The Figure of the Reader in Petrarch's Secretum

PMLA ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Renaissance Literature ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
The Will ◽  
Role Of The Reader

Critics of Renaissance literature have recently claimed that the active role of the reader in the production of meaning is only recognized in the sixteenth century. While numerous counterexamples can be found in classical and medieval literature, this essay focuses on the active role of the fictional reader in Petrarch's Secretum in order to demonstrate the limited applicability of such a claim to the early Renaissance. While critics have interpreted the exchange between Augustinus and Franciscus as the dramatic representation of Petrarch's divided will, they have failed to note that this dividedness is conveyed as well by the intertextuality of the work. In his willful misreading of Augustine's Confessions, in his allusions to his own earlier letter on the ascent of Mont Ventoux, as well as in his use and abuse of citations and moral exempla, Petrarch dramatizes his conception of the will itself as a faculty of interpretation.

The Metaphysical Lyric in the Light of Transgeneric Narratology

Tekstualia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Dorota Gładkowska
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Dramatic Text ◽  
Role Of The Reader

This article analyses two sixteenth-century lyrics (referred to as metaphysical) from the collection of John Donne’s Songs and Sonnets – “The triple Foole” and “The Apparition” – by means of methods proposed by transgeneric narratology. The author highlights those aspects of Donne’s poems which reveal the features of the narrative text as well as those of the dramatic text, thus pointing to their multigeneric and multifaceted character. The method adopted results in the recognition of chains of happenings triggered by the text in specific manners as well as levels of text-internal communication and distinct perspectives, with the role of the reader in the management of these carefully observed.

Parliamentary Life in the Crown of Aragon: Cortes, Juntas De Brazos, and Other Corporate Bodies

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-395
Author(s):  
Xavier Gil
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Political Scene

AbstractThe Cortes of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia were well known in Renaissance times for their mature institutional development and their capacity to counterbalance the tendency of monarchs towards authoritarianism. But, from the mid sixteenth century onwards, they were summoned by kings at increasingly long intervals, thus losing part of their visibility in the political scene. But this did not exactly mean parliamentary decline. As Cortes became rarer, lesser corporate bodies, ultimately deriving from the Cortes themselves, acquired an enhanced political status. Different sorts of meetings of estates (brazos) and small committees of members of the estates, while already known in previous times, won a more active role by the late sixteenth century and were a major, if not crucial, factor in the different political crises of the seventeenth century. This article contributes to the current reassessment of the Cortes by emphasizing the role of these bodies, focusing on their interplay with the Cortes, with some comparative remarks on other such bodies in Europe.

Principles of Judicial Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration: Comparative Legal Aspects

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Elena Mishchenko ◽  
Tat’yana Letuta
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Will

The paper discusses the principles of judicial conciliation, mediation and arbitration in a comparative perspective. A special attention is paid to guarantees of their implementation. Examples of judicial practice that demonstrate the prevalence of violations of certain principles are considered. On the basis of a systemic analysis of legal provisions and a relevant draft law, regulations of Russian and foreign arbitration institutions, taking into account the views of prerevolutionary, Soviet and modern researchers, the authors formulate conclusions about the declarative nature of principles of judicial reconciliation and significant differences of this procedure from mediation. In judicial reconciliation, the autonomy of the will of the parties to a dispute may be limited by choosing the conciliator’s candidature, the active role of the conciliator. The authors argue in favor of using such a form of reconciliation, in which the conciliator may be the judge who is considering the specific case. The unconditional advantages of mediation as the only one of the considered dispute resolution methods, which is really characterized by confidentiality and co-operation of the parties, are noted. The authors reveal the issues of the adversarial principle and equality of the parties in arbitration, due to abuse of rights by the parties to the dispute. The study of characteristics of formation of individual principles in the Russian pre-revolutionary and Soviet legislation allowed to formulate conclusions about the possible development of provisions on the principles of cooperation and confidentiality, on the prospects for judicial reconciliation.

scholarly journals The Role of the People in the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution Based on Democratic Constitution Making: Future Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-42
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jamaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The People ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Democratic Constitution

The amendments to the 1945 Constitution allegedly are not in line with the expectations of a democratic constitution. In fact, the role of the people in four amendments to the 1945 Constitution was very limited. The people who were involved in the amendment processes represented limited number of groups. Incidentally, only people with important and dominant powers were involved. The people were also not involved from the beginning of the amendment processes. Therefore, the role of the people in the amendments had not been carried out optimally. The results of the study show that the role of the people directly and actively in the amendment could increase transparency and public trust towards the government. The people are expected to be more responsive, accommodating, aspirational, and participatory to give rise to a match between the will of the people and the wishes of the government in the realization of the ideals of the Indonesian nation. The direct and active role of the people can be realized through conventional media, print media, and electronic media in a structured and systematic manner. It is expected that the people’s role will be able to strengthen the Indonesian constitutional system and economic, political, social, and cultural stability, as well as the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, the direct involvement of the people is expected to be in line with the optimization of the role of the Constitutional Court as the ‘guardian of the constitution’ to maintain the purity of the 1945 Constitution.

Role of spectrin in membrane fusion and in shape change of human erythrocyte ghost

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Bank Blood ◽  
Human Erythrocyte Ghost

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.

Elucidation of block boundaries as the dissolution channels in hydrated cement

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Hardened Cement Paste

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Russia’s Market of Mergers and Acquisitions: Stages, Features and Prospects

2009 ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Radygin
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Corporate Control ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Access Data

The article deals with key tendencies in the development of Russia’s market of mergers and acquisitions in the first decade of the 21st century. Quantitative parameters are analyzed by using available in the open access data bases for the years 2003-2008 taking into consideration new tendencies relating to 2008 financial crisis. An active role of the state played in the market of corporate control represents an important factor. Special attention is given to issues of development of Russia’s system of legal norms regulating the market of mergers and acquisitions.

Beyond the Social Determinants of Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Laura Hall ◽  
Urpi Pine ◽  
Tanya Shute
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
People First

Abstract This paper will reflect on key findings from a Summer 2017 initiative entitled The Role of Culture and Land-Based Healing in Addressing and Ending Violence against Indigenous Women and Two-Spirited People. The Indigenist and decolonizing methodological approach of this work ensured that all research was grounded in experiential and reciprocal ways of learning. Two major findings guide the next phase of this research, complicating the premise that traditional economic activities are healing for Indigenous women and Two-Spirit people. First, the complexities of the mainstream labour force were raised numerous times. Traditional economies are pressured in ongoing ways through exploitative labour practices. Secondly, participants emphasized the importance of attending to the responsibility of nurturing, enriching, and sustaining the wellbeing of soil, water, and original seeds in the process of creating renewal gardens as a healing endeavour. In other words, we have an active role to play in healing the environment and not merely using the environment to heal ourselves. Gardening as research and embodied knowledge was stressed by extreme weather changes including hail in June, 2018, which meant that participants spent as much time talking about the healing of the earth and her systems as the healing of Indigenous women in a context of ongoing colonialism.

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