Interior Duplication and the Problem of Form in the Modern Spanish Novel

PMLA ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 73 (4-Part1) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Livingstone

The interplay of illusion and reality as the subject matter of literature has, in the modern context, often been considered the particular invention and virtually exclusive province of Pirandello but, as one critic has aptly said in this connection, “it is so far from being a peculiarly Pirandellian theme as to be perhaps the main theme of literature in general.” In the case of Spanish literature in particular the reversible relationship of the real and the imaginative, of art and life, has been responsible for the Pirandellian type of inversion centuries before the advent of the Italian playwright. Américo Castro has written of Cervantes and Pirandello, while Angel del Río traces as far back as the fourteenth-century Libro de buen amor of Juan Ruiz “a feature which, if not exclusive, is quite characteristic of Spanish literature … the intervention and even the personal appearance of the author in the work.” Significant, however, as is the appearance of what Joseph Gillet calls the “autonomous character,” the presence in a work of a fictional character who claims equality with his creator or of an author who projects himself into his work as a fictional being is only a symptom, or at best the result, of a general aesthetic which is the expression of a profound metaphysical concept. In short, it is the reflection of a particular concept of reality, the expression of a way of life. This is the conclusion of Américo Castro in the particular case of the Libro de buen amor in his study of which he arrives at the conviction that “the poet's manner of entering into his literary reality and installing himself in it, is characteristic of the Arabic way of life” (p. 406). The functional fluidity of the art of the work is that of the arabesque, of endless open lines alternating between “ins” and “outs” (p. 413). This aesthetic in turn is the product of a vision of the world in which things have no fixed, immutable position—as they do in the Occidental world, constructed out of the Greek idea of the substantial being of things—but are as real in the experience of the conscious person as in the imagination of the sleeper (p. 416). Consequently, in the literature which expresses this interpretation of reality, nothing is thought of or represented as absolute existence, bounded by either a real or ideal limit (p. 439). In the oriental concept of reality, Castro sums up, everything is interpenetrable and interchangeable (p. 439, n. 68).

Author(s):  
Darlene Costa da Silva ◽  
Maria Madalena de Aguiar Cavalcante

BELO MONTE HYDROELECTRIC: study of deterritorialization of families in the Babaquara Community – Altamira/PAHIDROELÉCTRICA BELO MONTE: estudio de la desterritorialización de familias en la Comunidad Babaquara – Altamira/PARESUMOA territorialização da hidrelétrica de Belo Monte provocou profundas transformações no modo de vida da população da comunidade Babaquara. Entretanto, constata-se que, contraditoriamente, apesar da mudança, há uma resistência em permanecer nas margens direita do rio Xingu, onde metade do seu território foi inundado pela água do reservatório. Sendo assim, tem-se no escopo deste artigo o intuito de analisar as transformações ocorridas na comunidade Babaquara a partir da territorialização da Hidrelétrica Belo Monte, identificando as transformações no modo de vida desta população. Os resultados apresentados foram coletados entre novembro de 2014 e novembro de 2016, período no qual foram entrevistadas 12 famílias, com visitas sistematizadas à comunidade e vivência junto às famílias que foram indenizadas pelo processo de compensação das condicionantes atribuídas ao Consórcio Construtor. Para atualização dos dados, uma nova expedição foi organizada em junho 2020. Além disso, foi realizada revisão de literatura para definição do recorte teórico-metodológico que considere a realidade de pesquisa. Tal circunstância tem modificado o modo de vida, o trabalho, a produção de alimentos e as relações sociais da população. As transformações socioeconômicas e ambientais trazem em sua gênese conflitos sociais e culturais em razão da sobreposição de grupos econômicos exógenos com interesses destoantes aos percebidos nas populações locais. Deste modo, parte-se da premissa que as transformações socioambientais transcendem os aspectos sociais, produtivos e econômicos, afetando a relação das famílias com o ambiente. Historicamente, as famílias estabeleceram relação com o rio, praticando a pesca, com a floresta, se beneficiando dos recursos naturais para desenvolver atividades de extrativismo, a produção de farinha, hortas e frutas nativas nos quintais às margens do rio Xingu.Palavras-chave: Belo Monte; População Tradicional; Modo de Vida; Babaquara. ABSTRACTThe territorialization of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant caused profound changes in the way of life of the population of the Babaquara community. However, it appears that, contradictorily, despite the change, there is a resistance to remain on the right banks of the Xingu River, where half of its territory was flooded by water from the reservoir. Therefore, the scope of this article aims to analyze the changes that have occurred in the Babaquara community from the territorialization of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant, identifying the changes in the lifestyle of this population. The results presented were collected between November 2014 and November 2016, during which 12 families were interviewed, with systematic visits to the community and experience with the families who were compensated for the process of compensating the conditions attributed to the Construtor Consortium. In order to update the data, a new expedition was organized in June 2020. In addition, a literature review was carried out to define the theoretical-methodological framework that considers the research reality. This circumstance has changed the way of life, work, food production and the social relationships of the population. Socioeconomic and environmental changes bring about social and cultural conflicts due to the overlapping of exogenous economic groups with interests that differ from those perceived by local populations. In this way, it is based on the premise that socio-environmental transformations transcend social, productive and economic aspects, affecting the relationship of families with the environment. Historically, families have established a relationship with the river, practicing fishing, with the forest, benefiting from natural resources to develop extractive activities, the production of flour, vegetable gardens and native fruits in backyards on the Xingu River.Keywords: Belo Monte; Traditional Population; Lifestyle; Babaquara.RESUMENLa territorialización de la central hidroeléctrica de Belo Monte provocó profundos cambios en la forma de vida de la población de la comunidad de Babaquara. Sin embargo, parece que, contradictoriamente, a pesar del cambio, existe una resistencia a permanecer en la margen derecha del río Xingú, donde la mitad de su territorio fue inundado por el agua del embalse. Por tanto, el alcance de este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios que se han producido en la comunidad de Babaquara a partir de la territorialización de la Central Hidroeléctrica de Belo Monte, identificando los cambios en el estilo de vida de esta población. Los resultados presentados fueron recolectados entre noviembre de 2014 y noviembre de 2016, durante los cuales se entrevistaron a 12 familias, con visitas sistemáticas a la comunidad y experiencia con las familias que fueron compensadas por el proceso de compensación de las condiciones atribuidas al Consorcio Constructor. Con el fin de actualizar los datos, se organizó una nueva expedición en junio de 2020. Además, se realizó una revisión de la literatura para definir el marco teórico-metodológico que considera la realidad de la investigación. Esta circunstancia ha cambiado la forma de vida, el trabajo, la producción de alimentos y las relaciones sociales de la población. Los cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales generan conflictos sociales y culturales debido a la superposición de grupos económicos exógenos con intereses diferentes a los percibidos por las poblaciones locales. De esta manera, se parte de la premisa de que las transformaciones socioambientales trascienden los aspectos sociales, productivos y económicos, afectando la relación de las familias con el medio ambiente. Históricamente, las familias han establecido una relación con el río, practicando la pesca, con el bosque beneficiándose de los recursos naturales para desarrollar actividades extractivas, la producción de harina, huertas y frutos nativos en los patios.Palabras clave: Belo Monte; Población Tradicional; Modo de Vida; Babaquara.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Vitaly V. Sorokin

The subject. The article is devoted to the justification of the purpose and functions of legal responsibility, based on its essence as a method of training internal regulators of people’s behavior.The purpose of the article is to reconsider stereotypical notions of legal responsibility as a means of intimidation, of its purpose and functions.The description of methodology. The author uses methods of complex analysis, synthesis, as well as formal-legal, comparative-legal, research methods in combination with the spiritual and moral approach.The main results and scope of their application. The purpose of legal responsibility is to correct the lifestyle of an offender. A corrected way of life truly prevents the commission of new crimes. The function of deterrence is not absorbed by the warning function and can be considered as independent, since the entire procedural aspects of legal liability are riddled with fear and traumatic impact on the offender.Dehumanization is a common phenomenon in the legal relationship of legal responsibility, which is characterized by the emergence of prejudice, aggression, discrimination and racism. The law enforcement system should not deal with the dishumanization of people who stumbled, it should strengthen their human form and dignity, correcting their way of life. It is useless to frighten and punish, it is necessary to consider legal responsibility as a method of training the internal regulators of behavior in a person.Conclusions. While it is important for the state to fulfil the function of deterrence of criminals, the moral training function of legal responsibility is much more important for civil society. Only the corrected way of life really prevents the commission of new crimes. Goals and functions of legal responsibility should be formulated according to this conceptual idea.


Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Efnan Dervişoğlu

Almanya’ya işçi göçü, neden ve sonuçları, sosyal boyutlarıyla ele alınmış; göç ve devamındaki süreçte yaşanan sorunlar, konunun uzmanlarınca dile getirilmiştir. Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öyküleri, sunduğu gerçekler açısından, sosyal bilimlerin ortaya koyduğu verilerle bağdaşan edebiyat ürünleri arasındadır. Yirmi yılını geçirdiği Almanya’da, göçmen işçilerle ve aileleriyle birlikte olup işçi çocuklarının eğitimine yönelik çalışmalarda bulunan yazarın gözlem ve deneyimlerinin ürünü olan bu öyküler, kaynağını yaşanmışlıktan alır; çalışmanın ilk kısmında, Fakir Baykurt’un yaşamına ve Almanya yıllarına dair bilgi verilmesi, bununla ilişkilidir. Öykülere yansıyan çocuk yaşamı ise çalışmanın asıl konusunu oluşturmaktadır. “Ev ve aile yaşamı”, “Eğitim yaşamı ve sorunları”, “Sosyal çevre, arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve Türk-Alman ayrılığı” ile “İki kültür arasında” alt başlıklarında, Türkiye’den göç eden işçi ailelerinde yetişen çocukların Almanya’daki yaşamları, karşılaştıkları sorunlar, öykülerin sunduğu veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiş; örneklemeye gidilmiştir. Bu öyküler, edebiyatın toplumsal gerçekleri en iyi yansıtan sanat olduğu görüşünü doğrular niteliktedir ve sosyolojik değerlendirmelere açıktır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTMigration and Children in Fakir Baykurt’s stories from GermanyThe migration of workers to Germany has been taken up with its causes, consequences and social dimensions; the migration and the problems encountered in subsequent phases have been stated by experts in the subject. Fakir Baykurt’s stories from Germany, regarding the reality they represent, are among the literary forms that coincide with the facts supplied by social sciences. These stories take their sources from true life experiences as the products of observations and experiences with migrant workers and their families in Germany where the writer has passed twenty years of his life and worked for the education of the worker’s children; therefore information related to Fakir Baykurt’s life and his years in Germany are provided in the first part of the study.  The life of children reflected in the stories constitutes the main theme of the study.  Under  the subtitles of “Family and Home Life”, “Education Life and related issues”, “Social environment, friendships and Turkish-German disparity” and “Amidst two cultures”, the lives in Germany of children who have been  raised in working class  families and  who have immigrated from Turkey are  evaluated under the light of facts provided by the stories and examples are given. These stories appear to confirm that literature is an art that reflects the social reality and is open to sociological assessments.KEYWORDS: Fakir Baykurt; Germany; labor migration; child; story


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Nur Syafiqah Hussin ◽  
Naqiah Awang ◽  
Farah Husna Mohd Fatzel

Covid-19 is an unprecedented crisis that has affected almost all industry players including education. It has transformed our way of life and introduced a new normal to how things are done. As an effort to contain the outbreak of pandemic Covid-19, universities have shifted to online learning. In line with this, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) has decided to execute open and distance learning (ODL) for the current semester until 31 December 2020. ODL introduces a different learning environment as compared to the traditional classroom that requires students to be self-reliant in learning new things. Hence, the purpose of the study is to explore students’ experiences in the process of knowledge transfer through ODL specifically for accounting subjects. A questionnaire was distributed to students who were taking the subject of Introduction to Financial Accounting and Introduction to Cost Accounting in UiTM Pahang Kampus Raub and a total of 206 responses were received. The study found over half of the students enjoy learning through ODL but only one-third were looking forward to having ODL for the next semester. Poor internet connection is the main reason found in the study that makes ODL not preferred by the students. At the same time, few features were highlighted by the students about ODL such as the advantage of pre-recorded video to catch up the new material and flexibility for them to learn at their own pace.


Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1374-1386
Author(s):  
Daniel Paulo Braga ◽  
Gislania de Meneses Silva ◽  
Tulio Viana Bandeira ◽  
Maria Lucia Brito da Cruz

O referido trabalho busca fazer uma análise dos impactos ambientais oriundos da construção da via paisagística às margens do Rio Maranguapinho no bairro Canindezinho, ressaltando as transformações geradas pela sua implantação e a modificação do espaço urbano e das formas de ocupação da planície fluvial do rio neste trecho. Para a obtenção de resultados, foi realizado pesquisas bibliográficas e visitas em órgãos públicos para levantamento e obtenção de material digital ou impresso acerca da temática abordada. Efetuou-se a análise de imagens de satélite dos anos de 2010 e 2016 em caráter de comparação das temporalidades quanto as ocupações na Área de Proteção Permanente – APP. Também foram realizadas visitas de campo em pontos do bairro para verificação dos impactos e melhor compreender a realidade do objeto em estudo. Logo, os resultados demonstram que as intervenções realizadas pela via paisagística agregaram outros equipamentos urbanos de infraestrutura e organização espacial, tais como barragens, praças e conjuntos habitacionais, incluindo a qualificação das margens para a recuperação das APPs de aproximadamente 50 metros ao longo do rio, contudo, foram identificados problemas quanto a remoção dos moradores e a utilização das áreas desapropriadas para a acumulação de resíduos sólidos.Palavras-chave: Área de Preservação Permanente. Recursos Hídricos. Impacto Ambiental. ABSTRACTThis work seeks to analyze the environmental impacts of the construction of the landscaped road on the banks of the Maranguapinho River in the Canindezinho neighborhood, highlighting the transformations generated by its implantation and the modification of the urban space and the forms of occupation of the fluvial plain of the river in this section . In order to obtain results, bibliographical researches and visits were made to public agencies to collect and obtain digital or printed material about the subject matter. The analysis of satellite images of the years 2010 and 2016 was carried out in a comparison of temporalities and occupations in the Permanent Protection Area (APP). Field visits were also carried out at points in the neighborhood to verify impacts and better understand the reality of the object being studied. Therefore, the results show that the landscape interventions added other urban infrastructure and spatial organization equipment, such as dams, squares and housing complexes, including the qualification of the margins for the recovery of PPAs of approximately 50 meters along the river, however, problems were identified regarding the removal of the residents and the use of the expropriated areas for solid waste accumulation.Keywords: Permanent Preservation Area. Water resources. Environmental impact. RESUMENEste trabajo busca analizar los impactos ambientales derivados de la construcción de la carretera ajardinada a orillas del río Maranguapinho en el barrio de Canindezinho, destacando las transformaciones generadas por su implementación y la modificación del espacio urbano y las formas de ocupación de la llanura del río en este tramo. . Para obtener resultados, se llevaron a cabo investigaciones bibliográficas y visitas a agencias públicas para recopilar y obtener material digital o impreso sobre el tema. Se analizaron imágenes satelitales de 2010 y 2016 para comparar las temporalidades con respecto a las ocupaciones en el Área de Protección Permanente - APP. También se realizaron visitas de campo en puntos del vecindario para verificar los impactos y comprender mejor la realidad del objeto en estudio. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran que las intervenciones paisajísticas han agregado otra infraestructura urbana y equipo de organización espacial, como presas, plazas y urbanizaciones, incluida la calificación de márgenes para la recuperación de APP de aproximadamente 50 metros a lo largo del río, sin embargo, se identificaron problemas con respecto a la remoción de residentes y el uso de áreas expropiadas para la acumulación de desechos sólidos.Palabras clave: Área de Preservación Permanente. Recursos hídricos. Impacto ambiental.


Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czeczot

The article deals with the love of Zygmunt Krasiński to Delfina Potocka. The point of departure is the poet's definition of love as looking and reads Krasiński's relationship with his beloved in the context of two phenomena that fascinated him at the time: daguerreotype and magnetism. The invention of the daguerreotype in which the history of photography and spiritism comes together becomes a pretext for the formulation of a new concept of love and the loving subject. In the era of painting the woman was treated as a passive object of the male gaze; photography reverses this scheme of power. Love ceases to be a static relationship of the subject in love and the passive object – the beloved. The philosophy of developing photographs (and invoking phantoms) allows Krasiński - the writing subject to become like a light-sensitive material that reveals the image of the beloved.


Pragmatics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Petraki ◽  
Sarah Bayes

Research in English language teaching has highlighted the importance of teaching communication skills in the language classroom. Against the backdrop of extensive research in everyday communication, the goal of this research was to explore whether current discourse analytic research is reflected in the lessons and communication examples of five English language teaching textbooks, by using spoken requests as the subject of investigation. The textbooks were evaluated on five criteria deriving from research on politeness, speech act theory and conversation analysis. These included whether and the extent to which the textbooks discussed the cultural appropriateness of requests, discussed the relationship of requests and other contextual factors, explained pre-sequences and re-requests and provided adequate practice activities. This study found that none of the coursebooks covered all of the criteria and that some coursebooks actually had very inadequate lessons. The results of the textbook analysis demonstrate that teachers using these five coursebooks and designers of future coursebooks must improve their lessons on requests by using pragmatics research and authentic examples as a guide.


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