scholarly journals Seasonal Variation and Tissues Specificity of Endophytic Fungi of Dillenia Indica L. and their Extracellular Enzymatic Activity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
I. B. Prasher
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dillenia Indica ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Endophytes are an unexplored group of microbes that live inside the living tissues of healthy plants without any visible symptoms of the disease. This study focused on the exploration and characterisation of culturable endophytic fungi inhabiting in different parts the medicinal plant Dillenia indica L during different seasons. A total of 2360 segments from different parts like leaves (820), stems (820) and fruits (720) were screened to isolate endophytic fungi from the plants growing in Botanical Gardens of Panjab University, Chandigarh (India), during different seasons i.e., Summer, Spring, Autumn and Winter of the years 2018 and 2019. A total of twenty-five (25) species of fungi belonging to twenty (20) genera were isolated from the selected plant during different seasons. The plant has the highest affinity for Lasiodiplodia theobromae followed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium cladosporides. The percentage frequency was found to be 96%, 64% and 20% for leaves, stems and fruits. The colonization rate for leaves, stems and fruits was 55.6%, 25.6% and 8.8%. The isolated fungi were identified by morphological, microscopic and molecular characteristics. Monsoon (Rainy season) had the highest number of isolates (312 isolates), followed by summer (208 isolates), Winter (164 isolates) and Autumn (114 isolates). Species diversity was highest during the rainy season (19 species) and lowest during the Winter (12 species). The isolated fungi also produce extracellular enzymes such as amylase, lipase, protease, asparaginase, cellulase and ligninolytic enzymes. The results indicate that Dillenia indica L. harbors novel endophytic fungi having agricultural, medical and industrial applications.

scholarly journals Flower endophytic fungi of Geodorum densiflorum endangered orchid

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012037
Author(s):  
N D Rahayu ◽  
N Sukarno ◽  
S Listiyowati ◽  
M Rafi ◽  
S Mursidawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Sterilization Method ◽  
Endangered Orchid ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Geodorum densiflorum is an ornamental and medicinally important orchid. The medicinal metabolites are produced by endophytic fungi associated with orchid tissue, particularly flowers. However, there is no report of the endophytic fungi from the G. densiflorum flowers. This research aimed to study the endophytic fungi from different parts of G. densiflorum flower. Fungal isolation was carried out from sepal, petal, labium, stigma, and anther using surface sterilization method. The fungi were identified by combining morphological and molecular characteristics of ITS rDNA region. The results showed that each flower organ had different species of endophytic fungi. A total of seven species of endophytic fungi were obtained; four species were successfully identified by molecular identification and three species based on morphology. The four species, namely Hypomontagnella barbarensis, Aspergillus oryzae, Curvularia pseudobranchyspora, and Nigrospora chinensis, while the three species, namely Gonatobotrys sp., Humicola sp., Aspergillus section Nigri. The labium inhabited by Curvularia pseudobranchyspora, Nigrospora chinensis, Aspergillus section Nigri. Three species isolated from petals, namely Hypomontagnella barbarensis, Gonatobotrys sp., and Aspergillus oryzae. The sepal is inhabited by Humicola sp. There were no endophytic fungi in stigma and anther. This indicates that each flower part is a unique habitat of endophytic fungi.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES HARVESTED FROM THE NATURAL PASTURE IN OGUN STATE SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
O. A. OKUKENU ◽  
B. T. AKINYEMI ◽  
P. A. DELE ◽  
A. A. OLAJIDE ◽  
A.O. JOLAOSHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dominant Grasses

The research was carried was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of the dominant grasses harvested from the natural pasture in selected villages in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria at different seasons. The study was carried out using a 4 × 6 factorial arrangement comprising four seasons (early rain, late rain, early dry and late dry) at six locations (Afami, Atokun, Ibooro, Ileniku, Ipaaya, and Okerori). Results showed that the crude protein (CP) content significantly (p<0.05) varied from 5.56 % for Okerori to 7.34 % for Ibooro and the grasses harvested at Afami had the highest (72.75 %) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values with the least (68.75 %) value recorded for Okerori, while the acid detergent fibre (ADF) values ranged from 41.00 % for Atokun to 48.25 % for Okerori. Also, CP value as affected by the season ranged from 4.23 % for late rainy to 9.44 % for the early rainy season and NDF values from 67.33% for late dry to 72.33 % for late rainy season while the early dry season had the highest value (48.00 %) for ADF with the least value (40.33 %) was recorded for the early rainy season. The phosphorus (P) value was highest at Ipaaya (2.99 g/kg) with the least value observed at Okerori (1.62 g/kg). The value for calcium ranged from 2.55 g/kg at Afami to 6.59 g/kg at Okerori. The P value of grasses as affected by seasons ranged from 1.46 g/kg for early dry to 2.66 g/kg for early rainy seasons.

scholarly journals Ecological aspects of black-pincelled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in the cerradão and dense cerrado of the Brazilian Central Plateau

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. B. de MIRANDA ◽  
D. S. de FARIA
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Bird Eggs ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Gallery Forests

Ecological data about three free-ranging groups of C. penicillata (black-pincelled marmoset) were observed between March and December 1996, in one cerradão patch (in the Ecological Reserve of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, RECOR) and two patches of dense cerrado (one in the Recor and another in the Botanical Garden of Brasília, JBB), situated in the APA (area of environmental protection) of the Gama/Cabeça-de-Veado, Distrito Federal. Each area was visited weekly during three periods of two months -- end of the rainy season (01/04 to 31/05), dry season (16/06 to 15/08) and beginning of the rainy season (14/10 to 15/12) -- and instantaneous scan records at fifteen minute intervals were made for the vertical and horizontal position of each visible individual of the target group. The group size ranged between 4 and 11 elements. In September, the birth of twins in both groups of the Recor was observed. Home-range varied from 8.25 to 18.5 hectares, while density ranged from 0.4 to 0.82 ind/ha. Twenty two species of nine tree families were identified as exudate sources. Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), Vochysia thyrsoidea (Vochysiaceae), Scheflera macrocarpum (Araliaceae) and Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) were more explored. Fruits (14 species, two of which were exotics), nectar, honey, arthropods (mainly orthopterans) and bird eggs complete their diet. The main sleep-tree species was Emmotum nitens (Icacinaceae). Data from different seasons and studied groups/areas were compared along previous data from this primate species in gallery forests. In the cerradão and dense cerrado areas C. penicillata had a similar group size, however a larger home-range and smaller density than in gallery forests were observed in this study.

scholarly journals Short-term community dynamics in seasonal and hyperseasonal cerrados

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
MV. Cianciaruso ◽  
MA. Batalha
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Species Density ◽  
Environmental Filters ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Cylindrical Volume ◽  
Vegetation Form

In South America, the largest seasonal savanna region is the Brazilian cerrado. Our aim was to study temporal changes in some community descriptors, such as floristic composition, richness, species density, plant density, and cylindrical volume, in a seasonal cerrado, comparing it to a nearby hyperseasonal cerrado. In four different seasons, we placed randomly ten 1 m² quadrats in each vegetation form and sampled all the vascular plants. Seasonal changes in floristic composition, species density, and plant density were less pronounced in the seasonal than in the hyperseasonal cerrado. Floristic similarity between the vegetation forms was lower when the hyperseasonal cerrado was waterlogged. Richness and species density were higher in the seasonal cerrado, which reached its biomass peak at mid rainy season. The hyperseasonal cerrado, in turn, reached its biomass peak at early rainy season and, despite the waterlogging, maintained it until late rainy season. In the hyperseasonal cerrado, waterlogging acts as an environmental filter restricting the number of cerrado species able to withstand it. The seasonal cerrado community was more stable than the hyperseasonal one. Our results corroborated the idea that changes in the environmental filters will affect floristic composition and community structure in savannas.

Stable Isotopes Analysis of Precipitation in Subtropical Plateau of Yunnan

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1059-1063
Author(s):  
Wei Guan ◽  
Tao Fan ◽  
Xiu Qin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Precipitation Line ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

To elucidate the relationship between stable isotopes of precipitation (SIP) and the extreme drought in Kunming area, based on the stable isotopes data of the GNIP in Kunming site from 1986 to 2003, the precipitation line equation is brought forward and the seasonal change rule of stable isotopes are discussed. The stable isotopic compositions of precipitation exhibit great diversities in different seasons during to influences of multiple factors, such as monsoon, rainfall amount moisture source and others. The δ18O values in rainwater exhibit significant seasonal variations, the average of-10.12‰ in rainy season, the dry season is-4.5‰, having lower values in the rainy season and higher one in the dry season. The amount effect of precipitation is very distinct, that concealed the temperature effect. Got the special geographical position,dvalues present unique characteristics, the average ofdvalues is 10.78‰ in rainy season, and is 4.86‰ in dry season, the mean value is generally lower than most parts of the world.

scholarly journals Behavior, ecology and territory of the chestnut-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia castaneiventris, in the xerophytic vegetation of the Chicamocha canyon of Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-520
Author(s):  
Gerson Marcel Peñuela Díaz ◽  
Ludy Archila-Durán ◽  
Jorge Parra ◽  
Juan E. Carvajal‑Cogollo
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Near Threatened ◽  
Opuntia Dillenii

The Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird Saucerottia castaneiventris is an endemic hummingbird of Colombia, currently categorized as Near Threatened (NT) globally and as Vulnerable (VU) in Colombia. We characterize the territorial defense and foraging behaviors of S. castaneiventris hummingbird during different seasons of the year, and we determined the size of the S. castaneiventris territory and its relationship with floral abundance at different times of the year. We made four field trips between 2008 and 2009 and registered 19 individuals from S. castaneiventris. Of these, 10 were in the rainy periods, distributed in five territories (one male and one female for each). Eight were in the dry period (July), distributed in four territories. And one individual was in the dry period of February, which did not settle in any of the identified territories. Territorial defense occupied a large part of species’ time. The nectar drinking, and insect hunting were the most frequent activities. The most common floral resources were Opuntia dillenii, Tillandsia sp. and Aloe vera. The hummingbirds Chlorostilbon gibsoni and Doryfera ludoviciae shared habitats with S. castaneiventris and there were fluctuations in encounter rates between the seasons (C. gibsoni ER: 20–7.5 and D. ludoviciae and ER: 0.0–2.5). Territories ranged between 1800 and 3800 m2 for the dry season and between 1500 and 6500 m2 for the rainy season. Our results provided primary information on the ecology of S. castaneiventris and form the basis for the formulation of conservation strategies for the species and for its habitats..

scholarly journals Analisis Profil Konsentrasi Pb di Air Waduk Saguling

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Arinda ◽  
Eka Wardhani
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
And Control

 ABSTRAKAir Waduk Saguling saat ini menunjukkan penurunan, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas akibat aktivitas manusia yang menghasilkan limbah rumah tangga, industri, pertanian, peternakan, perikanan dan pertambangan. Salah satu pencemar di Waduk Saguling adalah logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsentrasi Pb di perairan Waduk Saguling pada musim yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari PT Indonesia Power tahun 2008-2017. Data berasal dari tiga kedalaman yaitu kedalaman permukaan, tengah, dan dekat dasar perairan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi Pb di musim kemarau lebih tinggi daripada musim hujan dan sebagian sudah melebihi baku mutu yang mengacu pada Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air untuk logam Pb sebesar 0,03 mg/L. Parameter pendukung yang di analisis yaitu parameter DO, pH, TDS, suhu, kekeruhan, dan kesadahan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik menggunakan PCA, parameter yang paling mempengaruhi konsentrasi Pb di musim kemarau adalah kekeruhan dan suhu sedangkan musim hujan adalah TDS.Kata kunci: Musim, Pb, PCA, Waduk SagulingABSTRACTSaguling Water Reservoir currently shows a decline, both in quality and quantity due to human activities that produce domestic waste, industry, agriculture, livestock, fishery and mining. One of the pollutants in Saguling Reservoir is heavy metal. The research aims to analyze the concentration of Pb in the waters of Saguling Reservoir in different seasons. This research uses secondary data which is obtained from PT Indonesia Power in 2008-2017. The data comes from three depths: surface depth, center, and near bottom of water. Based on the results of the research shows that the concentration of Pb in the dry season is higher than the rainy season and some have exceeded the quality standard which refers to Government Regulation no. 82 of 2001 on the Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution for Pb metal by 0.03 mg/L. The supporting parameters in the analysis are DO, pH, TDS, temperature, turbidity, and hardness parameters. Based on the results of statistical analysis using PCA, the parameters that most influence the concentration of Pb heavy metals in the dry season are turbidity and temperature and rainy season is TDS.Keywords: Season, pb, pca, saguling reservoi

scholarly journals Bioactive Products from Endophytic Fungi of Sages (Salvia spp.)

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Zimowska ◽  
Monika Bielecka ◽  
Barbara Abramczyk ◽  
Rosario Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
The World

In the aim of implementing new technologies, sustainable solutions and disruptive innovation to sustain biodiversity and reduce environmental pollution, there is a growing interest by researchers all over the world in bioprospecting endophytic microbial communities as an alternative source of bioactive compounds to be used for industrial applications. Medicinal plants represent a considerable source of endophytic fungi of outstanding importance, which highlights the opportunity of identifying and screening endophytes associated with this unique group of plants, widespread in diverse locations and biotopes, in view of assessing their biotechnological potential. As the first contribution of a series of papers dedicated to the Lamiaceae, this article reviews the occurrence and properties of endophytic fungi associated with sages (Salvia spp.).

scholarly journals Algal flora of Rajarani Lake, Dhankuta and their seasonal distribution

Our Nature ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Govinda Shrestha ◽  
Shiva Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Ankistrodesmus Falcatus ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Aulacoseira Granulata

In this paper, a total 46 algae belonging to 34 genera and 3 classes (Chlorophyceae 54%, Bacillariophyceae 28%, Cyanophyceae 18%) have been reported from Rajarani Lake, Dhankuta, Nepal. Among these, 13 algae were reported as new to the country. Genera Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, and Desmodesmus had maximum number of species whereas 25 genera were represented by single species. Seasonal variation of algae showed that there was changing number and type of algae with physicochemical parameters in different seasons. Cyanophycean algae Microcystis flos-aque was dominant and observed in all sites in every collection of winter, summer and rainy seasons, and followed by bacillariophyceaean algae i.e., Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima. The maximum number of algae was found in summer (59%) followed by winter (50%) and rainy (31%) seasons. There were 6 common algae found in all season’s viz. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima, Flagilaria tenera, Microcystis flos-aquae, Navicula radiosa and Oedogonium sp. Algae viz., Anabaena affinis, Cyclotella meneghiana, Pinnularia divergens, Pinnularia interrupta, Tetrastrum heteracanthum, and Ulothrix subtilissima were found only in winter season whereas, Aulacoseirsa granulata var. muzzanensis, Bolbochaete sp, Closterium striolatum, Cylindrospermum muscicola, Desmodesmus abundans, Desmodesmous quadricauda var.bicaudatus, Eunotia bilunaris, Gomphonema lacusrankaloides and Gomphonema pseudoaugur were observed only in summer. Similarly, Aphanocapsa pulchra, Oscillatoria sancta and Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum were reported only in rainy season.

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