scholarly journals Environment and health - thirty years of successful implementation of the Montreal protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 492-496
Author(s):  
Djordje Jovanovic ◽  
Mario Lukinovic ◽  
Zdravko Vitosevic
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Immune System Diseases ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances

The Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) was signed in 1987 in Montreal. The main goal of the protocol is the international consensus and action regarding the drastic decrease of production and use of these substances, which results in increased UV radiation and consequently has a negative impact on human health and ecosystem. Besides the review of the ?legal and technical? implementation of the protocol until now and the withdrawal of ODS from use, this paper specially stresses the analysis of available research results regarding the positive impact on health, in correlation with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MP). Due to the results of the thirty-year-long use until now, the MP is referred to as one of the most successful international agreements, not only in the field of environmental protection, but also in the field of human health protection in relation to it, within a certain context. Besides the reduced negative impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) to the ecosystem and people, we are also facing a reduced occurring trend of skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system diseases worldwide. Without the MP and its implementation, millions of people would have died because of UV radiation and the previously mentioned diseases. The treatment costs and the pressure to the health system in all the countries worldwide would have enormously increased because of that.

scholarly journals Effects of Ozone and Clouds on Temporal Variability of Surface UV Radiation and UV Resources over Northern Eurasia Derived from Measurements and Modeling

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia E. Chubarova ◽  
Anna S. Pastukhova ◽  
Ekaterina Y. Zhdanova ◽  
Elena V. Volpert ◽  
Sergey P. Smyshlyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Uv Excess ◽  
Noticeable Reduction ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Sky Conditions

Temporal variability in erythemal radiation over Northern Eurasia (40°–80° N, 10° W–180° E) due to total ozone column (X) and cloudiness was assessed by using retrievals from ERA-Interim reanalysis, TOMS/OMI satellite measurements, and INM-RSHU chemistry–climate model (CCM) for the 1979–2015 period. For clear-sky conditions during spring and summer, consistent trends in erythemal daily doses (Eery) up to +3%/decade, attributed to decreases in X, were calculated from the three datasets. Model experiments suggest that anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substances were the largest contributor to Eery trends, while volcanic aerosol and changes in sea surface temperature also played an important role. For all-sky conditions, Eery trends, calculated from the ERA-Interim and TOMS/OMI data over the territory of Eastern Europe, Siberia and Northeastern Asia, were significantly larger (up to +5–8%/decade) due to a combination of decrease in ozone and cloudiness. In contrast, all-sky maximum trends in Eery, calculated from the CCM results, were only +3–4%/decade. While Eery trends for Northern Eurasia were generally positive, negative trends were observed in July over central Arctic regions due to an increase in cloudiness. Finally, changes in the ultraviolet (UV) resources (characteristics of UV radiation for beneficial (vitamin D production) or adverse (sunburn) effects on human health) were assessed. When defining a “UV optimum” condition with the best balance in Eery for human health, the observed increases in Eery led to a noticeable reduction of the area with UV optimum for skin types 1 and 2, especially in April. In contrast, in central Arctic regions, decreases in Eery in July resulted in a change from “UV excess” to “UV optimum” conditions for skin types 2 and 3.

The role of energy types and environmental quality on human health in developing Asian countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2199709
Author(s):  
Majed Alharthi ◽  
Imran Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Distributed Lag

The use of dirty (fossil fuel-based) energy in the process of economic growth challenges humanity through different health issues. This research examines the health risks in the form of mortality rates and the occurrence of respiratory illnesses due to energy usage, greenhouse gas discharges, and economic venture in twenty developing countries of Asian. For this objective, the study investigated a panel dataset of twenty-three years (1995–2018) to measure the short and long-term consequences of environmental contamination on health issues. Results of this study generated through the Autoregressive-Distributed lag (ARDL) technique of econometric. Experimental outcomes of the study confirm that dirty energy, carbon emission, and the process of natural resource exhaustion have a significant and positive impact on health risks on the people of the developing region of Asia. On the other hand, the per capita income growth and clean energy usage contributing positively to human health improvement. The high mortality is positively associated with carbon emission in the case of short-run analysis. These results suggest a comprehensive governance policy set to protect people from the negative impact of dirty energy usage and carbon emission discharge.

scholarly journals Internationalization and Performance of Chinese Family Firms: The Moderating Role of Corporate Governance

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Wenzhen Lu ◽  
Xueji Liang ◽  
Mengmeng Shan ◽  
Xiaoya Liang
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the differential effects of internationalization on two dimensions of family firms’ performance: growth and profitability. Drawing on the contingency theory, we argue that the successful implementation of internationalization strategy requires an appropriate organization structure, which is usually absent in Chinese family firms. To the extent that such a structure is established, these firms can realize greater benefits from internationalization. From a sample of 225 family firms in China, our predictions receive empirical support. We find that internationalization has a positive impact on growth but a negative impact on profitability. The negative internationalization–firm profitability relationship highlights the challenges internationalizing Chinese family firms face. The positive moderating effect of corporate governance, a critical component of organization structure, underscores the need for appropriate corporate governance to support the implementation of strategy. The findings have important practical implications for the internationalization of Chinese family firms.

scholarly journals Future Risk Assessments of E-waste in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarhan S. Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
The Impact

Technical development in the field of electronics exceeded all expectations in terms of production and innovation, which made human life captive to electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers and their peripherals, TVs…etc. This increasing growth in quantity of these devices and their relatively short life-cycles has led to excessive accumulation of E-waste end up as landfills. Due to a large amount of toxic substances of these E-wastes, there are huge alarming hazards on the environment and human health. Some of these E -wastes contain materials such as Mercury, lead, cadmium, phosphorus and other hazardous substances which have serious impacts on the environment and human health. This research has carried field-study to investigate the magnitude of the E-waste and the scale of the impact to the environment and health in the Duhok Governorate in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The study proposes appropriate solutions to E-waste recycling and minimizes its negative impact.

scholarly journals The forecast of erythemal UV irradiance over the territory of Northern Eurasia according to the INM-RSHU chemical-climate model

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
A. S. Pastukhova ◽  
N. E. Chubarova ◽  
Ye. Yu. Zhdanova ◽  
V. Ya. Galin ◽  
S. P. Smyshlyaev
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
The North ◽  
Chemical Climate ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
The Impact

In this work, the impact of various factors on the total ozone column and erythemal UV radiation (Qery) in the territory of Northern Eurasia for the period from 1979 to 2059 based on the calculations of the chemical-climate model INM-RHSU is analyzed. The sensitivity of ozone recovery to the setting of different input data on sea surface temperature (SST) is estimated. Depending on the SST datasets, there are significant differences in ozone trends. A possible mechanism that explains the reasons for these differences is examined. The numerical experiment with the only change in ozone depleting substances according to Montreal protocol showed the ozone recovery and, as a result, Qery reduction, but this recovery is not linear. During the 2016-2020 period we estimated the 2-5% increase in Qery values relative to the baseline period (1979-1983) with about 6% maximum over Russian polar region. During the 2035-2039 period the Qery change against 1979-1983 period is about zero, during the 2055-2059 period we obtained the decrease of about 4-6% over Northern Asia and 6-8% over Northern Europe These changes corresponded to the noticeable boundary location shift of UV resources, which determine UV radiation impact on human health. The most significant changes will be observed in spring and summer: the UV deficiency zone will be expanded in the north and the UV excess zone over northern seas will be reduced in the south.

scholarly journals Montreal Protocol benefits simulated with CCM SOCOL

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 17001-17030 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Egorova ◽  
E. Rozanov ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
M. Hauser ◽  
W. Schmutz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

Abstract. Ozone depletion is caused by the anthropogenic increase of halogen containing species in the atmosphere, which results in the enhancement of the concentration of reactive chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. To reduce the influence of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODS), the Montreal Protocol was agreed by Governments in 1987, with several Amendments adopted later. In order to assess the benefits of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments (MPA) on ozone and UV radiation, two different runs of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL have been carried out. The first run was driven by the emission of ozone depleting substances (ODS) prescribed according to the restrictions of the Montreal Protocol and all its Amendments. For the second run we allow the ODS to grow by 3% annually. We find that the MPA would have saved up to 80% of the global annual total ozone by the end of the 21st century. Our calculations also show substantial changes in surface temperature and precipitations that could occur in the world without MPA implementations. To illustrate the changes in UV radiation at the surface and to emphasize certain features which can only be seen for some particular regions if the influence of the cloud cover changes is accounted for, we calculate geographical distribution of the erythemally weighted irradiance (Eery). For the no Montreal Protocol simulation Eery increases by factor of 4 to 16 between the 1970s and 2100. For the scenario including the Montreal Protocol it is found that UV radiation starts to decrease in 2000, with continuous decline of 5% to 10% at middle latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

scholarly journals Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minde An ◽  
Luke M. Western ◽  
Daniel Say ◽  
Liqu Chen ◽  
Tom Claxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Atmospheric Observations ◽  
Antarctic Ozone ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Ozone Hole

AbstractWith the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting substances continues to decrease slowly and the Antarctic ozone hole is showing signs of recovery. However, growing emissions of unregulated short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons are offsetting some of these gains. Here, we report an increase in emissions from China of the industrially produced chlorocarbon, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). The emissions grew from 231 (213–245) Gg yr−1 in 2011 to 628 (599–658) Gg yr−1 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 13 (12–15) %, primarily from eastern China. The overall increase in CH2Cl2 emissions from China has the same magnitude as the global emission rise of 354 (281−427) Gg yr−1 over the same period. If global CH2Cl2 emissions remain at 2019 levels, they could lead to a delay in Antarctic ozone recovery of around 5 years compared to a scenario with no CH2Cl2 emissions.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penyetelan Mesin Menggunakan BB Gasohol E15 Terhadap Emisi

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Sukardi, M.Pd Sukardi Sukardi ◽  
Agung M Pribadi ◽  
Abdi Sampurno
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Mixed Fuel ◽  
Emission Effect ◽  
Hc Emissions

Emissions produced by vehicles have a negative impact on human health and the environment, so steps need to be taken to reduce them. The use of a mixture of gasoline and alcohol (Gasohol) E15 fuels has a positive impact on reducing emissions. The number of conventional vehicles / cars that are still operating in Indonesia is generally prepared to use Gasoline only. If you want to use alcohol as a mixed fuel, you need a deeper study. The research objectives were to: 1) Test the effect of setting the ignition angle on CO and HC emissions, and 2) Test the effect of adjusting screw settings on CO and HC emissions. This research is using experimental method. The results showed that: 1) Standard adjustment has the lowest emission effect, and 2) there is an effect of Adjusting Screw settings on emissions.

scholarly journals Montreal Protocol Benefits simulated with CCM SOCOL

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3811-3823 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Egorova ◽  
E. Rozanov ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
M. Hauser ◽  
W. Schmutz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Stratospheric Circulation ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

Abstract. Ozone depletion is caused by the anthropogenic increase of halogen-containing species in the atmosphere, which results in the enhancement of the concentration of reactive chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. To reduce the influence of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODS), the Montreal Protocol was agreed by Governments in 1987, with several Amendments and Adjustments adopted later. In order to assess the benefits of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments (MPA) on ozone and UV radiation, two different runs of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL have been carried out. The first run was driven by the emission of ozone depleting substances (ODS) prescribed according to the restrictions of the MPA. For the second run we allow the ODS to grow by 3% annually. We find that the MPA would have saved up to 80% of the global annual total ozone by the end of the 21st century. Our calculations also show substantial changes of the stratospheric circulation pattern as well as in surface temperature and precipitations that could occur in the world without MPA implementations. To illustrate the changes in UV radiation at the surface and to emphasise certain features, which can only be seen for some particular regions if the influence of the cloud cover changes is accounted for, we calculate geographical distribution of the erythemally weighted irradiance (Eery). For the no Montreal Protocol simulation Eery increases by factor of 4 to 16 between the 1970s and 2100. For the scenario including the Montreal Protocol it is found that UV radiation starts to decrease in 2000, with continuous decline of 5% to 10% at middle latitudes in the both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

TURN-OVER GURU PADA MADRASAH ALIYAH NAHDLATUL ULAMA

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mochamad Iskarim
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
New Teacher ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Interview Questionnaire ◽  
Collection Methods

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui dampak positif dan negatif dari adanya pergantian (turn-over) guru di Madrasah Aliyah Nahdlatul Ulama Banyuputih kabupaten Batang. Penelitian inimenggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif analitis dengan metode pengumpulan data berupa wawancara mendalam, angket, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya turn-over yang tinggi pada guru atau pendidik di madrasah tersebut; keuntungan yang bersifat positif justru didapatkan ketika adanya turn-over guru dibandingkan dampak negatifnya; dan kehadiran guru baru menjadi hal yang sangat disukai oleh siswa dalam hal kreativitas, inovasi pembelajaran, motivasi, dan lain sebagainya.The aims of this research were to know the positive and negative impact of teacher turn over at Madrasah Aliyah Nahdlatul Ulama Banyuputih Kabupaten Batang. This research was use analytical descriptive qualitative approach with depth interview, questionnaire and documentation as data collection methods. The results of this research shows that the positive impact occur more than the negative impact when there was teacher turn over; and the presence of a new teacher become student’s favourite on creativity, learning innovation, and motivation aspects.

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