Investigating the Possibility of Determining the Sequence Intersecting Lines between LaserJet Printing and Handwriting in Document Examination using Color Measurement Technique

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Tajik Esmaeili ◽  
Mahdi Safi ◽  
Maryam Ataeefard ◽  
Alireza Mahmoudi Nahavandi
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Colorimetric Data ◽  
Document Examination

In Questioned Documents Examination, the sequence of crossing lines in the intersection of handwriting and printed area can be important clues for detecting tampered documents. Recognition of such documents is a arduous task and requires people with experience and expertise. In the present work, we investigated the possibility of determining the sequence of intersecting lines between LaserJet printing and handwriting for a series of simulated laboratory specimens in the document examination using color measurement technique. The spectral reflectance curves and color coordinates of some points on and out of the cross lines were compared. Four different commercial ballpoint pens and a black toner LaserJet were used to prepare the specimens. The color change of the intersecting lines was subjectively considered through the captured images and a visual assessment process. It was also objectively determined by determining the color difference values from the colorimetric data in CIELAB and CIELCH color spaces in the visible range. The color change evaluation showed that the order in which printing or handwriting is applied alters colorimetric results. Moreover, the investigations showed small color difference values of less than 2 units between a point of printed area individually, and intersection could be applied as a tolerance limit for pass/fail judgments.

scholarly journals The Role of Scale Adjustment in Color Change Evaluation

Instruments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gueli ◽  
Pasquale ◽  
Politi ◽  
Stella
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Cielab Color Space ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Cielab Color

The aim of this research work was to assess the influence of different scale adjustment conditions on both color measurement and color difference quantification and, in particular, to determine the best procedure to follow for a high-reliability protocol. This issue is very important in the Cultural Heritage field and, above all, in color measurement, which is carried out at different times during conservation and restoration campaigns or during archaeological excavations. Color change evaluation, performed by way of spectrophotometric measurements under different scale adjustment procedures on selected samples represented by colored reflectance standards and colored paintings, aimed to obtain results not only on ideal samples (certified standards) but also on real case studies (paintings). The study was conducted by focusing on the coordinates of the CIELAB color space and, in particular, on the calculation of the ΔE*ab quantity. The results show the introduction of nonsystematic variation with different scale adjustment procedures independent of materials and hue.

scholarly journals Color-Matching and Blending-Effect of Universal Shade Bulk-Fill-Resin-Composite in Resin-Composite-Models and Natural Teeth

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha M. Abdelraouf ◽  
Nour A. Habib
Keyword(s):  
Resin Composite ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Color Matching ◽  
Occlusal Caries ◽  
Close Match ◽  
Visual Scoring ◽  
Composite Models ◽  
Natural Teeth

Objectives. To assess visually color-matching and blending-effect (BE) of a universal shade bulk-fill-resin-composite placed in resin-composite-models with different shades and cavity sizes and in natural teeth (extracted and patients’ teeth).Materials and Methods. Resin-composite-discs (10 mm × 1 mm) were prepared of universal shade composite and resin-composite of shades: A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4. Spectrophotometric-color-measurement was performed to calculate color-difference (ΔE) between the universal shade and shaded-resin-composites discs and determine their translucency-parameter (TP). Visual assessment was performed by seven normal-color-vision-observers to determine the color-matching between the universal shade and each shade, under Illuminant D65. Color-matching visual scoring (VS) values were expressed numerically (1–5): 1: mismatch/totally unacceptable, 2: Poor-Match/hardly acceptable, 3: Good-Match/acceptable, 4: Close-Match/small-difference, and 5: Exact-Match/no-color-difference. Occlusal cavities of different sizes were prepared in teeth-like resin-composite-models with shades A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4. The cavities were filled by the universal shade composite. The same scale was used to score color-matching between the fillings and composite-models. BE was calculated as difference in mean-visual-scores in models and that of discs. Extracted teeth with two different class I-cavity sizes as well as ten patients’ lower posterior molars with occlusal caries were prepared, filled by universal shade composite, and assessed similarly.Results. In models, the universal shade composite showed close matching in the different cavity sizes and surrounding shades (4≤VS<5) (BE = 0.6–2.9 in small cavities and 0.5–2.8 in large cavities). In extracted teeth, there was good-to-close color-matching (VS = 3.7–4.4 in small cavities, BE = 2.5–3.2) (VS = 3–3.5, BE = 1.8–2.3 in large cavities). In patients’ molars, the universal shade composite showed good-matching (VS = 3–3.3, BE = −0.9–2.1).Conclusions. Color-matching of universal shade resin-composite was satisfactory rather than perfect in patients’ teeth.

scholarly journals Color Stability of Restorative Materials in Response to Arabic Coffee, Turkish Coffee and Nescafe

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid H Al-Samadani
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Restorative Materials

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of Arabic coffee, Turkish coffee and Nescafe on the color stability of four different composite resins after a period of aging time 1, 7 and 30 days. Materials and methods Twenty specimens from each type of tested composite resin material were prepared. Five specimens from each tested material (Z350 XT, Artist, GC and Z250) was evaluated after storage in Arabic coffee, Turkish coffee, Nescafe and distil water (control) at 37°C in a dark container for 1, 7 and 30 days. Color measurement was done using colorimeter based on the CIE L* a* b* color scale. Color differences ΔE*ab, Δb* and Δa* among specimens immersed in distil water and staining coffee beverages were evaluated overtime. Mean values were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test with p < 0.05 as significance level. Results All tested composite resins showed increase color change after a period of 1, 7 and 30 days. The color change ΔE*ab, Δb* and Δa* exhibited by Arabic coffee, in Turkish coffee and Nescafe except Δa*. The highest total color difference ΔE*ab after 30 days was in group A Arabic coffee (ΔE > 1.5 perceivable) and not perceivable in group B Turkish coffee and group C Nescafe. For Δb* all materials discolored toward yellowness after 30 days except Arabic coffee group which shifted from yellowness toward blueness (Δb*> 1.5 perceivable). Conclusion The effect of staining beverages on the resin composite materials increases with time of aging toward yellowness and not perceivable in all groups except with Arabic coffee which had highest effect after 30 days and the discoloration shifted from yellowness to blueness perceivable. How to cite this article Al-Samadani KH. Color Stability of Restorative Materials in Response to Arabic Coffee, Turkish Coffee and Nescafe. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):681-690.

Formation of the nitrogen-fixing enzyme system in Azotobacter vinelandii

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Strandberg ◽  
P. W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
System A ◽  
Growth System ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Enzyme Formation

The formation and activity of nitrogenase2 in Azotobacter vinelandii OP was examined using a cell-free assay system. A lag period of about 30 min occurred between the exhaustion of the combined nitrogen source and growth on N2. Cells grown on ammonium acetate or potassium nitrate had no detectable nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase activity appeared in cells, grown under a flowing gas phase of 20% O2 – 60% He, about 45 min after the exhaustion of ammonia. Nitrogenase formation was inhibited in a closed system with an atmosphere containing 40% O2 but not by one containing 20% O2. Hydrogen did not inhibit enzyme formation. The question of whether N2 is required for the formation of the enzyme could not be answered as this gas could not be completely eliminated from the growth system. Chloramphenicol prevented the formation of the enzyme and inhibited nitrogen fixation in whole cells, but had no effect on cell-free enzyme activity. A brief rise in turbidity which occurred during nitrogenase formation appeared to be due to a color change in the cells from reddish brown to dark brown. Spectrophotometric examination of extracts from ammonia- and N2-grown cells did not reveal any components responsible for this color difference, but this result may reflect only the presence of interfering substances in the crude extract.

scholarly journals Influence of UV Radiation on the Color Change of the Surface of Steamed Maple Wood with Saturated Water Steam

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Ladislav Dzurenda ◽  
Michal Dudiak ◽  
Eva Výbohová
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Uv Lamp

The wood of maple (Acer Pseudopatanus L.) was steamed with a saturated steam-air mixture at a temperature of t = 95 °C or saturated steam at t = 115 °C and t = 135 °C, in order to give a pale pink-brown, pale brown, and brown-red color. Subsequently, samples of unsteamed and steamed maple wood were irradiated with a UV lamp in a Xenotest Q-SUN Xe-3-H after drying, in order to test the color stability of steamed maple wood. The color change of the wood surface was evaluated by means of measured values on the coordinates of the color space CIE L* a* b*. The results show that the surface of unsteamed maple wood changes color markedly under the influence of UV radiation than the surface of steamed maple wood. The greater the darkening and browning color of the maple wood by steaming, the smaller the changes in the values at the coordinates L*, a*, b* of the steamed maple wood caused by UV radiation. The positive effect of steaming on UV resistance is evidenced by the decrease in the overall color difference ∆E*. While the value of the total color diffusion of unsteamed maple wood induced by UV radiation is ∆E* = 18.5, for maple wood steamed with a saturated steam-air mixture at temperature t = 95 °C the ∆E* decreases to 12.6, for steamed maple wood with saturated water steam with temperature t = 115 °C the ∆E* decreases to 10.4, and for saturated water steam with temperature t = 135 °C the ∆E* decreases to 7.2. Differential ATR-FTIR spectra declare the effect of UV radiation on unsteamed and steamed maple wood and confirm the higher color stability of steamed maple wood.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RESIN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN WARNA PADA CAT TEMBOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Nurlela Nurlela ◽  
Risnawati Risnawati
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Synthetic Resins ◽  
Color Background

The Influence of Resin against the Change of Color on the Wall PaintThe quality of the paint is determined by the resin used. Synthetic resins for polymer paints are made by combining several monomers to achieve various characteristics. The incorporation of some monomers such as polyvinyl acetate resin, acrylic vinyl resin and acrylic styrene resin which act as a binder can affect the quality of the paint especially the color change. The purpose of this study is to find the color changes that occur on the wall paint by using Poly Styrene Acrylic , Poly Vinyl Acetate and Poly Vinyl Acrylic. From the results of the measurement of color difference, significant color change occurs in the Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc) + Poly Vinyl Acrylic (PVA) and Poly Styrene Acrylic (PSA). The results of the quality test of the three resins based on pH test, scrub test and viscosity test, PSA has better quality compared to PVA + PVAc and PVA resin. From the color difference measurement test, some things need to be considered, are temperature, film thickness, substrate color/background color and measurement conditions (measured in wet sample/in plate/dry surface) and test on resin added additive according to the type of each resin.Keywords: Paint, Resin, Color Changes, Poly Vinyl Acetate, Poly Styrene.ABSTRAK Kualitas dari cat sangat ditentukan oleh resin yang digunakan. Resin sintetis untuk cat berupa polimer yang dibuat dengan menggabung beberapa monomer untuk mencapai berbagai karakteristik. Penggabungan dari beberapa monomer seperti resin poli vinil asetat, resin vinil akrilik dan resin stirena akrilik yang berfungsi sebagai pengikat mampu mempengaruhi kualitas cat terutama dari perubahan warna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan warna yang terjadi pada cat tembok dengan menggunakan Poli Stirena Akrilik, Poli Vinil asetat dan Poli Vinil Akrilik. Dari hasil pengukuran perbedaan warna, perubahan warna cukup signifikan terjadi pada resin Poli vinil Asetat (PVAc) + Poli Vinil Akrilik (PVA) dan resin  Poli Stirena Akrilik (PSA). Hasil uji Kualitas cat dari ketiga resin berdasarkan uji pH, uji scrub dan uji viscositas, PSA memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan resin PVA+PVAc dan PVA. Dari pengujian pengukuran perbedaan warna, beberapa hal yang perlu di perhatikan, yaitu suhu, film thickness, warna substrat/background color dan kondisi pengukuran (diukur dalam keadaan wet sample/dalam bentuk plate/dry surface) dan pengujian terhadap resin yang ditambahkan zat aditif yang sesuai dengan tipe masing-masing resin tersebut.Kata Kunci: Cat, Resin, Perubahan Warna, Poli Vinil, Poli Stirena.

scholarly journals Quality of screen printing in knit fabric for different mesh count on semi solid design

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasheda Begum Dina ◽  
Md Zulhash Uddin ◽  
UmmulKhair Fatema
Keyword(s):  
Screen Printing ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Screen Mesh

In semi solid design, the parameters of the quality of the printed fabric were color fastness, level of print detail, color difference, print coverage, saw-tooth effect, line sharpness etc. Actually, printed fabric quality was evaluated by these parameters. Again, print coverage, saw-tooth effect, line sharpness, etc. were examined by estimating different distances, angles etc. in printed fabric and these factors were compared with image positives. Mesh opening effect on the quality of screen printed fabric was investigated after printing the semi solid design on knit fabric using different mesh count screens and different types of the link. To print semi solid design on knit fabric different types of ink as well as non-identical mesh count was used. Then mesh screen out come on the design and form of printed fabric in screen printing was examined. For the evaluation of semi solid design effect there remains two different methods.The first one is visual assessment and another way is microscope observation. Here, to determine the probability of the amount of ink flowing by the screen, mesh opening area of every screen was considered and it was done from respective digital microscope images.

Simulation of chromatic and achromatic assessments for camouflage textiles and combat background

2022 ◽  
pp. 154851292110677
Author(s):  
Md Anowar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Pixel Intensity ◽  
Variation Versus ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
Imaging Sensor

Chromatic and achromatic (AC) assessments of camouflage textiles have been critical to the defense researchers for concealment, detection, recognition, and identification (CDRI) of target signature against multidimensional combat background (CB). AC assessment and camouflage measurement techniques are simulated and experimented for assessment of camouflage textiles against CB. This model has been demonstrated for color measurement spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), digital imaging, hyperspectral imaging, and image processing software (ImageJ) for the advancement and establishment of AC camouflage textiles assessment. The chromatic variations of 48 artificial target objects (TOBs) have been synthesized by image processing; the technique can be implemented for defense CB-CDRI assessment. Microstructural variation versus optical signal of woodland, desertland and stoneland CB materials have been elucidated by SEM magnification. The achromatic variation of CB materials have been demonstrated for the replacement of optical signal against modern remote sensing device to the imaging sensor. Color difference (Δ E), microstructural variations, pixel variations to imaging signal and standard deviation of CB materials have been represented for remote sensing surveillance of defense applications against TOB-CB-CDRI. Technical simulation of color, texture, gloss, and pixel intensity has been derived for AC-CDRI assessment of camouflage textiles in TOBs-CB environment.

Chemical-Free Scouring and Bleaching of Cotton Knit Fabric for Optimum Dyeing Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Hannan ◽  
Papia Haque ◽  
S. M. Fijul Kabir ◽  
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Color Fastness ◽  
Green Method ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Dyeing Performance ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Knit Fabrics ◽  
Single Jersey ◽  
Infrared Data

The current work endeavored to avoid chemicals during scouring and bleaching of cotton knit fabric in order to introduce a green method. Single jersey single lacoste knit fabrics were treated in water at 105 °C, 120 °C, and 130 °C for 20, 40, and 60 min at reduced process stage. Fourier transform infrared data revealed the weakening and shifting of typical bands of wax and pectin-based cotton impurities in the region of 1,740–1,200 cm−1 for the pretreated samples at 130 °C for 20 min. Color difference (Color Measurement Committee ΔE) was found within the acceptable range for 1.5% and 1% dyed samples when treated at 105 °C for 20 min, while 0.5% dyed samples required 130 °C for 20 min to achieve the desired range. The ratings for color fastness to washing, perspiration, and rubbing were 4–5 for all the chemical-free pretreated samples. The proposed process yielded better strength and dimensional stability compared to the conventionally pretreated samples.

scholarly journals Study on the effect of heat treatment on amethyst color and the cause of coloration

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renping Cheng ◽  
Ying Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Initial Color ◽  
A Charge

Abstract The effect of heat treatment on amethyst color was studied from a new perspective of chromaticity of gemstones and the cause of amethyst coloration was discussed based on the results of X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The results show that the amethyst color has no significant relationship with cell parameters but the crystallinity index decreases as temperature rises. The absorption band at 545 nm in the UV–visible spectrum can be related to a charge-transfer transition of Fe3+ and O2−, which has a significant relationship with amethyst lightness and chroma. The color at different temperatures can be divided into three stages: The amethyst stage with temperature below 420 °C, the prasiolite stage with temperature between 420 and 440 °C where the color center is the most unstable, the citrine stage with temperature above 440 °C. The color change degree of heated amethyst is related to its initial color. When the initial color is darker, the color difference of heated amethyst is larger, and the easier it is to change the color after heat treatment. A more appropriate heating temperature to obtain citrine by heating amethyst is about 560 °C.

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