The western approach to the Athenian akropolis

1999 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 86-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ione Mylonas Shear
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Floor Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Later Phase

The structures along the west side of the Athenian Akropolis have long delighted visitors approaching the site and have challenged scholars for generations. By happy coincidence a variety of different studies has recently been published which emphasized different aspects of the approaches to the citadel and once again remind us of the many problems still remaining to be solved.Ira S. Mark concentrated on the shrine of the Athena Nike. He dealt primarily with the Mycenaean bastion enclosed within the later ashlar masonry of the classical podium, the various early remains of the shrine, which lie roughly 1.30 m. below the floor level of the classical temple, and the historical background of the temple itself. He published a few of the many early drawings of the bastion made by Nikolaos Balanos and his associates and re-examined the early walls crowning the archaic bastion, which he divided into various stages. Although, in my opinion, his chronology needs adjustment, his division of the walls built along the edges of the basion into different phases helps us to understand in more detail the history of the site and is a welcome addition. One of these earlier walls, which had long been considered to be Mycenaean, was dated by Mark to a much later phase (Fig. 1, 15). He suggested that the wall was a post-Mycenaean addition built in this position to enclose the east side of the shrine. This wall lies parallel to the West Cyclopean Wall and had been thought to represent the eastern limit of the bastion. The fragmentary remains of this wall, which are no longer visible, were originally recorded by Panagiotis Kavvadias and Georg Kawerau and its existence has bedeviled all attempts to restore a Mycenaean gate in this area.

Major Clues in the Tectonic History of the Malverns

1947 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Falcon
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Small Area ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Structural History ◽  
History Of

During recent work for the D'Arcy Exploration Co. the writer found it necessary to attempt to understand the structural history of the Malvern Range. The widespread conception of violent “Armorican” earth movements, almost simultaneously acting in directions at right angles to each other in a relatively small area, did not appear satisfactory. No important tectonic contribution to Malvern literature has appeared since Groom's work published in 1899 and 1900, conveniently summarized in Geology in the Field in 1910. Text books either ignore the problems completely and generalize strangely,2 or say practically nothing about them.3 To separate fact from later theory it was necessary to go back to the original surveys. As a result the writer finds himself unable to accept Groom's conclusion on the age of the movements causing the overturning, and in places imbrication, of the Silurian and Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks on the west side of the range. He is also strongly of the opinion that the evidence for the great Malvern Fault, separating the Trias from the older rocks on the east side of the range, has been much overplayed.

scholarly journals EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDONESIA CULTURE (700-1700)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Aminuddin Kasdi
Keyword(s):  
East Side ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources

Within 1359-1364, Hayam Wuruk did a quest monitoring Majapahit, either to the east side, or the west side. From the many objects he visited, in addition to visiting authorities and local villagers, he also visited religious sacred places. Prapanca, who worked as Dharmadyaksa ring Kasogatan was one of the higher authorities in the kingdom who followed him (Pigeaude, 1963, IV, 150-153). The king’s quest was also followed by many authorities, and they were certainly intellectual prominent figures in their era. The position of saptopapati, for instance, was occupied by those who were entitled to as pangei or sanget. The term was derived from the root words of (V pgat) meaning: putus (Jw) mastery (Van Naerssen, 1933: 239-258). Furthermore, the terms of pgat is also defined by Van Nseassen as notable (Naerssen, 1933: 239-258). Within various epigraphs, authority titled with pamget or samget was under the third position of kingdom higher authority: rakryan katrini, namely rakrayan kartini (three higher authority), rakrayan mamantri I Hino, Rakryan I halu, Rakryan I Siikan. Within Nagarakratagama, pupuh 68, the second syair noted :” … wanten bodda Mahayana pgat/rin tantra yogiswara … was an expert (Jw. Mumpuni) of Buddha mahyana’s lesson on Tantra and Yoga …” (Pigeadu, 1963: 52). The terms refer to educated people who have comprehensive and mastery knowledge, so that they can take a decision based on their expertise independently, either in the field of science or governmental problems. Accordingly, if they master their knowledge (Jw. Putusing ngilmu), they will have the authority to make decision towards a problem whenever they are needed. The question is: what kind of knowledge, how can they attain it, and where they learn it? In many sources it was known that one kind of education spread within the age was mandala. During his quest, Hayam Wuruk, for example visited mandala segara. The term mandaleng (mandala – ing) was also found in Serat Pararaton. This article focuses on studying education in ancient Indonesia.

Scandinavian Thing-steads

Antiquity ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 328-336
Author(s):  
F. Wildte
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Many ◽  
Judicial Systems

The Scandinavian peoples emerge into the light of history much later than their neighbours in the South and the West, the Teutons on the Continent and in England. It was only through the Viking raids that the Nordic peoples came into touch with the rest of Europe, and were gradually converted to Christianity. Long after the introduction of the Christian faith they preserved many peculiar and archaic traits. Thus the Nordic peoples retained, with great tenacity and conservatism, their ancient judicial system. This system has therefore been the object of considerable interest even outside Scandinavia, although the manuscripts through which it has become known are much later than the corresponding documents of other Teutonic nations.An investigation of the localities where justice was dispensed in former ages is of importance not only for the history of civilization, but also as a complement to the study of oral and written tradition, and thus to the history of law itself. In view of the many points of similarity between the judicial systems of the various Teutonic nations, some notes on the Thing-steads, or places of assembly, in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, may perhaps be of interest to English-speaking readers.

Five tombs at Knossos

1963 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Coldstream
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Lower Edge ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
The West ◽  
Light In August ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Temple

On the east slope of Lower Gypsades hill, about 100 metres west of the Temple Tomb, a chamber tomb came to light in August 1958, when a cutting for a new water pipe was driven through the area (A in Plate 9 a). In the course of this operation, part of a plain larnax (iii) was sliced off, and much earth removed from the west end of the collapsed chamber: at no point, however, had the municipal workmen penetrated to the tomb floor.The chamber was approached by a sloping dromos (Plate 9 a: length 2·80 metres; max. width 1 metre), roughly cut into the natural kouskouras rock: its walls were approximately perpendicular. Although the gradient varied a good deal, there was no suggestion of a stairway.The blocking wall was found in good condition. Of especial interest were the numerous fragments of larnakes that had been built into its fabric: some of them could be recognized as belonging to each of the three fragmentary larnakes (i, ii, v) whose scattered pieces were found below and around the two undisturbed burials in the chamber (iii, iv). We may thus distinguish two periods in the history of the tomb: larnakes i, ii, and v were evidently smashed up in order to make room for iv and iii, which must have been deposited in that order. The debris of v was found under iv, with a few adult bones in its wreckage. Part of i lay on the floor near the south-west corner, where two plain vases (2, 3) were found in situ, hence, also, came most of the fragments of the fine L.M. IIIA 2 stirrup vase (1), although its other pieces were scattered all over the floor of the tomb. This small group of offerings may belong to the disturbed adult skeleton, whose skull lay up against the lower edge of iii. Curiously, some fragments of i and ii were also found above the broken lid of iv (Plate 9 b): perhaps the lid of the later larnax was accidentally smashed at the time of the funeral, in which case the debris from earlier burials could have been piled up above it, as a rough and ready means of protection.

scholarly journals Fabric and Origin of Lateral Moraines, Bethartoli Glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (84) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Garhwal Himalaya ◽  
Lateral Moraine ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Lateral Ridge ◽  
Moraine Ridge

AbstractUnusually strong till fabrics in lateral moraines of Bethartoli Glacier provide information on the genesis and growth of the moraines. On the west side of the valley, down-stream of the present glacier snout, several lateral moraine crests are juxtaposed. Because the crests generally become higher towards the valley axis, they must represent re-advances of the glacier rather than recessional stages. On the east side of the valley only a single lateral ridge is found; presumably the ridge is composed of debris from several glacial advances. On the eroded proximal flank of this ridge a strong fabric is visible; the plane defined by a- and b-axes of stones is parallel to the distal flank of the moraine ridge, indicating that the moraine grew mainly by accretion of debris on to its distal flank. On the eroded proximal flank of the innermost west-side ridge the equivalent fabric is weaker, suggesting that distal flank accretion was less significant and proximal flank accretion more significant than on the east side.

The Outfit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Illegal Gambling ◽  
Enforcement Action ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Narcotic Trafficking ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the activities of organized crime in Chicago after 1950, with particular emphasis on the Chicago Outfit. It begins with a discussion of the Outfit's takeover of all illegal gambling in Chicago as well as its connection with Chicago mayor Ed Kelly and the political protection given to vice activities in Chicago. It then considers the often confusing relationship between the Outfit and narcotic trafficking, along with the role that African Americans played in Outfit activities, including policy gambling and the distribution of heroin in the black community. It also reviews the history of the West Side Bloc, a group of elected public officials who supported the efforts of organized crime in Chicago, and how it contributed to the rise of racket subcultures in Chicago's “street crew” neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with an assessment of government efforts against organized crime, noting that one of the reasons for the existence of organized crime was the failure of local municipalities and the national government to take effective enforcement action against it.

scholarly journals Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Marrero ◽  
Khaled K. Abu-Amero ◽  
Jose M Larruga ◽  
Vicente M Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Phylogeographic Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

ABSTRACTObjetivesWe suggest that the phylogeny and phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup M in Eurasia and Australasia is better explained supposing an out of Africa of modern humans following a northern route across the Levant than the most prevalent southern coastal route across Arabia and India proposed by others.MethodsA total 206 Saudi samples belonging to macrohaplogroup M have been analyzed. In addition, 4107 published complete or nearly complete Eurasian and Australasian mtDNA genomes ascribed to the same macrohaplogroup have been included in a global phylogeographic analysis.ResultsMacrohaplogroup M has only historical implantation in West Eurasia including the Arabian Peninsula. Founder ages of M lineages in India are significantly younger than those in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Near Oceania. These results point to a colonization of the Indian subcontinent by modern humans carrying M lineages from the east instead the west side.ConclusionsThe existence of a northern route previously advanced by the phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N is confirmed here by that of macrohaplogroup M. Taking this genetic evidence and those reported by other disciplines we have constructed a new and more conciliatory model to explain the history of modern humans out of Africa.

A Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its Parasites in Ontario

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 1082-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Present Author ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
First Report ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lake Simcoe ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extensive Damage

The European, or Essex skipper, Thymelicus (= Adopaea) lineola (Ochs.), was accidentally introduced into North America at London, Ontario, sometime before 1910 (Saunders, 1916). The history of its subsequent spread through southern Ontario and adjoining parts of Michigan and Ohio was reviewed by Pengelly (1961), who received the first report of extensive damage to hay and pasture crops by this insect in Ontario from the Markdale area of Grey County in 1956. A survey in 1958 (Pengelly, 1961) showed that the skipper “appeared to be present throughout the southern part of the province except for the Bruce peninsula and possibly the Windsor area. The northeasterly boundary appeared to he along a line from Midland, south around the west side of Lake Simcoe, east to Lindsay and south to Whitby.” The present author collected T. lineola larvae from the Belleville area for the first time in 1959.

Geodetic measurements in the Dixie Valley Area

1957 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-325
Author(s):  
C. A. Whitten
Keyword(s):  
Valley Floor ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Geodetic Measurements ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Dixie Valley ◽  
Valley Area

abstract Resurveys made after the 1954 earthquake in the Dixie Valley Area determined the horizontal and vertical displacements which occurred. Triangulation stations on the west side of the fault moved north approximately 4 feet, and points on the east side moved south by a similar amount. Releveling showed a drop and also a tilt of a valley floor.

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