

2015 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Tran Hoang Vu ◽  
Vu Cong Luc
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Total Power Consumption ◽  
Switch Mode ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
Management Modes ◽  
And Performance

In  this  paper,  we  present  a  design  and  an evaluation  of  two  power  management  modes  that reduce the  energy  consumption  of OpenFlow switches. First,  we  define  two  new  low  power  modes:  SLEEP PORT  and  SLEEP  SWITCH,  which  reduce   energy consumption   in  cases  where  packets  on  port  or switches  are  absent.  Second,  we  present  a  Wake  on LAN  (WOL)  method  for  OpenFlow  Switches  to  wake up  Ethernet  ports  or  the  whole  switch  from  inactive states.  Finally,  we  describe  our  design,  experimental results and  performance evaluations. Our results show that the control SLEEP PORT mode on a switch might save  about 9.8% power consumption per  port,  and  up to about 60% of total power consumption of the switch with SLEEP  SWITCH mode.  In  addition,  we  will implement  this  method  to  Openflow  Switch  bases  on NetFPGA- 10 Gigabit in the future.

scholarly journals Quantitative evaluation of the nexus between water and energy in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Guohua He ◽  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Yongnan Zhu ◽  
Fan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Total Power Consumption ◽  
Research Period

This paper takes each province and region as the research object and 2017 as the research period, and the energy consumption of China’s social water cycle process was analyzed. The results showed that the total power consumption of China’s social water cycle process was 1082.81 billion kWh, accounting for 17.2% of the total power consumption of China’s society in 2017. Terminal water consumption is the biggest energy consumption. Based on the calculated results, this study puts forward relevant suggestions for realizing energy-water coordinated security.

A QoS Aware Framework to Support Minimum Energy Data Aggregation and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
R.B. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Data ◽  
Communication Costs ◽  
Energy Constrained

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensor nodes obtain data and communicate its data to a centralized node called base station (BS) using intermediate gateway nodes (GN). Because sensors are battery powered, they are highly energy constrained. Data aggregation can be used to combine data of several sensors into a single message, thus reducing sensor communication costs and energy consumption. In this article, the authors propose a QoS aware framework to support minimum energy data aggregation and routing in WSNs. To minimize the energy consumption, a new metric is defined for the evaluation of the path constructed from source to destination. The proposed QoS framework supports the dual goal of load balancing and serving as an admission control mechanism for incoming traffic at a particular sensor node. The results show that the proposed framework supports data aggregation with less energy consumption than earlier strategies.

Energy Efficient Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 780-799
Author(s):  
Awais Ahmad ◽  
Anand Paul ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Seungmin Rho
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Time Division Multiple Access ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Access Protocol ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Multiple Access Protocol

Avoiding from congestion and provision of reliable communication characterising the low energy consumption and high data rate is one of the momentous challenges at Media Access Control (MAC) layer. This become more difficult to achieve when there is energy constraint mixed with mobility of nodes. Same issue is addressed in this underlying paper. Here we have proposed a Time-Sharing Energy Efficient Congestion Control (TSEEC) technique for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (TDMA) and Statistical Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (STDMA) are major constituents of this technique. These helps in conserving the energy by controlling the sleeping, waking up and listening states of sensor nodes. Load Based Allocation and Time Allocation Leister techniques further helps in conserving the network energy minimizing the network congestion. First mentioned technique is designed on the basis of STDMA Protocol and uses the sensor node information to dynamically assign the time slots while later said technique is does the job of mobility management of sensor node. This Time Allocation Leister techniques further comprises of Extricated Time Allocation (ETA), Shift Back Time Allocation (SBTA), and eScaped Time Allocation (STA) sub techniques for managing the joing and leaving of nodes to cluster and redundant\absence of data for communication respectively. To control the movement of mobile sensor nodes, we have also introduced mobility pattern as part of TSEEC that helps in making the protocol adaptive to traffic environment and to mobility as well. A comparitive analysis of proposed mechanism with SMAC is performed in NS2 along with mathematical anslysis by considering energy consumption, and packet deliver ratio as performance evaluation parameters. The results for the former outperforms to that of later. Moreover, comparative analysis of the proposed TSEEC with other MAC protocols is also presented.

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