Modelling the Formation of Gas Hydrate in the Pipelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Saeed Z
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Formation Condition ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Petroleum Wells

Water and hydrocarbon are generally found beside each other in nature i.e., hydrocarbons are formed in aqueous environment. Natural gas and crude oil of storage reservoirs and transferring pipes from petroleum wells to industrial processes of oil and gas are in contact with water and they are in equilibrium with each other. Generally, water is considered as an intruder in oil and gas industry from primary production to ultimate consumption. It causes corrosion in pipelines and reduces the heating value of the fuel. High pressure and low temperature could also cause water condensation and liquid water considerably reduces pipelines efficiency. Low temperatures in winter or an adiabatic pressure drop could ultimately lead to hydrate formation in pipelines. Therefore, hydrate formation causes various problems and costs. In order to prevent hydrate formation, there should be comprehensive information about hydrate formation conditions. The available data on hydrate are outdated and might not have enough accuracy. The data are also specified for a single gas component while mixtures of gases are generally observed in pipelines. The current work tries to increase modeling accuracy of hydrate formation condition in pipelines with different compositions. In this research, a program was coded in MATLAB which specifies hydrate formation condition. In this program, the most accurate equations were used to predict the most efficient condition. Results of the program were compared with real data as well as results of PVTsim simulator. The comparisons indicated that this program could predict hydrate formation condition more accurately.

Development and Application of a New Style Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixin Pang ◽  
Qingping Li ◽  
Fujie Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Low Dosage

The hydrate is an important issue that the flow assurance has to face in the oil and gas industry, especially in the deepwater area. With high pressure and low temperature, the hydrate formation is easily happened and leads to plug in the pipeline. In addition to the traditional thermodynamic inhibitor, the low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHI) has been increasing used as a costly effective technology for gas hydrate control. The LDHI include kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) and anti-agglomerant (AA), the former can inhibit the hydrate formation in the pipeline, and the latter can prevent the agglomeration and plug of hydrate particles. According to the properties of oil and gas of South China Sea, a new KHI and AA were developed, a field test of the KHI has been undertaken and the results indicate that it can prevent the hydrate formation and plug in the pipeline well, the lab evaluation of the developed AA is in progress and the field test will be performed by the next year.

New «green» inhibitors of gas hydrate formation for the oil and gas industry based on polysaccharides

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
V.A. Dokichev ◽  
◽  
A.I. Voloshin ◽  
N.E. Nifantiev ◽  
M.P. Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Green Inhibitor ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Hydrate Formation ◽  
Thermobaric Conditions

The thermobaric conditions for the formation of gas hydrates in the presence of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, and arabinogalactan were studied in a quasi-equilibrium thermodynamic experiment. It is established that polysaccharides slow down the rate and change the conditions of gas hydrate formation of a mixture of natural gases, showing the properties of a thermodynamic and kinetic inhibitor with technological efficiency exceeding methanol by 170-270 times when used in the same dosages. The results of the development of a «green» synergistic inhibitor of gas hydrate formation «Glycan RU» on their basis are presented, which includes a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic inhibitors. Pilot field tests of «Glycan RU» were carried out at the wells of the Priobskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Ombinsky, Zapadno-Ugutskoye oilfields. It was found that at dosages of 1000 g/m3 and 500 g/m3, there is no formation of hydrate plugs in the annulus. «Glycan RU» is recommended for industrial use by the technology of periodic injection and/or continuous dosing through wellhead dispensers. Keywords: carboxymethylcellulose; dextran; arabinogalactan; polysaccharides; «green» inhibitor of gas hydrate formation; «Glycan RU».

scholarly journals PROPOSED CO2 HYDRATE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Yusep Kartiwa Caryana
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Formation Pressure ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Equilibrium Pressure ◽  
Technology Application

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (0r Storage)known as CCS needs to be implemented in various development activities in Indonesia including downstream oil and gas industry because the government of Indonesia has adopted the Paris Agreement on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction. Various capture techniques have been developed for capturing CO2 from post combustion emission. One of the new approaches considered for capturing CO2 and hence reducing to atmospheric emissions is based on gas hydrate (crystallization) technology. The basis of the technology is the selective partition of the target component between the hydrate phase and the gaseous phase. It is expected that CO2 is preferentially trapped and encaged into the hydrate crystal phase compared to the other components. Previous study found that the gas/hydrate equilibrium pressure and temperature for the fl ue gas mixture in the range of 7.6 MPa and 11.0 MPa at 274 K and 277 K respectively, are inappropriate to the downstream oil and gas industrial reality because the operating cost will be expensive to compress the gas to the hydrate formation pressure. Suitable hydrate promoters including Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) can be used to achieve moderate hydrate formation pressure and energy consumption appropriate to the industrial reality. In the presence of THF and SDS about 62.3 Nm3/m3 CO2 hydrate can be formed at 30 bar pressure and 274 to 277 K temperature within around 15 minutes reaction time.Many experiments result indicates that continuous hydrates formation will be feasible for scale-up to industrial settings including downstream oil and gas industry emission reduction if the technology assures an optimal contact between gas and liquid phases plus the proper hydrate promoter. However, compared to current international carbon credit, the feasibility of onshore CO2 abatement cost in downstream oil and gas industry sensitively depends on the distance of CO2 hydrate pipeline transportation.

A Coupled Hydrate and Compositional Wellbore Simulator: Understanding Hydrate Inhibition from Associated Brines in Oil and Gas Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Fernando M. C. Coelho ◽  
Kamy Sepehrnoori ◽  
Ofodike A. Ezekoye
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Flow Simulator ◽  
Do So

Summary Hydrates are ice-like solids composed of a water-based lattice “encaging” gas molecules. They form under conditions of high pressure and low temperature. In the oil and gas industry, where these conditions are easily met, hydrate formation may cause pipe blockages and severe financial implications, making its prevention (and remediation) one of the main flow-assurance concerns. Desired hydrate inhibition may come from electrolytes naturally dissolved in the water that is produced in conjunction with the hydrocarbon stream, or alcohols can be deliberately injected for such a purpose. When trying to predict hydrate conditions in real-world production systems, computer simulation should ideally integrate hydrate and multiphase-flow calculations. Failing to do so [by performing a decoupled analysis with a flow simulator and a separate pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) package for example] may generate misleading results under certain flow conditions. This paper presents an integrated wellbore simulator to deal with this issue. A hydrate model is added to verify hydrate formation for specific pressure, temperature, and composition of each gridblock. Integration with a geochemical package allows consideration of electrolyte inhibition coming from the associated brine. After successfully comparing results with the available simulators and the experimental data, it is demonstrated that when flowing gas/water ratios (GWRs) exceed 105 scf/STB, water condensation throughout the flow may dilute the beneficial effect arising from the brine composition, thus reducing electrolyte inhibition. Conversely, mineral precipitation along the flow path has shown a nearly negligible impact on this effect.

Detection of subsurface lineaments using edge diffraction

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Itay Rochlin ◽  
Evgeny Landa ◽  
Shemer Keydar
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fault Plane ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Edge Diffraction ◽  
Diffracted Waves ◽  
Sub Wavelength

Detection and imaging of sub-wavelength features in the subsurface using diffracted waves are rapidly gaining momentum in the oil and gas industry as well as in the fields of engineering, archeology, and homeland security. Most of the proposed methods include coherent summation of the recorded wavefield along diffraction traveltime surfaces from point scatterers. The summation focuses energy onto point-like diffractors which appear at the resulting images as prominent anomalies. However, in cases when the target is an elongated object such as a fault plane, fracture, tunnel, or elongated cave, a more efficient imaging method can be constructed. We present an algorithm for detecting and characterizing linear subsurface elements using a linear diffractor operator. The proposed algorithm is based on the coherent summation of the edge diffraction generated by the entire lineament and on the analysis of the calculated coherence measure (semblance). The advantages and limitations of the proposed method are demonstrated, and the results are compared to the conventional point-diffractor-based techniques. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that using a linear-diffractor-based algorithm can dramatically improve the detection of linear objects.

scholarly journals Performance of waterborne polyurethane based on N-tert-butyldiethanolamine in corrosion inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 1201 (1) ◽  
pp. 012074
Author(s):  
Y Zaripova ◽  
M Varfolomeev ◽  
R Pavelyev ◽  
A Farhadian ◽  
V Yarkovoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethanes ◽  
Inhibition Ability

Abstract The design of bifunctional inhibitors effectively preventing hydrate formation and corrosion is a relevant issue for the oil and gas industry. In this work, we expanded the study of the corrosion inhibition effectiveness for waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) obtained earlier and shown to be promising inhibitors. The corrosion inhibition ability of WPUs was assessed using weight-loss and electrochemical methods. Commercial corrosion inhibitor Armohib CI-28 was taken as a reference sample. The data obtained showed that the tert-Bu-WPU sample is able to effectively inhibit acid and carbon dioxide corrosion at room temperature; however, with an increase in temperature, its efficiency decreases more intensively than for a commercial inhibitor. In general, waterborne polyurethanes are promising alternatives to commercial reagents due to their multifunctionality.

scholarly journals Surface Coatings and Treatments for Controlled Hydrate Formation: A Mini Review

Physchem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-287
Author(s):  
Tausif Altamash ◽  
José M. S. S. Esperança ◽  
Mohammad Tariq
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Made In

Gas hydrates (GHs) are known to pose serious flow assurance challenges for the oil and gas industry. Neverthless, over the last few decades, gas hydrates-based technology has been explored for various energy- and environmentally related applications. For both applications, a controlled formation of GHs is desired. Management of hydrate formation by allowing them to form within the pipelines in a controlled form over their complete mitigation is preferred. Moreover, environmental, benign, non-chemical methods to accelerate the rate of hydrate formation are in demand. This review focused on the progress made in the last decade on the use of various surface coatings and treatments to control the hydrate formation at atmospheric pressure and in realistic conditions of high pressure. It can be inferred that both surface chemistry (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) and surface morphology play a significant role in deciding the hydrate adhesion on a given surface.

scholarly journals A Quick-Look Model to Predict Gas Hydrate Formation in Gas Pipelines using Modified Navier-Stokes Correlation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Akinsete O. Oluwatoyin ◽  
Oladipo O. Olatunji ◽  
Isehunwa O. Sunday
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Navier Stokes Equation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Hydrate Formation

Major challenges associated with the smooth production operations in the oil and gas industry that has raised technical curiosity are formation of natural gas hydrates in production facilities and flow lines which introduces significant cost to operators. Accurate modeling is therefore paramount; most existing models are based on constitutive conservation laws neglecting other dissipative energy types. To predict “if” and “where” gas hydrate would be formed in gas pipeline, the Navier-Stokes equation was modified by incorporating dissipative forces of viscosity and gravity; the equation that emerged was solved analytically to determine the hydrate formation pressure (HFP) and the position of hydrate formation along gas pipelines. The developed model, used as a quick-look tool for where and if hydrates will form revealed that when the predicted HFP is positive hydrates was formed but when it is negative hydrates were not formed. The model also showed that HFP is a function fluid composition, mass flowrate, changes in fluid and surrounding conditions and changes in elevation and direction confirming the results of earlier work done.

scholarly journals Development of Thermodynamic Model with Gopal’s Constants for the Inhibition of Gas Hydrates Formation in Gas Pipeline

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Akinsete O. Oluwatoyin ◽  
Akintola A. Sarah ◽  
Folayan O. Goodness
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Hydrate Deposition ◽  
Temperature Ranges

Hydrate deposition remains a very willful one in the oil and gas industry and costs the industry billions of dollars worldwide for prevention and remediation in pipelines and flowlines. An economic and environmentally friendly solution to the prevention of hydrate formation is prohibitively expensive. In this study, a thermodynamic model for hydrate inhibition in gas pipelines by applying the Joule Thomson Expansion phenomenon was developed. The model is a function of the specific gravity, initial and final temperatures, and the initial and final pressures. This developed model comes with the Gopal's constants that make the model trainable to fit data from various expansion processes. The results obtained for sweet gases were compared with that presented by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) and an error of less than 5% (R2 = 0.9629) was observed. The effect on sour gases was also considered. The pseudo-reduced temperature ranges from 1.05<Tr<3.0 and the pseudo-reduced pressure ranges from 0.2<Pr<5.4. But at extreme values of both pressure and temperature, the result of the proposed model deviates significantly from that of GPSA. The robustness of this model and its ease of use makes it applicable for real-time calculations in the transportation and processing of natural gases.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COOPERATION AND COMPETITION RELATIONSHIP IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN ROMANIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Doriana Andreea Rămescu ◽  
Nicoleta Sîrghi ◽  
Mihaela Neamțu
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Wolfram Mathematica ◽  
The Game Theory

The aim of the paper is to analyse the cooperation and competition relationship in the oil and gas industry in Romania using the game theory. The players are the companies, the payoffs are the profits obtained by the entities and there are two strategies as cooperation and competition. Two cases are considered: duopolistic and triopolistic market. The mathematical models have as variables the probabilities of choosing cooperation and competition by each player. They are described by two and three nonlinear differential equations. The time delay is introduced in order to highlight the time between choosing a strategy and its effect. The case studies use real data for two and three companies, respectively, with two scenarios related to the obtained payoffs if they cooperate or not. The time evolutions of the variables are carried out using Wolfram Mathematica 9. Finally, some conclusions and future research are drawn.

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