scholarly journals A Comprehensive Key for Identification of the “Swarming Conehead” Ruspolia Differens Serville, 1838 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Occurring in the Afro - Tropical Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Matojo ND
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Hind Tibia ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Swarming Behaviour

This work reviewed t h e behavioural, morphological and molecular characteristics of the lo n g - h o rned g r a ss h opp e r R u s po l i a d i f f e r e n s S e r v i l le or “ s en en e ” i n S wa h i li name ( O r t h op t e ra T e t t i g o n ii da e ), as apparent in literature. On that basis, the work has generated a comprehensive key for identification of this species. As widely known, this insect native to Afro - tropical region where it is widely edible and it ha s a characteristic s w a rm i n g behaviour that strikingly occurs during rainy season. Also, it has c o l ou r polymorphism with a total of six key sympatric colour forms, sex d i m o r p hi sm with m al e s possessing longer antennae and a u n i q u e pair o f active tongue - like m e t a t h o r a c i c f l a p s whereas the females have a corresponding pair of vestigial metathoracic nodules. Furthermore, t he species has a pair of distinct subequal black markings on the mid and hind tibia near the knee joint and a white inter - ocular oval mark that appears like a s imple eye. Its sister species which is Ruspolia nitidula S c o p o l i as verified by molecular phylogenetics i s e xc l u s i v e l y s ol i t a r y , mostly g r e en i sh an d P a l ea rc t i c r an g i n g i n A s i a , E u r op e a n d N o r t h e r n A f r i c a. Since swarming behaviour is a foremost diagnostic feature differentiating R. differens from other coneheads, it is worthwhile to demarcate the species with a common name “Swarming Conehead” adding to the existed names.

scholarly journals Molecular phylogenetics of stream treefrogs of the Hyloscirtus larinopygion group (Anura: Hylidae), and description of two new species from Ecuador

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3364 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS A. COLOMA ◽  
SOFÍA CARVAJAL-ENDARA ◽  
JUAN F. DUEÑAS ◽  
ARTURO PAREDES-RECALDE ◽  
MANUEL MORALES-MITE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Locality Record ◽  
Minimum Age

We review the systematics of frogs of the Hyloscirtus larinopygion group. A new phylogenetic tree inferred frommitochondrial DNA (partial sequences of 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA genes; ~2.3 kb) of eleven species ofthe H. larinopygion group is provided, based on maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. Ourphylogeny confirms the close relationship of members of the H. larinopygion group with Andean relatives of the H.armatus group, which also occurs in the Andes. Hyloscirtus tapichalaca is placed as sister species to the rest of the H.larinopygion group, in which two clades (A+B) are evident. Although ingroup relationships are well supported, themonophyly of the H. larinopygion group and placement of H. tapichalaca require additional testing. Genetic divergencesamong species of the H. larinopygion group are shallow compared to those observed in many other anurans, with geneticdistance among sister species (H. princecharlesi and H. ptychodactylus) as low as 1.31%. However, this pattern isconcordant with radiations in other highland Andean lineages of anurans that show marked morphological or behavioraldifferentiation, but low divergence in mitochondrial markers. Divergence-time analyses (using BEAST) indicate that theHyloscirtus clade is a relatively ancient lineage that appeared in the Eocene, at a minimum age of 51.2 million years ago(MYA), while the H. larinopygion group originated in the Middle-Late Eocene at a minimum age of 40.9 MYA. Ourresults might suggest a rapid radiation of Hyloscirtus starting in the Miocene into the Pliocene, from at least 14.2 MYA tothe most recent divergence between sister taxa at ~2.6 MYA. We also describe two sympatric new species of Hyloscirtusfrom northwestern Ecuador: H. criptico sp. nov. and H. princecharlesi sp. nov. We diagnose them by their phylogeneticposition (they are not sister to each other), genetic divergence, and a unique combination of color patterns, and othermorphological features. Additionally, we describe the suctorial tadpoles and the extreme ontogenic color changes in H.larinopygion, H. lindae, H. pantostictus, H. princecharlesi, H. psarolaimus, and H. tigrinus. Furthermore, we describe theosteology of H. criptico, H. lindae, H. pacha, H. pantostictus, H. princecharlesi, H. psarolaimus, H. ptychodactylus, andH. staufferorum. We describe vocalizations of H. lindae, H. pacha, H. pantostictus, H. pasarolaimus, H. staufferorum, andH. tapichalaca. Hyloscirtus tigrinus is recorded for the first time in Ecuador and its range is extended 62.4 km (airlinedistance), from its southernmost locality record in Departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Most species of the H.larinopygion group are currently severely threatened by extinction, after surviving the catastrophic extinctions in the1980s and 1990s that led to the disappearance of many other sympatric anurans that bred in swiftly flowing water and hadlotic water tadpoles in the Andean highlands. Research and conservation actions are urgently needed for these species. Inorder to better call attention to these conservation issues, we name one of the new species in honor of Prince Charles ofWales, who is contributing significantly to the growth of awareness in the battle against tropical deforestation, climate change, and the catastrophic extinction of rainforest amphibians.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Soil Microbial Biomass in Tarai and Hill Sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn.) Forests of Tropical Region in Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tej Narayan Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Sal Forest

A comparative study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitudinal variation and seasonality on soil microbial biomass carbon (MB-C), nitrogen (MB-N), and phosphorus (MB-P) between Tarai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) of the tropical region in eastern Nepal. Soil microbial biomass was estimated by chloroform fumigation - extraction method in summer, rainy and winter seasons in the upper (0-15 cm) soil depth in both forests. Pre-conditioned soil samples were saturated with purified liquid chloroform, represented fumigated sample. Another set of soil samples without using chloroform, represented unfumigated samples and soil biomass was estimated from these samples. MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P were higher by 66%, 31%, and 9%, respectively, in HSF than TSF. Distinct seasonality was observed in soil microbial biomass. It was maximum in summer and minimum in rainy season in both the forest stands. The value decreased from summer to rainy season by 46 to 67% in HSF and by 32 to 80% in TSF. Higher soil microbial biomass in the summer season may be due to its accumulation in soil when the plant growth and nutrient demand are minimal. Analysis of variance suggested that MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P were significantly different for both sites and seasons (P < 0.001). Soil organic carbon, TN, and TP were positively correlated with MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P in both the forests. In conclusion, the higher value of soil microbial biomass in HSF may be due to the higher concentration of soil organic matter and decreasing turnover rate of microbial biomass due to higher altitude. On the other hand, the lower value of microbial biomass at TSF may indicate its fast turnover rate due to lowland tropics to enhance the nutrient cycling process.

scholarly journals A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4868 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-530
Author(s):  
WILL CHATFIELD-TAYLOR ◽  
JEFFREY A. COLE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Walker Lane ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Molecular Characters

Okanagana boweni sp. n. is described from the western margin of the Great Basin of North America. The new species is diagnosed from allopatric O. simulata Davis and sympatric O. utahensis Davis using morphological, bioacoustical, and molecular characters. The distribution of this new species coincides with the Walker Lane region that lies along the border of California and Nevada, USA. Based on geography, bioacoustics, morphology, and molecular phylogenetics, we hypothesize that O. boweni sp. n. is the allopatric sister species of O. simulata. 

Spatial and temporal changes in biomass, production and assemblage structure of mesozooplanktonic copepods in the tropical south-west Atlantic Ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. Dias ◽  
A.V. Araujo ◽  
S.C. Vianna ◽  
L.F. Loureiro Fernandes ◽  
R. Paranhos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
The South ◽  
South West

We examined the spatial and temporal variations of coastal and oceanic epipelagic copepods (rainy–dry seasons of 2009) in a tropical area of the south-west Atlantic. Zooplankton samples were obtained at 48 stations along six transects perpendicular to the coast, in the subsurface water between the 25 and 3000 m isobaths, by horizontal hauls using a Multinet. Abundance (42–64,753 ind. m−3), biomass (0.08–113 mg C m−3) and daily copepod production (0.17–163.20 mg C m−3 d−1) showed longitudinal and latitudinal variability. The highest values were observed over the southern continental shelf during the dry season. Temoridae, Undinula vulgaris and Paracalanus quasimodo dominated the biomass and daily copepod production during the rainy season; while Calanoides carinatus, Calanopia americana, Clausocalanidae, Temoridae, Paracalanidae and Subeucalanidae dominated during the dry season. The copepod assemblages formed four different groups: rainy season–continental shelf (1), dry season–continental shelf (2), rainy season–continental slope (3) and dry season–continental slope (4). Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate matter explained 45% of the productivity distribution of the dominant copepod species. This study is the first attempt to examine the biomass and daily copepod production in oceanic waters in the south-west Atlantic Ocean, and it showed that copepod biomass and production in a tropical region can be relatively high compared with other regions of the world's oceans.

Lanmaoa rubriceps, a new bolete from tropical China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 347 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUI CHAI ◽  
ZHI-QUN LIANG ◽  
SHUAI JIANG ◽  
XUN-LONG FU ◽  
NIAN-KAI ZENG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Tropical China

Lanmaoa rubriceps (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from Hainan Province, a tropical region of China. It is morphologically characterized by a red, crimson to orange-red pileus, a hymenophore with stuffed pores when young, pores staining blue and then changing to red-brown when injured, stipe surface staining blue when injured, and a trichodermal pileipellis with uninflated hyphae. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from part of the 28S gene, the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α) also confirmed that L. rubriceps forms an independent lineage within Lanmaoa. Consequently, a detailed description, color photos of fresh basidiomata and line-drawings of microstructures are presented. It’s worth noting that L. rubriceps falls into the genus Lanmaoa phylogenetically but morphological features of the new species match the concept of the genus Cyanoboletus. The reason for the incongruence of molecular and morphological results is that the two most closely related genera share overlapping morphological features and the most important diagnostic feature of Lanmaoa is not constant. In light of these facts, lumping of Lanmaoa and Cyanoboletus into a single genus seems justified.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation and Tissues Specificity of Endophytic Fungi of Dillenia Indica L. and their Extracellular Enzymatic Activity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
I. B. Prasher
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dillenia Indica ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Endophytes are an unexplored group of microbes that live inside the living tissues of healthy plants without any visible symptoms of the disease. This study focused on the exploration and characterisation of culturable endophytic fungi inhabiting in different parts the medicinal plant Dillenia indica L during different seasons. A total of 2360 segments from different parts like leaves (820), stems (820) and fruits (720) were screened to isolate endophytic fungi from the plants growing in Botanical Gardens of Panjab University, Chandigarh (India), during different seasons i.e., Summer, Spring, Autumn and Winter of the years 2018 and 2019. A total of twenty-five (25) species of fungi belonging to twenty (20) genera were isolated from the selected plant during different seasons. The plant has the highest affinity for Lasiodiplodia theobromae followed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium cladosporides. The percentage frequency was found to be 96%, 64% and 20% for leaves, stems and fruits. The colonization rate for leaves, stems and fruits was 55.6%, 25.6% and 8.8%. The isolated fungi were identified by morphological, microscopic and molecular characteristics. Monsoon (Rainy season) had the highest number of isolates (312 isolates), followed by summer (208 isolates), Winter (164 isolates) and Autumn (114 isolates). Species diversity was highest during the rainy season (19 species) and lowest during the Winter (12 species). The isolated fungi also produce extracellular enzymes such as amylase, lipase, protease, asparaginase, cellulase and ligninolytic enzymes. The results indicate that Dillenia indica L. harbors novel endophytic fungi having agricultural, medical and industrial applications.

scholarly journals Influence of extreme hydrological events in the quality of water reservoirs in the semi-arid tropical region

RBRH ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline do Vale Figueiredo ◽  
Vanessa Becker
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Extreme Hydrological Events ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Heavy Rains

ABSTRACT Inland water environments, such as natural and artificial lakes, are increasingly vulnerable to extreme events (heavy rains, severe drought). This study aims to evaluate if this events affect the water quality of tropical semi-arid springs. The results showed that the reservoirs presented significant changes in the limnological variables between the rainy season and severe drought periods. However, different behaviors were observed among reservoirs in the period of severe drought, which indicate that the responses of these environments to extreme events should take into account other factors such as the climate of the region, the size and depth of the reservoir.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Neotropical headstanding fish in genus Schizodon (Characiformes: Anostomidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlio C. Garavello ◽  
Jorge L. Ramirez ◽  
Alexandre K. de Oliveira ◽  
Heraldo A. Britski ◽  
José L. O. Birindelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Taxonomic Methods ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Meristic Data

Abstract Schizodon encompasses approximately 15 species of Neotropical headstanding fishes. Integrative taxonomy, combining molecular and morphometric analyses with traditional taxonomic methods, was used to investigate Schizodon vittatus and its potential new sister species. Molecular differences between the two species in the barcode are greater than intra-specific variation recovered in species of Schizodon, and the two species represent distinct lineages for approximately one million years. The two species are morphologically very similar, and the meristic data showed great overlap. Morphometric analyses also showed overlap among the putative species but indicated differences in caudal-peduncle depth, orbital diameter, and length of anal-fin rays. Color pattern seems to provide a clear diagnostic feature for the two species. Schizodon vittatus usually has four dark brown transversal bars on body, and its sister species has three conspicuous bars, with the fourth, if present, inconspicuous and dorsal to the lateral line. Schizodon vittatus is redescribed based on the type and recently collected specimens, its type locality is revisited, and its known distribution restricted to the Araguaia and Tocantins drainages. The new species, sister to S. vittatus, distributed in the Xingu and Tapajós drainages, is described. A key for the identification of the Amazon clade species of Schizodon is provided.

Electron microscopy of crystalline structure in thermotropic random copolymers

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1054-1055
Author(s):  
Afzana Anwer ◽  
S. Eilidh Bedford ◽  
Richard J. Spontak ◽  
Alan H. Windle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Identical Monomer ◽  
Periodic Layer

Random copolyesters composed of wholly aromatic monomers such as p-oxybenzoate (B) and 2,6-oxynaphthoate (N) are known to exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics at elevated temperatures and over a broad composition range. Previous studies employing techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have conclusively proven that these thermotropic copolymers can possess a significant crystalline fraction, depending on molecular characteristics and processing history, despite the fact that the copolymer chains possess random intramolecular sequencing. Consequently, the nature of the crystalline structure that develops when these materials are processed in their mesophases and subsequently annealed has recently received considerable attention. A model that has been consistent with all experimental observations involves the Non-Periodic Layer (NPL) crystallite, which occurs when identical monomer sequences enter into register between adjacent chains. The objective of this work is to employ electron microscopy to identify and characterize these crystallites.

Effects of Osmium Tetroxide on the Rabbit Knee Joint Normal Synovial Membrane

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
M. Möttönen ◽  
M. Pantio ◽  
T. Nevalainen
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Synovial Membrane ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Rabbit Knee
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