Binocular responses and vertical strabismus

Background/Aim. Elevation in adduction is the most common pattern of vertical strabismus, and it is mostly treated with surgery. The results of weaking of inferior oblique muscle are very changeable. The aim of this study was to evaluate binocular vision using sensory tests before and one and six months after the surgery. Methods. A total of 79 children were divided in two groups: the first, with inferior oblique muscle of overaction (n = 52), and the second with dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), and primary inferior oblique muscle overaction (n = 27). We tested them by polaroid mirror test (PMT), Worth test at distance and near, fusion amplitudes on sinoptofore, Lang I stereo test and Wirt-Titmus stereo test. We examined our patients before and two times after the surgery for vertical strabismus. Results. Foveal suppression in the group I was found in 60.5% of the patients before, and in 56.4% after the surgery. In group II Foveal suppression was detected in 64.7% of the patients before, but in 55.6% 6 months after the surgery with PMT. Worth test revealed suppression in 23.5% of the patients before, and in 40.7% after the vertical muscle surgery. Parafoveal fussion persisted in about 1/3 of the patients before the surgery, and their amplitudes were a little larger after the surgery in the group I patients. Lang I stereo test was negative in 53.9% before and 51.9% after the surgery in the group I, and in 48.2% of the patients before and after the surgery in the group II patients. Wirt-Titmus stereo test was negative in 74.5% of the patients before and in 72.9% after the surgery in the group I, but in the group II it was negative in 70.8% before and in 68.0% of the patients 6 months after the surgery. Conclusion. Binocular responses were found after surgery in 65.7% of the patients the group I and in 55.6% patients the group II. There was no significant difference between these two groups, but binocular responses were more often in the patients of the group I.

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THE COMPARISON OF DEEP NECK FLEXOR STRENGTHENING EXERICISE WITH MCKENZIE NECK EXERCISE FOR NECK POSTURE CORRECTION ON STUDENTS WITH FORWARD HEAD POSTURE AT SMA N 1 SEMARAPURA

Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia ◽

10.24843/mifi.2018.v06.i01.p09 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Gede Eka Juli Prasana ◽

I Nyoman Adiputra ◽

I Made Krisna Dinata

Keyword(s):

Exercise Intervention ◽

Hypothesis Test ◽

Test Group ◽

Forward Head Posture ◽

Head Posture ◽

Group I ◽

Strengthening Exercise ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

This study aims to compare deep neck flexor strengthening exercise intervention with mckenzie neck exercise to correct the neck posture of student with forward head posture. Using experimental design with Pre-Test and Post-Test Group Design involves a sample of 24 people divided into 2 groups. Group I was given deep neck flexor strengthening exercise intervention and Group II was given mckenzie neck exercise intervention. Hypothesis Test using paired sample t-test obtained result p = 0.592 with average difference in Group I 7.58 ± 4.39 whereas Group II got difference mean 8.5 ± 3.84. These results showed no significant difference in craniovertebral angle elevation before and after intervention in both groups. Keywords : forward head posture, craniovertebrae angle, deep neck flexor strengthening exercise, mckenzie neckexercise,

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Different Bleeding Patterns with the Use of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System: Are They Associated with Changes in Uterine Artery Blood Flow?

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/815127 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carlo Bastianelli ◽

Manuela Farris ◽

Stefania Rapiti ◽

Roberta Bruno Vecchio ◽

Giuseppe Benagiano

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Uterine Artery ◽

Endometrial Thickness ◽

Power Doppler ◽

Artery Blood Flow ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Objective. Evaluate if different bleeding patterns associated with the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) are associated with different uterine and endometrial vascularization patterns, as evidenced by ultrasound power Doppler analysis.Methodology. A longitudinal study, with each subject acting as its own control was conducted between January 2010 and December 2012. Healthy volunteers with a history of heavy but cyclic and regular menstrual cycles were enrolled in the study. Ultrasonographic examination was performed before and after six months of LNG-IUS placement: uterine volume, endometrial thickness, and subendometrial and myometrial Doppler blood flow patterns have been evaluated.Results. A total of 32 women were enrolled out of 186 initially screened. At six months of follow-up, all subjects showed a reduction in menstrual blood loss; for analysis, they were retrospectively divided into 3 groups: normal cycling women (Group I), amenorrheic women (Group II), and women with prolonged bleedings (Group III). Intergroup analysis documented a statistically significant difference in endometrial thickness among the three groups; in addition, mean pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in the spiral arteries were significantly lower in Group I and Group III compared to Group II. This difference persisted also when comparing—within subjects of Group III—mean PI and RI mean values before and after insertion.Conclusions. The LNG-IUS not only altered endometrial thickness, but—in women with prolonged bleedings—also significantly changed uterine artery blood flow. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and enable gynecologists to properly counsel women, improving initial continuation rates.

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Hook plate with or without coracoclavicular ligament augmentation in the treatment of acute acromioclavicular separation

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-020-03726-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chung-Ting Liu ◽

Ten-Fang Yang

Keyword(s):

Plate Fixation ◽

Functional Results ◽

Hook Plate ◽

Group I ◽

Ligament Augmentation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Acromioclavicular Separation ◽

Group Ii ◽

Type V

Abstract Background Acromioclavicular (AC) separation can be treated with the use of a hook plate. Some studies have reported that coracoclavicular (CC) ligament augmentation is necessary to reduce the complications of hook plate fixation, whereas others recommend hook plate fixation alone without augmentation. The aim of this study was to compare the results and complications between these two groups. Methods This was an observational case-control study. Patients with acute (less than 2 weeks) Rockwood type V AC separation were treated with a hook plate at our hospital. A total of 105 cases received hook plate fixation with CC ligament augmentation (group I), and 112 cases received hook plate fixation without augmentation (group II). Constant-Murley scores were used to evaluate the function before and after implant removal, and radiographs were taken to evaluate the complications. The results and complications were compared between groups. Results Before removal, the Constant-Murley score was significantly higher in group I (mean, 50.1) than in group II (mean, 42.6) (p = 0.004); however, there was no significant difference between groups at 3 and 6 months after removal. The incidence of significant acromion osteolysis was higher in group II (65/112) than in group I (25/105). Before removal, the patients with significant acromion osteolysis had worse Constant-Murley scores than those of the patients without osteolysis in both groups. The incidence of peri-implant fracture of the hook plate was higher in group II (8/112) than in group I (1/105). Conclusion The patients without CC ligament augmentation had worse functional results before hook plate removal, a higher incidence of radiographic acromion osteolysis, and a higher incidence of peri-implant fractures than those patients with CC ligament augmentation. Therefore, CC ligament augmentation is highly recommended to improve short-term outcomes and decrease complications for Rockwood type V AC separation treated by hook plate.

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Impact of Direct Acting Antivirals therapy on metabolic profiles and adiponectin serum level in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab100.124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Lotfy Fahmy Abd Elmeged ◽

Sameh Mohamed Fahim Ghaly ◽

Osama Ashraf Ahmed ◽

Ahmed Samir Abohalima ◽

Ahmed Samir Allam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Chronic Hepatitis C ◽

Adiponectin Level ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Abstract Background and Objectives Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a major global health challenge. Chronic hepatitis C viral infection is associated with wide metabolic disarrangements. HCV interacts with lipid metabolism leading to steatosis, causing wide adipocytokines changes and impairs glucose metabolism leading to increased prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Several oral anti-HCV drugs (direct acting antivirals; DAAs) have been developed over the last several years. Now, HCV can be eliminated from the infected host within 12 weeks of DAA combination therapy. As, there is limited data on the effects of DAA therapy on metabolic profiles, lipid profile and adiponectin level. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the Impact of Direct Acting Antivirals therapy on metabolic profiles and adiponectin serum level in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Methods This study was performed on 100 patients who have chronic infection with hepatitis C, patients were divided into two groups, Group I was 50 patients were treated with (Sofosbuvir/Daclatasvir/Ribavirin) for 3 months. Group II was 50 patients were treated with (Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir/Ribavirin) for 3 months. With follow up changes were occurred in Fasting Lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL), metabolic profile (fasting blood sugar, Fasting Insulin, HOMA-IR and HBA1C) and Serum adiponectin level before and after end of treatment. Results One hundred patients met inclusion criteria were reviewed, (56%) were males in group I while (46%) were males in group I, Mean age in group I was 47.4 ± 5.3 years while in group II was 43.2 ± 6.6 years, statistical analysis of data showed significant difference in the lipid profile in group I before and after treatment .As, we found significant reduction in serum triglycerides after treatment (113.2 ± 22.9 mg/dL vs 105.6 ± 23.2 mg/dL, P < 0.001) and a significant elevation of serum Total Cholesterol, LDL and HDL after treatment (TC: 153.2 ± 20.1 mg/dL vs 174.1 ± 19 mg/dL, P < 0.001, LDL: 74.7 ± 9.9 mg/dL vs 93.3 ± 12 mg/dL, P < 0.001, HDL: 54.6 ± 10.1 mg/dL vs 57.2 ± 10.3 mg/dL, P 0.010) But in group II there was no significant difference in the lipid profile before and after treatment, Also, We found significant reduction in fasting insulin, HOMAIR and HBA1C after treatment in group I (Fasting Insulin: 11.4 ± 3.3 (uU/L)/ml vs 9.7 ± 2.2 (uU/L)/ml, P < 0.001, HOMA-IR: 2.7 ± 0.9 vs 2.2 ± 0.6, P < 0.001, HBA1C: 5.6 ± 0.4 vs 5.4 ± 0.3, P 0.003) But in group II there was no significant difference in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and HBA1C before and after treatment. Also, we found that there was no significant changes in the serum adiponectin level in the both group before and after treatment. Conclusion Eradication of chronic hepatitis C viral infection with DAAs may affect the lipid and the metabolic profile of patients after the end of treatment according to the type of DAAs used in the treatment and according to the stage of the liver disease of patients. But not affect the serum Adiponectin level.

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Association between circulating zinc/ferritin levels and parent Conner’s scores in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.09.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 68-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farida M. El-Baz ◽

Azza M. Youssef ◽

Eman khairy ◽

Dina Ramadan ◽

Walaa Y. Youssef

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Iron Supplements ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii ◽

Zinc Supplements ◽

Cognitive Problems ◽

Deficient Group

Abstract ADHD is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders among children and adolescents. In this prospective study, we aimed to measure circulating zinc and ferritin levels in children with ADHD, pick up the deficient ones to give zinc and iron supplements then compare before and after treatment according to their Conner’s scores and Wecsler IQ test. Current study included fifty children diagnosed as having ADHD by DSMV criteria, their zinc and ferritin levels were measured by Colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. They were divided into: group I (zinc only deficient),group II (zinc and ferritin deficient),group III (non-deficient), cases with mineral deficiency received zinc (55 mg/day) and/or iron (6 mg/kg/day) for 6 months then reassessed by parent Conner’s rating scale. In group 1, there was no significant difference between the Wecsler verbal and non-verbal IQ scores and oppositional and cognitive problems in Conner’s scores before and after zinc supplements, although there was significant improvement in attention, hyperactivity, emotional liability and impulsivity. In group II, there was significant improvement in verbal and total IQ but not in performance IQ, also there was significant improvement in hyperactivity, emotional liability and impulsivity with no significant difference in oppositional, cognitive problems and inattention before and after zinc/ iron supplements. In Conclusion, Zinc supplements in adjuvant to the main treatment significantly improved symptoms of ADHD children. However, a combined zinc and iron supplements was superior to zinc alone in alleviating ADHD symptoms as well as IQ improvement.

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COMPARISON BAY LEAF (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM (WIGHT) WALP) EXTRACT WITH 400 MG AND 600MG DOSE ON NITRIT OXIDE CONCENTRATION IN DYSLIPIDEMIC PATIENTS

International journal of Research science and Management - September-2020 ◽

10.29121/ijrsm.v7.i10.2020.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 24-28

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Clinical Trial Research ◽

Group I ◽

600Mg Dose ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia is known to trigger damage to endothelial blood vessels so that the disruption of nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide in blood vessels acts as an antiaterosclerotic agent, vasodilator, and prevents platelet aggression. Bay leaf extract is reported to be efficacious in reducing cholesterol, triglyceride levels and can increase levels of nitric oxide. This study aims to compare the effects of bay leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg and 600 mg on nitric oxide levels in dyslipidemic patients. Method: Clinical trial research with a prospective design. The first group (n = 15) was given therapy with dose of 400mg and the second group (n = 15) was given 600mg which was chosen randomly selected randomly in double disguised. Before and after 30 days of treatment, lipid profile and nitric oxide were examined. Data were analyzed by T-dependent statistical test and Wilcoxon test using SPSS. Significant difference when p <0.05. Result: Nitric oxide levels before drug administration compared with after treatment. The results of the study found a decrease in group I (41.71 vs 46.62) mmol / L; p = 0.233) and group II ((39.89 vs 52.62) mmol / L; p = 0.006), statistically significant in group II. Increased levels of nitric oxide in group II were greater than group I (∆4.91 vs ∆12.73), and statistically significant; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The used of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) 600 mg for 30 days increases nitric oxide levels greater than 400 mg, and is statistically significant.

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DIFFERENCE IN SERUM PSA LEVEL AND IIEF-5 BEFORE AND AFTER TURP IN BPH PATIENTS WITHOUT URINARY RETENTION

Indonesian Journal of Urology ◽

10.32421/juri.v19i1.54 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zulfian Hasibuan ◽

Soetojo Wirjopranoto ◽

Wahjoe Djatisoesanto ◽

Widodo J Pujiraharjo

Keyword(s):

Erectile Dysfunction ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Transurethral Resection ◽

Prostate Volume ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Mean Value ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Objective: Determine change in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Material & Method: Eighteen men with age range of 50 – 69 years, were divided in two groups, group I 50-59 years (mean 56,5) and group II 60-69 years (mean 67,2). Both groups underwent measurement of serum PSA and IIEF-5 pre-operative, and repeated at 30, 60, and 90 days after TURP. Results: Level of serum PSA after TURP is decreased in most patients after 30, 60, and 90 days (72%, 72% and 78%). Mean value of PSA pre-operatively is 5,3 ± 3,3 ng/ml. After TURP, serum PSA level was 3,5 ± 3,0 ng/ml (30 days); 2,9 ± 2,9 ng/ml (60 days) and 1,8 ± 1,3ng/ml (90 days). Pre-operative PSA level was significantly decreased in Group I during the 60 and 90 days post TURP, while in Group II pre-operative PSA level was significantly decreased only in 90 days of observation. Overall there is no significant difference in PSA levels in both groups (p > 0,05). The decrease of PSA per gram resected in 30, 60, and 90 days were 0,10 ng/ml; 0,16 ng/ml and 0,24 ng/ml consecutively. There is no change in normal IIEF-5 score. Decrease of the IIEF-5 score in group I was measured at 30 days, but the score increased after 60 and 90 days. Meanwhile Group II showed decrease of IIEF-5 score. Pre-operative IIEF-5 score compared to the 30 days post TURP was significantly different but not significantly different compared with to score at 60 and 90 days. In Group I IIEF-5 score was significantly higher compared to Group II (p < 0,05). Prostatitis was found in 8 patients, but there is no difference in serum PSA level decrease between patients with or without prostatitis. Conclusion: There was significant decrease in serum PSA after TURP in BPH patients with LUTS at every measurement at 30, 60, and 90 days. PSA level after TURP depends on various factors, including pre-operative PSA, pre-operative prostate volume and prostate volume resected. Incidence of erectile dysfunction post TURP was low. Keywords: Prostate-specific antigen, benign prostatic hyperplasia, transurethral resection of the prostate, erectile dysfunction.

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Effect of tele-stroke application on length of stay and outcome of stroke unit inpatients

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab102.016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Naglaa Mohamed El-khayat ◽

Tamer Hussein Emara ◽

Tamer Mahmoud Roushdy ◽

khaled Fayez Elmancy

Keyword(s):

Length Of Stay ◽

Acute Stroke ◽

Stroke Unit ◽

Healthcare Delivery ◽

P Value ◽

Group I ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Abstract Background Despite advances in acute stroke treatment, stroke remains the second most common cause of death and the leading cause for long-term adult disability worldwide Telemedicine, a method of healthcare delivery and support using telecommunication technologies, is becoming increasingly popular across a wide range of health conditions. Tele stroke has grown significantly in the past decade and has entered mainstream care for patients with acute stroke. It enables such patients to be remotely evaluated, thereby allowing optimal treatment and management even in clinically underserved areas and removing geographical disparities in access to expert care. Objective Study the effectiveness of Tele-stroke regarding length of stay& stroke outcomes &occurrence of medical comorbidities in admitted patients by comparing these measures before and after tele stroke application in ain shams university specialized hospital(ASUSH) Methods Comparative observational study. we stratified patients into two groups: “Group 1”: patients admitted 3 months before application of tele stroke “Group 2”: patients admitted 3 months after application of tele stroke We compared between two groups regarding sociodemographic data , length of stay and NIH scoring on admission & discharge before and after implementation of tele stroke system Results regarding length of stay, it was ranged from 1 to 19 days with mean (4.3 ± 3.3) in group (I) comparing to range 1 to 12 with mean (3.5 ± 1.9) days in group (II) with significant decrease (p = 0.033*). By analysis of results by means for difference between NIH on admission and in discharge , the means difference in group I was 2.8±1.9 vs. 3.5±2.3 in group II with significant difference (p-value =0.29*) CONCLUSION Our study concluded that application of tele stroke had significant improvement in stroke unit care as regard length of stay, rapid improvement of patients according to NIH scoring and mRS

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Abstract 6108: Cardiac 64-slice Multidetector Computerized Tomography in the Management of Prosthetic Heart Valve Obstruction

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.118.suppl_18.s_1063 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽

Author(s):

Sabahattin Gündüz ◽

Nilüfer E Duran ◽

Murat Biteker ◽

Tahsin Güneysu ◽

Tayyar Gökdeniz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computerized Tomography ◽

Heart Valve ◽

Prosthetic Heart Valve ◽

Hounsfield Unit ◽

Successful Outcome ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Complete Lysis ◽

Group Ii

Differentiation of pannus (P) and thrombus (THR) in prosthetic heart valve obstruction (PHVO) is still a confusive state at the present cardiological practise. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is not fully capable method in this condition. We considered that cardiac 64-slice multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) may have a value in the management of PHVO. Thirtytwo of 37 pts (22 male, mean age 47±11 years, 17 with atrial fibrillation) with PHVO (35 mitral, 2 tricuspid) were detected with TEE and also with MDCT before and after thrombolytic therapy (TT). Five pts having monoleaflet valves were excluded due to excessive artifacts. Pre-TT MDCT revealed at least 1 culprit mass (CM) which was considered to be the cause of PHVO and the Hounsfield unit (HU) values of CM’s were measured. All pts underwent TT under the guidance of serial TEE. The study consisted of 2 groups up to response of CM’s to TT demonstrated by post-TT MDCT. Group I: Successfully lysed CM’s, Group II: Nonresponder CM’s. TEE disclosed THR in 26 pts, however the cause of PHVO in 6 pts remained undefined. Pre-TT MDCT disclosed 45 distinct CM’s on 32 valves. Post-TT MDCT disclosed the number of CM’s for groups I and II: 26 and 19, respectively. Significant difference between mean HU values of groups was found [87 (range 11–180), 331 (range 168–510), respectively, p<0.001]. A cut-off value of HU>200 predicted nonresponder CM’s (sensitivity 94%, specificity 96%, p<0.001). CM’s of 6 pts with undefined TEE findings were all in group II and pure P was demonstrated surgically. In group I, 17 of 26 (%65) CM’s were completely and the remaining partially lysed which was confirmed by TEE. A cut-off value of HU<100 predicted complete lysis (sensitivity 100%, specificity %95, p<0.001). Subgroup analysis of CM’s with HU=100–200 revealed 10% completely and 80% partially lysis and 10% remained unresponded as confirmed by TEE. MDCT can be a useful technique for evaluation of PHVO caused by THR or P formation. Higher HU values denote P whereas the lower values THR. MDCT can also predict the response to TT. The higher the HU value the less the successful outcome. The CM’s with HU>200 are almost always resistant to TT.

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Comparison of total oxidant/antioxidant status in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia of newborn before and after conventional and LED phototherapy: A prospective randomized controlled trial

Clinical & Investigative Medicine ◽

10.25011/cim.v33i5.14359 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 335 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Gamze Demirel ◽

Nurdan Uras ◽

Istemi H Celik ◽

Hatice T Aksoy ◽

Serife S Oguz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Status ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Stress Index ◽

Led Phototherapy ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Group Ii

Purpose: We evaluated and compared the oxidant and antioxidant status of hyperbilirubinemic infants before and after the two forms of phototherapy: conventional and LED phototherapy, in order to identify the optimal treatment method. Method: Thirty newborns exposed to conventional (Group I) phototherapy and 30 infants exposed to LED phototherapy (Group II) were studied. The serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the total oxidant status (TOS) were assessed by EREL's method. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in TAC or TOS levels between Group I and Group II prior to phototherapy, and no statistically significant difference in TAC levels between the two groups after phototherapy; however, TOS levels were significantly lower in Group II compared to Group I after phototherapy. Oxidative stress index (OSI) increased after conventional phototherapy (p < 0.05) Conclusion: The increase in TOS following conventional phototherapy was not not observed following LED phototherapy. This difference should be considered when using phototherapy.

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