scholarly journals Microcosm of evolution: One current philosophical discussion

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Eva Kamerer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Multi Level

In recent years a discussion is ongoing about whether the idea of Darwinian populations and the principle of natural selection related to this idea can play a significant role in the explanation of neoplastic formation. According to one view, cancerous cell populations are only minimal Darwinian populations whose characteristics are not complex adaptations, while the advocates of the second point of view insist that carcinogenesis corresponds to a large extent to the evolution of the paradigmatic Darwinian populations in which selection acts at more than one level. The aim of this article is to show why the concept of multi-level selection and the evolution of cooperation represent a valuable approach in explaining the carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals The Road to Modern Logic—An Interpretation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ferreirós
Keyword(s):  
Order Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Order Logic ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Core System ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Road

AbstractThis paper aims to outline an analysis and interpretation of the process that led to First-Order Logic and its consolidation as a core system of modern logic. We begin with an historical overview of landmarks along the road to modern logic, and proceed to a philosophical discussion casting doubt on the possibility of a purely rational justification of the actual delimitation of First-Order Logic. On this basis, we advance the thesis that a certain historical tradition was essential to the emergence of modern logic; this traditional context is analyzed as consisting in some guiding principles and, particularly, a set of exemplars (i.e., paradigmatic instances). Then, we proceed to interpret the historical course of development reviewed in section 1, which can broadly be described as a two-phased movement of expansion and then restriction of the scope of logical theory. We shall try to pinpoint ambivalencies in the process, and the main motives for subsequent changes. Among the latter, one may emphasize the spirit of modern axiomatics, the situation of foundational insecurity in the 1920s, the resulting desire to find systems well-behaved from a proof-theoretical point of view, and the metatheoretical results of the 1930s. Not surprisingly, the mathematical and, more specifically, the foundational context in which First-Order Logic matured will be seen to have played a primary role in its shaping.Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today. (Jean van Heijenoort)

MODERN PROBLEMS OF FORMING THE DISCOURSE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SECURITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
S. Kononov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of a social security modern discourse formation in the framework of a philosophical discussion of the transformation processes of the formation vector of the state security policy. The task of the article, according to the author, is to present the problem of security in conditions when it ceases to be understood, as a concept associated with the idea of preserving the integrity of a state or nation, and functions as a phenomenon with the broadest possible social parameters. Using the methodology of phenomenological, hermeneutic and comparative analysis, the new areas of security research, common difference of which is social and personal orientation are analyzed. The author pays attention to the features of the methodology of works reflecting the point of view of the modern state, works related to the development of a systematic approach to security, works based on an axiological approach and concludes that, despite the expansion of security interpretations, all these approaches retain a common ideological foundation. presupposing the need to preserve the leading role of the state in the field of social security, including the security of the individual and society and the state. All these approaches are based on the policy of responding to emerging threats to the Russian state and do not reflect the needs of a comprehensive strategic goal-setting covering the sphere of socio-economic development of the social system. This circumstance, according to the author, leads to the formation of a security strategy that exists only in the name of protecting the state and does not imply feedback between the state and the social institutions that the state is going to protect, which leads to the ineffectiveness of modern protection measures and the need to find new ways to justify the need for this protection, a new definition of its content and essence

The Causal Structure of Natural Selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Philosophy Of Biology ◽  
Philosophy Of Physics ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

Recent arguments concerning the nature of causation in evolutionary theory, now often known as the debate between the 'causalist' and 'statisticalist' positions, have involved answers to a variety of independent questions – definitions of key evolutionary concepts like natural selection, fitness, and genetic drift; causation in multi-level systems; or the nature of evolutionary explanations, among others. This Element offers a way to disentangle one set of these questions surrounding the causal structure of natural selection. Doing so allows us to clearly reconstruct the approach that some of these major competing interpretations of evolutionary theory have to this causal structure, highlighting particular features of philosophical interest within each. Further, those features concern problems not exclusive to the philosophy of biology. Connections between them and, in two case studies, contemporary metaphysics and philosophy of physics demonstrate the potential value of broader collaboration in the understanding of evolution.

scholarly journals Evolution of cooperation: The analysis of the case wherein a different player has a different benefit and a different cost

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Kurokawa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
Model Setting

The existence of cooperation demands explanation in terms of natural selection. Prisoner’s dilemma is a framework often used when studying the evolution of cooperation. In prisoner’s dilemma, most previous studies consider the situation wherein an individual who cooperates will give an opponent an amount b at a personal cost of c, where b > c > 0 while an individual who defects will give nothing. This model setting is convenient; however, previous studies have not considered the case wherein a different player has a different benefit and different cost while in reality, it is natural to consider that a different player has a different benefit and different cost. Here, we raise the following question: Taking that a different individual has a different benefit and a different cost into consideration, what strategy is likely to evolve? In this paper, we focus on the direct reciprocity and analyze the case wherein a different player has a different benefit and a different cost. We obtain the condition for the evolution in the general case. And in addition, we have revealed that under a specific condition as the interaction repeats longer and the benefit-to-cost ratio is larger and the cooperating probability is more sensitive to the benefit the opponent provides, the establishment of cooperation is more likely.

scholarly journals An Analytic Theologian Stance on the Existence of God

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Paul Göcke
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
The One

The existence of God is once again the focus of vivid philosophical discussion. From the point of view of analytic theology, however, people often talk past each other when they debate about the putative existence or non- existence of God. In the worst case, for instance, atheists deny the existence of a God, which no theists ever claimed to exist. In order to avoid confusions like this we need to be clear about the function of the term ‘God’ in its different contexts of use. In what follows, I distinguish between the functions of ‘God’ in philosophical contexts on the one hand and in theological contexts on the other in order to provide a schema, which helps to avoid confusion in the debate on the existence or non-existence of God.

El papel de los medios electrónicos en la lucha contra la corrupción

2016 ◽  
pp. 199-235
Author(s):  
Agustí CERRILLO I MARTÍNEZ
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Point Of View

LABURPENA: Bitarteko elektronikoek berebiziko garrantzia dute ustelkeriaren kontrako borrokan. Indarreko legeriak tresna batzuk ditu eta beste batzuk esperientzia pilotuak dira zenbait herrialdetan, baina Espainian aplikatu nahi bada, arau batzuk egin edo aldatu beharko dira. Artikuluan bitarteko elektronikoei ematen ari zaizkien erabilerak —ustelkeria prebenitzeko eta eta haren kontra borrokatzeko— aztertzen dira eta euren bideragarritasuna aztertzen da Espainiako antolamendu juridikoaren ikuskeratik. RESUMEN: Los medios electrónicos tienen un papel significativo en la lucha contra la corrupción. La legislación vigente ya recoge algunos instrumentos mientras que otros son aún experiencias piloto en diversos países cuya aplicación en España puede llegar a exigir la adopción o la reforma de algunas normas. En el artículo se exploran los diferentes usos que se están dando a los medios electrónicos en la prevención y la lucha contra la corrupción y se analiza su viabilidad desde la perspectiva del ordenamiento jurídico español. ABSTRACT: Electronic means have a significant role in the fight against corruption. The current legislation does already mention some tools while others are so far pilot experiences in several countries whose application in Spain might require the adoption or amendment of some provisions. In this article we explore the different usages given to electronic means in the prevention and fight against corruption and we analyze their viability from the point of view of the Spanish legal order.

scholarly journals A Framework of Major Tumor-Promoting Signal Transduction Pathways Implicated in Melanoma-Fibroblast Dialogue

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3400
Author(s):  
Barbara Bellei ◽  
Emilia Migliano ◽  
Mauro Picardo
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Stromal Microenvironment ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Promising Avenue ◽  
Melanoma Therapy

The development of a modified stromal microenvironment in response to neoplastic onset is a common feature of many tumors including cutaneous melanoma. At all stages, melanoma cells are embedded in a complex tissue composed by extracellular matrix components and several different cell populations. Thus, melanomagenesis is not only driven by malignant melanocytes, but also by the altered communication between melanocytes and non-malignant cell populations, including fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells. In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), also referred as melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) in the case of melanoma, are the most abundant stromal cells and play a significant contextual role in melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. As a result of dynamic intercellular molecular dialogue between tumor and the stroma, non-neoplastic cells gain specific phenotypes and functions that are pro-tumorigenic. Targeting MAFs is thus considered a promising avenue to improve melanoma therapy. Growing evidence demonstrates that aberrant regulation of oncogenic signaling is not restricted to transformed cells but also occurs in MAFs. However, in some cases, signaling pathways present opposite regulation in melanoma and surrounding area, suggesting that therapeutic strategies need to carefully consider the tumor–stroma equilibrium. In this novel review, we analyze four major signaling pathways implicated in melanomagenesis, TGF-β, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin and Hyppo signaling, from the complementary point of view of tumor cells and the microenvironment.

scholarly journals The corporeal meaning of language: A semiotic approach to musical glossolalia

Semiotica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (229) ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Simona Stano
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Relevant Case ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Linguistic Approach

AbstractA number of studies have investigated glossolalia from different points of view, dealing with its various occurrences in the religious, psychopathological, and – more recently – also poetic and musical domains. The impossibility of fully understanding such a phenomenon through a purely linguistic approach has then increasingly emerged, pointing out the need to adopt a broader perspective. However, no extensive research has been developed on musical glossolalia – and especially on its non-religious forms – from such a point of view. The present paper aims precisely at filling this gap: philosophical discussion of existing literature and the semiotic analysis of particularly relevant case studies of glossolalia in the musical domain help us shed new light on the functioning mechanisms of such a phenomenon, hence suggesting effective tools for understanding how it acquires meaning and produces sense.

Pathogen induced regulatory cell populations preventing allergy through the Th1/Th2 paradigm point of view

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Roumier ◽  
Monique Capron ◽  
David Dombrowicz ◽  
Christelle Faveeuw
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Regulatory Cell

scholarly journals Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1610) ◽  
pp. 605-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A Nowak ◽  
Sébastien Roch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Random Walks ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Willingness To Help

If someone is nice to you, you feel good and may be inclined to be nice to somebody else. This every day experience is borne out by experimental games: the recipients of an act of kindness are more likely to help in turn, even if the person who benefits from their generosity is somebody else. This behaviour, which has been called ‘upstream reciprocity’, appears to be a misdirected act of gratitude: you help somebody because somebody else has helped you. Does this make any sense from an evolutionary or a game theoretic perspective? In this paper, we show that upstream reciprocity alone does not lead to the evolution of cooperation, but it can evolve and increase the level of cooperation if it is linked to either direct or spatial reciprocity. We calculate the random walks of altruistic acts that are induced by upstream reciprocity. Our analysis shows that gratitude and other positive emotions, which increase the willingness to help others, can evolve in the competitive world of natural selection.

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