scholarly journals Austerity Policies, Public Expenditure, and Development from a Gender Perspective: What Is the Status of Mexican and Brazilian Women?

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-403
Author(s):  
Oscar Martínez ◽  
Itzel Dueñas ◽  
Monika Meireles
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Feminization Of Poverty ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of austerity policies on gender inequality in Mexico and Brazil. More specifically, it seeks to discuss the need to reconcile public expenditure with a development strategy that actually includes a gender perspective. The feminization of poverty is of particular interest, as it is the basis upon which we try to outline the socioeconomic conditions in which Mexican and Brazilian women live with regards to progress, setbacks, and challenges. Thus, a brief explanation of the term austerity is provided with the purpose of reflecting on the limitations and opportunities that public expenditure might have in terms of gender inequality. Then, basic economic statistics concerning the dynamics of economic growth and public expenditure are included and certain key variables revolving around gender gaps in both countries are examined. Finally, we offer a diagnosis of the consequences of poverty on the female population in order to identify the leeway that public expenditure focused on gender should have for the most vulnerable population sector. The purpose is to promote development policies based on greater equality. In summary, as a result of the study, we observe that public expenditure intended at fighting against poverty (female-male) had considerable success in the case of Brazil, but not in the case of Mexico. However, in both countries, the recent deepening of austerity policies could limit the efforts of public expenditure on the feminization of poverty in particular, and on gender inequalities in general.

scholarly journals The Impact of Past Pandemics on Economic and Gender Inequalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Brzezinski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates how previous major pandemic events affected economic and gender inequalities in the short- to medium run. We consider the impact of six major pandemic episodes – H3N2 Flu (1968), SARS (2003), H1N1 Swine Flu (2009), MERS (2012), Ebola (2014), and Zika (2016) – on cross-country inequalities in a sample of up to 180 countries observed over 1950-2019. Results show that the past pandemics have moderately increased income inequality in the affected countries in the period of four to five years after the pandemic’s start. On the other hand, we do not find any robust negative impacts on wealth inequality. The results concerning gender inequality are less consistent, but we find some evidence of declining gender equality among the hardest hit countries, as well as of growing gender gaps in unemployment within the four years after the onset of the pandemic.

scholarly journals ENGLISH TERMS BORROWING INTO GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Halyna Avchinnikova ◽  
Natalia Stavchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
German Language ◽  
International Language ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flow Of Information

The article analyzes and characterizes the phenomenon of English words’ borrowing into German language. The aim of the article is to find out the causes and consequences of this process. The peculiarities of recent borrowings have been studied, taking into account the impact of coronavirus pandemic, problems of gender inequality, environmental, political and other factors that influence the German vocabulary. Except for these factors there is still the influence of scientific and technological progress, the increase in the flow of information and the need to transmit information globally as quickly as possible alongside with the tendency for conciseness and accuracy. Also Duden dictionaries are described as a source of reflection on modern German. The authors state that in the beginning of the XXI century, in particularly in the year 2020, the process of English vocabulary borrowing into German has greatly increased and now is the most intensive for the entire period of this borrowing. With the dynamic development of globalization, internationalization and the strengthening of the status of English as an international language and other reasons such borrowings are inevitable and it is prognosed that this intensive borrowing will be even more dynamic. German philologists and politicians have already begun worrying about this process and the threat of quick language changes, therefore ways of minimizing this process are being discussed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Past Pandemics on Economic and Gender Inequalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Brzezinski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates how previous major pandemic events affected economic and gender inequalities in the short- to medium run. We consider the impact of six major pandemic episodes - H3N2 Flu (1968), SARS (2003), H1N1 Swine Flu (2009), MERS (2012), Ebola (2014), and Zika (2016) - on cross-country inequalities in a sample of up to 180 countries observed over 1950-2019. Results show that the past pandemics have moderately increased income inequality in the affected countries in the period of four to five years after the pandemic's start. On the other hand, we do not find any robust negative impacts on wealth inequality. The results concerning gender inequality are less consistent, but we find some evidence of declining gender equality among the hardest hit countries, as well as of growing gender gaps in unemployment within the four years after the onset of the pandemic.

scholarly journals KETIDAKSETARAAN GENDER BIDANG PENDIDIKAN: FAKTOR PENYEBAB, DAMPAK, DAN SOLUSI

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Harum Natasha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The State ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
The Impact

It is undeniable that gender inequality still occurs especially in the developing world. This inequity occurs in various fields of human life, among others in the fields of education, social, and economic. Gender inequality that occursmainly in the field of education is influenced by various factors: cultural factors, patriarchy, sociology and psychology. The imbalance also affects the life of the nation and the state. To that end, this study discusses the factors that cause the occurrence of gender inequality and the impact that would occur if gender inequalities allowed to drag and solutions that are expected to be applied so that gender inequality can be reduced or even eliminated.

scholarly journals Religion and gender inequality: The status of women in the societies of world religions

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Klingorová ◽  
Tomáš Havlíček
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Status Of Women

Abstract The status of women in society is very diverse worldwide. Among many important traits associated with the differentiation of gender inequality is religion, which itself must be regarded as a fluid concept with interpretations and practices ‘embedded’ and thus varying with respect to cultural and historical relations. Admitting the complexity of the issues, some religious norms and traditions can contribute to the formation of gender inequalities and to subordinate the role of women in society. Using an exploratory quantitative analysis, the influence of religiosity on gender inequality in social, economic and political spheres is examined. Three categories of states have emerged from the analysis: (a) states where the majority of inhabitants are without religious affiliation, which display the lowest levels of gender inequality; (b) Christian and Buddhist societies, with average levels of gender inequality; and (c) states with the highest levels of gender inequality across the observed variables, whose inhabitants adhere to Islam and Hinduism.

scholarly journals Implications of Digital Inclusion: Digitalization in Terms of Time Use from a Gender Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Digital Inclusion ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Impact

The implications of digital technologies for the transformation of gender relations and identities have been discussed since the early days of the internet. Although gender studies have identified clear gender gaps in terms of digital inclusion as well as potentialities for the transformation of women’s subjectivity, there is a lack of empirical evidence of the impact of digitalization in terms of time use from a gender perspective. Public policies have begun to address the digital gender gap, but the incorporation of a gender perspective in digital inclusion programmes which promotes women’s emancipation by challenging the gender division of time through use of the internet has been not incorporated in the digital policies agenda. This article aims to provide empirical evidence of the mutual interrelation between the time allocation and digital inclusion from a gender perspective. It considers how gender inequalities in time use shape women’s experience of digital inclusion and, at the same time, how digital inclusion promotes the reconfiguration of time in women’s everyday lives. Qualitative analysis based on episodic interviews explored the representations and practices of internet use by women in their everyday lives. The sample was made up of 32 women who were digitally included through a lifelong learning programme in Spain and had experienced the effects of the Spanish economic crisis. The article argues that digital inclusion does not automatically lead to a more egalitarian allocation of time use for women, but rather places greater value on women’s free time.

Gender Inequality and Social Policy: Women and the Redundancy Payments Scheme

1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Callender
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe article examines the impact of the redundancy payments legislation on women workers. The legislation's adequacy and appropriateness for women is assessed and the assumptions and values enshrined within it are analysed. The article demonstrates that the provisions of the legislation are disadvantageous to women in comparison to men, and that they in effect discriminate against them both directly and indirectly. Moreover, it is suggested that women's particular vulnerability to unemployment and redundancy may be partly explained by the actual mechanics of the redundancy legislation. It is argued that the legislation is based upon a male-dominated conceptualization of work and so fails to consider the position of women in the labour market — a market which by its very nature leads to gender inequalities.

scholarly journals The Gender Features of the Labor Market in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (517) ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
O. O. Khandii ◽  
◽  
O. O. Amosha ◽  
D. O. Mosiichuk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Features

The article is aimed at exploring the gender features of the labor market in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the impact of quarantine restrictions caused by the introduction of anti-epidemic measures to counteract the spread of coronavirus disease in Ukraine, on the existing balance of gender equality in Ukrainian society. The identified gender inequality manifestations in the labor market have intensified and received negative dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quarantine restrictions and the limited activities of enterprises in the sphere of trade, culture, art, education, hotel business and others, in the structure of employment of which the women’s labor force prevails, have caused an increase in the number of unemployed and a decrease in the social protection of employees involved in these sectors. An increase in the wage gap between women and men during the period of quarantine restrictions both by type of economic activity and by region is identified. The proposals and recommendations are directed towards: taking into account gender needs in overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic; reducing gender inequality and injustice in employment and income; ensuring support for political activity of the female population, involvement in decision-making in the life of both the community and the State; strengthening liability for direct or indirect discrimination and gender inequality; taking into account in the programs of socio-economic development of territories of gender needs as to different age groups; introduction of training aimed at ensuring gender approach and gender equality in organizations and enterprises; financial, economic, legal and educational support for the development of women’s business. Prospect for further research in this direction is to determine the impact of the existing level of gender equality and the structure of employment by gender in the sectors on the possibilities of economic development of the country.

scholarly journals PENCITRAAN PEREMPUAN PASCA PERCERAIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF GENDER

EGALITA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali Imron
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Priority Group ◽  
Development Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Public Views

Realities of gender inequality often happened in our society life. These are not thought as a problem because of unawareness and insensitivity of it. One of them is stereotype or negative stigma to widow’s status. This is formed by social and cultural construction. Public views of widow’s image can be analyzed through social and culture as well as concept of gender perspective. Actually most of divorce cases, woman (wife) has more negative impact than a man side. Widow is also identical as second social status. In other gender inequalities, stereotype of widow and widower can be also analyzed if women have function as leader of a family. In fact, they are never categorized as a priority group in development context; the subject as a leader of family is measured by masculinity. It proves that domination of patriarchy culture still influence in many sectors.

scholarly journals Feminist Debates on Civilian Women and International Humanitarian Law

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Oosterveld
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
Droit International ◽  
Civilian Women ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
The Impact

International humanitarian law [IHL] provisions address the situation of civilian women caught in armed conflict today, but is this law enough? Feminist commentators have considered this question and have come to differing conclusions. This article considers the resulting debate as to whether female-specific IHL provisions are adequate but underenforced, or inadequate, outdated and in need of revision. One school of thought argues that the main impediment to the protection of female civilians during hostilities is lack of observance of existing IHL. A second school of thought believes that something more fundamental is needed to meet the goal of protecting civilian women during war: revision and reconceptualization of IHL to take into account systematic gender inequality. This article considers the status of this debate within three areas of IHL considered by many to be central legal aspects of the experience of female civilians caught in armed conflict: the general non-discrimination provisions, the specific protection for civilian women against sexual violence and the specific protection of pregnant women and mothers. It concludes that, while there has been a vibrant debate within feminist circles on the adequacy of existing IHL provisions, mainstream action has tended to focus on enforcement. This is unfortunate, as it means that certain insights into the impact of deep gender inequalities on conflict have largely been left unexplored.Les dispositions du droit international humanitaire [DIH] traitent de la situation de femmes civiles prises de nos jours dans un conflit armé, mais ces lois suffisent-elles? Des commentatrices féministes ont songé à cette question et en sont venues à des conclusions différentes. Cet article porte sur le débat qui en résulte à savoir si les dispositions du DIH spécifiques aux femmes sont adéquates mais pas suffisamment mises en vigueur, ou si ellessont inadéquates, surannées et doivent être révisées. Une école de pensée soutient que l’obstacle principal à la protection de femmes civiles au cours d’hostilités est l’inobservation du DIH existant. Une deuxième école de pensée croit qu’il faut quelque chose de plus fondamental pour atteindre le but de protéger les femmes civiles pendant une guerre : la révision et la reconceptualisation du DIH pour tenir compte de l’inégalité systématique entre les sexes. Cet article examine l’état de ce débat dans trois domaines du DIH que plusieurs considèrent être des aspects légaux qui se situent au centre de l’expérience de femmes civiles prises dans un conflit armé : les dispositions générales contre la discrimination, la protection spécifique aux femmes civiles contre la violence sexuelle et la protection spécifique de femmes enceintes et de mères. On conclut que quoiqu’un débat animé ait été tenu au sein de cercles féministes en rapport avec la suffisance des dispositions existantes du DIH, l’action principale a eu tendance à être concentrée sur l’application de la loi. C’est malheureux, car cela signifie que certaines intuitions quant à l’impact sur le conflit d’inégalités profondes entre les sexes demeurent en grande partie inexplorées.

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