scholarly journals Nicholas Grimald, The Judas of the Reformation

PMLA ◽  
1922 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
John Bale ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
Sir Thomas Wyatt ◽  
Poetic Drama ◽  
Verse Forms

Many a man of letters who has been accounted great in his own time and whose work has had no little influence on the world's literature has ceased to be a person of any interest in later years, and his works are no longer read. Few such men have left so little record of themselves, or have inspired in these latter days of research so little interest, so little desire to make inquiry into their lives and personalities as has Nicholas Grimald. Nevertheless, John Bale, the first writer of English literary history, tells how renowned he was in that day, and calls him the foremost alumnus of Cambridge and not the least glory of his time. Indeed, he might well be regarded as such. Next to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, he was the principal contributor to the first anthology of English poetry, then known as Songes and Sonnettes, now known as Tottel's Miscellany, a book which enjoyed astonishing popularity. A second edition of it appeared within a month of the first, and eight editions appeared within twenty years. His name is here joined to those of two men who are still remembered. Another reason for the interest of posterity is that two of Grimald's poems in this volume, “The Death of Zoroas,” and “Marcus Tullius Ciceroes Death,” were the first compositions in blank verse to be published in the English language. The credit, to be sure, is commonly given to Surrey for having written the first blank verse, for although the translation in that poetic form which he made of the second and the fourth book of the Aeneid was published June 21, 1557, a little over two weeks later than Songes and Sonnettes, it must have been written at least ten years before, as Surrey died in 1547. Nevertheless, it is not improbable that Grimald's compositions in blank verse were done even before Surrey's, for in 1547 he was appointed lecturer in rhetoric at Christ Church, Oxford. Warton suggests that Grimald's verses were “prolusions or illustrative practical specimens for our author's course of lectures in rhetoric.” But he had previously been engaged in literary work for some years. His poetic drama, Christus Redivivus, which was published in 1543, was written about 1539, when, as he says in its dedicatory epistle, he was about twenty. In 1548, he published his Archipropheta, which shows him to be a master of a variety of verse forms.

The Rise and Fall of Meter

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Martin
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
World War I ◽  
Literary History ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Stable Model ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Siegfried Sassoon ◽  
History Of

Why do we often teach English poetic meter by the Greek terms iamb and trochee? How is our understanding of English meter influenced by the history of England's sense of itself in the nineteenth century? Not an old-fashioned approach to poetry, but a dynamic, contested, and inherently nontraditional field, “English meter” concerned issues of personal and national identity, class, education, patriotism, militarism, and the development of English literature as a discipline. This book tells the unknown story of English meter from the late eighteenth century until just after World War I. Uncovering a vast and unexplored archive in the history of poetics, the book shows that the history of prosody is tied to the ways Victorian England argued about its national identity. Gerard Manley Hopkins, Coventry Patmore, and Robert Bridges used meter to negotiate their relationship to England and the English language; George Saintsbury, Matthew Arnold, and Henry Newbolt worried about the rise of one metrical model among multiple competitors. The pressure to conform to a stable model, however, produced reactionary misunderstandings of English meter and the culture it stood for. This unstable relationship to poetic form influenced the prose and poems of Robert Graves, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, and Alice Meynell. A significant intervention in literary history, this book argues that our contemporary understanding of the rise of modernist poetic form was crucially bound to narratives of English national culture.

ON LITERATURE AND GRAMMAR: A Selection of Annotated Medieval and Renaissance English Texts for (Spanish) University Students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Chocano Díaz ◽  
Noelia Hernando Real
Keyword(s):  
William Shakespeare ◽  
University Students ◽  
Geoffrey Chaucer ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Christopher Marlowe ◽  
Sir Philip Sidney ◽  
William Langland ◽  
Sir Thomas Wyatt ◽  
Selection Of

On Literature and Grammar gives students and instructors a carefully thought experience to combine their learning of Middle and Early Modern English and Medieval and Renaissance English Literature. The selection of texts, which include the most commonly taught works in university curricula, allows readers to understand and enjoy the evolution of the English language and the main writers and works of these periods, from William Langland to Geoffrey Chaucer, from Sir Philip Sidney to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and from Christopher Marlowe to William Shakespeare. Fully annotated and written to answer the real needs of current Spanish university students, these teachable texts include word-by-word translations into Present Day English and precise introductions to their linguistic and literary contexts.

On the sources of cosmopolitanism as an idea: The Russian and the European views

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-69
Author(s):  
E. E. Dmitrieva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
General Term ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Literary Environment

The article is concerned with the difference in understanding of the term ‘cosmopolitan’ inRussiaandFrance. Often considered a predominantly negative phenomenon inRussia, cosmopolitanism fi st provoked a discussion at the time when the emphasis shifted from ideology to understanding of the historical-literary process. Since the late 18th c., the idea of the possible existence of a literary work within the global literary environment (the concept of world literature)   was adjusted by the ‘golden chain’ metaphor, which enabled implementation of the ‘universality’ concept as a unity principally separate from the French idée universelle. During this evolutionary period emerged a distinctive subject of literary history: fi st, ‘humanity’ as a general term (initially identifi    with universalism or cosmopolitanism), and then ‘a nation’. But it is the discovery of the national that the author believes is connected with particularism and provincialism,   the latter summoning the memory of the noble intention of universalism and cosmopolitanism. An interim summary of the process was produced by Joseph Texte, a professor of comparative literature inLyon, at the end of the 19th c.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Information ◽  
John Bale ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
John Leland ◽  
Monastic Libraries

Reformers in England saw losses as well as gains in the Reformation. John Leland and John Bale recorded the contents of monastic libraries. Matthew Parker recovered manuscripts from the past. The Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries, comprised of lawyers, scholars, and country gentlemen, developed methods of ascertaining accurate information about the past. William Camden, the author of Annals of Elizabeth (1615, Latin) and Britannia (1586, Latin), wrote a new kind of history: dispassionate, based on reliable evidence, and concerned with changes in society. Fifty years after Camden’s lifetime, Thomas Fuller followed methods and approaches that the antiquaries and their successors employed, while developing ideas very much his own.

Literary Histories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Marie Kröller
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Literary History ◽  
English Language ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
Literary Histories

This chapter discusses national literary histories in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific and summarises the book's main findings regarding the construction and revision of narratives of national identity since 1950. In colonial and postcolonial cultures, literary history is often based on a paradox that says much about their evolving sense of collective identity, but perhaps even more about the strains within it. The chapter considers the complications typical of postcolonial literary history by focusing on the conflict between collective celebration and its refutation. It examines three issues relating to the histories of English-language fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific: problems of chronology and beginnings, with a special emphasis on Indigenous peoples; the role of the cultural elite and the history wars in the Australian context; and the influence of postcolonial networks on historical methodology.

Johan Eberlin Von Günzburg's Wolfaria The First Protestant Utopia

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Groag Bell
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Christian Humanism ◽  
The Reformation

It is now almost a century since a German theologian first discussed the life and work of Johan Eberlin von Günzburg, the Swabian folkpreacher who doffed his Franciscan habit to follow Luther. In the ensuing period, the published writings of this minor Reformation character have been submitted to microscopic analysis, pertaining to his theological, sociological, political and philological style by a variety of German scholars. So far, however, there has been no assessment of Johan Eberlin's significance against the background of Christian Humanism as it applied to the German Renaissance. With two recent exceptions there has been almost no reference to this fascinating figure in the Reformation literature available in the English language. I intend here to remedy this injustice and to throw some light on a personality of considerable historical interest by reviewing the internal evidence of his most important work—that part of his Fünfzehn Bundsgenossen (Fifteen Confederates) which comprises his utopia.

The Battle of Finsbury Field and Its Wider Context

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 271-287
Author(s):  
A. G. Dickens
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The West ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Sir Thomas Wyatt ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mary Tudor ◽  
The City ◽  
Northern Wall

On 4 March 1554 some hundreds of London schoolboys fought a mock battle on Finsbury Field outside the northern wall of the city. Boys have always gratified their innate romanticism by playing at war, yet this incident, organized between several schools, was overtly political and implicitly religious in character. It almost resulted in tragedy, and, though scarcely noticed by historians, it does not fail to throw Ught upon London society and opinion during a major crisis of Tudor history. The present essay aims to discuss the factual evidence and its sources; thereafter to clarify the broader context and significance of the affair by briefer reference to a few comparable events which marked the Reformation struggle elsewhere. The London battle relates closely to two events in the reign of Mary Tudor: her marriage with Philip of Spain and the dangerous Kentish rebellion led by the younger Sir Thomas Wyatt. The latter’s objectives were to seize the government, prevent the marriage, and, in all probability, to place the Princess Elizabeth on the throne as the figurehead of a Protestant regime in Church and State. While Wyatt himself showed few signs of evangelical piety, the notion of a merely political revolt can no longer be maintained. Professor Malcolm R. Thorp has recendy examined in detail the lives of all the numerous known leaders, and has proved that in almost every case they display clear records of Protestant conviction. It is, moreover, common knowledge that Kent, with its exceptionally large Protestant population, provided at this moment the best possible recruiting-area in England for an attack upon the Catholic government. Though the London militia treasonably went over to Wyatt, the magnates with their retinues and associates rallied around the legal sovereign. Denied boats and bridges near the capital, Wyatt finally crossed the Thames at Kingston, but then failed to enter London from the west. By 8 February 1554 his movement had collapsed, though his execution did not occur until 11 April.

Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything

PMLA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Piper
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Book History ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Publishing Strategy ◽  
Opening Up

This essay combines a consideration of the two-decades-long publishing strategy of Goethe's last major prose work, Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (1808–29), with a reading of specific formal features unique to the final version of the novel. In doing so, it argues that Goethe's use of print and narrative work in concert to form what we might call a particular media imaginary–to reimagine the printed book not according to emerging nineteenth-century criteria of sovereignty, nationality, and permanence but instead according to values more in keeping with the technological capabilities of print media, such as transformation, diffusion, and connectivity. In his vigorous engagement with the material manifestations of his work as a key site of literary work, Goethe offers us an ideal place to explore the productive intersections that the disciplines of book history and literary history are opening up today. (AP)

scholarly journals SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSLATING IRONIC EXPRESSIONS IN MODERN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FILM DISCOURSE INTO UKRAINIAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Ihnatova ◽  
◽  
Valentyna Marchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Character ◽  
Semiotic Systems ◽  
Film Discourse

The article is devoted to topical problems of translation of modern English-language film discourse (based on the TV series "The Big Bang Theory"). Stylistic features of English-language film discourse are characterized. It is noted that the language of English-language film discourse has certain features and directions for certain categories of speakers and recipients. In the course of the analysis of English-language film discourse, a direct relationship between the degree of complexity of the selected language tools and socio-cultural specific features of the target audience is proved. The irony is a move to challenge norms, rules, common sense. It easily turns into a paradox and a joke. Comparisons of two or more textual worlds, styles, paradoxical comparisons, quotations, parodies lead to endless possibilities for variations in the understanding of ironic means. Socio-cultural linguistic elements that complicate film translation include realities (non-equivalent vocabulary), proper names, idiomatic expressions and jargon, dialect and variant features, humor. Non-linguistic features of the socio-cultural character contained in the visual and sound plans of a motion picture can also affect translation. At the same time, empirical studies of the application and methods of film translation testify to the existence of specific operational rules, that is, the patterns of behavior of the translator in some sociocultural situation – the situation of translation for film screening. Thus, the conducted study shows that "film discourse" is a "broader concept than cinema text” and “film dialogue”, which includes various correlations with other fields of science, such as literature, theater, art, etc. In addition, it is in the cinema discourse that the final interpretation of sen sous, embedded in the movie. In this case, cinema text is a fragment of cinema discourse and includes two heterogeneous semiotic systems: linguistic and non-linguistic, the film dialogue appears as the linguistic component of the film. Therefore, the audiovisual images operated by cinema become an indispensable element of the new discourse of modernity, which is the source of social, cultural, psychological as well as linguistic knowledge. This is why book adaptations are so popular because they save time and effort. However, as a result of a comparative lexical stylistic analysis of the book and its TV version, it was found that the number of lexical means and stylistic figures in the literary work is much greater and striking in its diversity, especially when it comes to descriptions. In the film, the language becomes poorer because dialogic speech is a predominantly spoken-and-everyday style characterized by general vocabulary and changes in the syntactic structure of sentences. The sentences in the movie are usually simple, not complex, full of exclamations and pauses and easy to hear. Film discourse should be understood as the process of play and perception of a film, the meaning of which is the mutual influence of several semiotic systems. Cinema discourse involves participants in the discourse, time and space of their interaction. The main difficulty in translatable movie text is the possibility and degree of adaptation of the text to a foreign language culture, built on a different system of values and concepts, and this factor causes the inevitable loss in the perception of translatable cinema with other subjects and / or incompatible with other linguistic culture failures of a large number of films.

Dante's New Life of the Book

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This study uses the material transmission history of Dante’s innovative first book, the Vita nuova (New Life), to intervene in recent debates about literary history, reconceiving the relationship between the work and its reception, and investigating how different material manifestations and transformations in manuscripts, printed books, translations, and adaptations participate in the work. Just as Dante frames his collection of thirty-one poems surrounded by prose narrative and commentary as an attempt to understand his own experiences through the experimental form of the book, so later scribes, editors, and translators use different material forms to embody their own interpretations of it. Traveling from Boccaccio’s Florence to contemporary Hollywood with stops in Emerson’s Cambridge, Rossetti’s London, Nerval’s Paris, Mandelstam’s Russia, De Campos’s Brazil, and Pamuk’s Istanbul, this study builds on extensive archival research to show how Dante’s strange poetic forms continue to challenge readers. In contrast to a conventional reception history’s chronological march, each chapter analyzes how one of these distinctive features has been treated over time, offering new perspectives on topics such as Dante’s love of Beatrice, his relationship with Guido Cavalcanti, and his attraction to another woman, while highlighting Dante’s concern with the future, as he experiments with new ways to keep Beatrice alive for later readers. Deploying numerous illustrations to show the entanglement of the work’s poetic form and its material survival, Dante’s New Life of the Book offers a fresh reading of Dante’s innovations, demonstrating the value of this philological analysis of the work’s survival in the world.

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