New Insights on the Interactions Between Insulin Clearance and the Main Glucose Homeostasis Mechanisms
<i>Objective</i> Endogenous insulin clearance (EIC) is physiologically reduced at increasing insulin secretion rate (ISR). Computing EIC at the prevailing ISR does not distinguish the effects of hypersecretion from those of other mechanisms of glucose homeostasis. We aimed to measure EIC in standardized ISR conditions (i.e., at fixed ISR levels) and to analyze its associations with relevant physiologic factors. <p><i>Research Design and Methods</i> We estimated standardized EIC (EIC<sub>ISR</sub>) by mathematical modelling in 9 different studies with insulin and glucose infusions (N=2067). EIC<sub>ISR</sub> association with various traits was analyzed by stepwise multivariable regression, in studies with euglycemic clamp and OGTT (N=1410). We also tested whether oral glucose ingestion, as opposed to intravenous infusion, has an independent effect on EIC (N=1555).</p> <p><i>Results</i> Insulin sensitivity (as M/I from the euglycemic clamp) is the strongest determinant of EIC<sub>ISR</sub>, ~4 times more influential than insulin-resistance related hypersecretion. EIC<sub>ISR</sub> independently associates positively with M/I, fasting and mean OGTT glucose or type 2 diabetes, and β-cell glucose sensitivity, and negatively with African American or Hispanic race, female sex, and female age. With oral glucose ingestion, an ISR-independent ~10% EIC reduction is necessary to explain the observed insulin concentration profiles.</p> <p><i>Conclusions</i> Based on EIC<sub>ISR</sub>, we posit the existence of two adaptive processes involving insulin clearance: the first reduces EIC<sub>ISR</sub> with insulin resistance (not with higher BMI <i>per se</i>) and is more relevant than the concomitant hypersecretion; the second reduces EIC<sub>ISR</sub> with β-cell dysfunction. These processes are dysregulated in type 2 diabetes. Finally, oral glucose ingestion <i>per se</i> reduces insulin clearance.<br> </p>