Protective mechanisms of lungs

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-577
Author(s):  
Svetlana Alexandrovna Shustova ◽  
Tatiana Alexandrovna Miroshkina
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Exogenous Agents ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
System Knowledge ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

Respiratory system maintains a close contact with the environment and is constantly exposed to numerous pathogenic factors. In response to action of pathogen, different strategies of specific and non-specific defense have been formed: barrier functions of the epithelium, defense reflexes (coughing, sneezing), muco-ciliary clearance, resident and recruited cells, secretion of a number of proteins and peptides with protective functions. Aim. To systematize modern concepts of the protective mechanisms of lungs on the basis of the data of the relevant literature. In the work, the mechanisms and clinical significance of muco-ciliary clearance, resident alveolar and recruited macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets are analyzed. Conclusion. The presented mechanisms can counteract the action of various pathogenic agents with sufficient effectiveness. However, in some cases an organism develops insufficient, excessive or perverted response to permeation of pathogens. This results in damage to the lung tissue by exogenous agents and/or by self immune system. Knowledge of protective mechanisms realized in the respiratory system, is necessary for understanding pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and for choice of the optimal treatment tactics.

Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Hypoxia in the Respiratory System

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (41) ◽  
pp. 5310-5316
Author(s):  
Yapeng Hou ◽  
Yan Ding ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Xiaoyong Xie ◽  
Yong Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mechanical Barrier

A steady and continuous supply of oxygen is important for humans, since an excess or deficiency in oxygen levels may result in the death of cells, tissues, or organisms. As a mechanical barrier against pathogens, the respiratory epithelium is always exposed to hypoxia in some detrimental external environments and/or pathologic states. The barrier function is accordingly impaired as a result of the disrupted cell composition ratio, ion transport, and tight junctions in a hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent or independent way. Hypoxia has been identified as an element of the primary or secondary pathogenic factors of many respiratory diseases. Still, the relationship between hypoxia and epithelial barrier dysfunction is not fully understood. Thus, we summarized recent researches on epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by hypoxia in the respiratory system, aiming to explore the possible therapeutic targets in hypoxia-related respiratory system diseases.

Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review from Ayurvedic classics.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Raghavendra Naik ◽  
Shweta Vekariya ◽  
R. N. Acharya ◽  
Sneha D. Borkar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
The Family

The concept of Pathya (wholesome diet) is an unique contribution of Ayurveda, which plays an important role in prevention and management of many diseases. “Shakavarga”, a category under dietetics in classical texts of Ayurveda enlisted different vegetables with their properties and indications in different disease conditions. These vegetables can be prescribed as Pathya (wholesome diet) in clinical practice. In the present review, plants described under Shakavarga, indicated as Pathya in different diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system) were compiled from 15 different Ayurvedic classical texts. Critical analysis of the compiled data reveals that out of 332 vegetables described under Shakavarga, 44 are indicated in respiratory disease like Shvasa (Dyspnoea/Asthma), Kasa (Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis) and Hikka (Hiccup). Among them, botanical identity of 42 classical plants has been established and maximum number of vegetables belongs to the family cucurbitaceae (10) followed by solanaceae (4). Some of these vegetables have been reported for their various pharmacological activities related to prevention and management of diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system). These vegetables are reported for their anti-inflammatory (16), antioxidant (14), anti-allergic (6) and antitussive (3) activities. The observed result may be helpful in use of vegetables as Pathya (wholesome diet) and planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants on prevention as well as management of respiratory diseases.

POSSIBLE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES FOR NEWBORNS FROM MOTHERS WHO SUFFERED COVID-19 DURING PREGNANCY

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Tamara G. Denisova ◽  
Adelina I. Sergeeva ◽  
Alexandra S. Grigorieva ◽  
Enje E. Rechapova ◽  
Ivan I. Sergeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

According to the WHO statement dated March 11, 2020, the coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 has reached the scale of a pandemic and is currently a world health problem. A special group of the population that requires increased attention is pregnant women due to the fact that pneumonia occupies the third place in the structure of indirect causes of maternal mortality. Pregnant women whose immune system has changed appeared to be at an increased risk of infection. Pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of a more severe course of acute respiratory viral diseases and influenza. To date, the issue of intrauterine transmission of coronavirus disease remains completely unexplored, which causes fear among pregnant women for the future generation. Addition of a new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 has a negative impact on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, the health of newborns, especially in patients with a burdened obstetric history. Pregnancy itself and childbirth do not affect the course of COVID-19, but the infection addition can complicate the course of gestation, causing respiratory distress syndrome, premature birth and spontaneous miscarriages, congenital pneumonia and antenatal death of newborns born from covid-positive mothers. The literature published from December 1, 2019 to July 30, 2021 was searched in several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and the WHO COVID-19 database, of which 52 articles were selected for detailed consideration. The relevant literature was searched to understand the issues of infection transmission to newborns from infected mothers and the clinical manifestations of the disease in the former. As a result, it was found that newborns can become infected with SARS-Cov-2 in close contact with infected patients or asymptomatic virus carriers. However, based on the data of modern literature, it is impossible to unequivocally answer the questions posed, more facts are needed to solve the problem. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study should be used for further studying the consequences of COVID-19 for the health of newborn children.

scholarly journals TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
BEHAILU ASSEFA
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Respiratory System Disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory system disease that results in flu-like symptoms. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) which was initially transmitted from either sea animals, wild animals like bats, or pet animals like dogs, and cats to humans. Since the occurrence of the first human COVID-19 case in China in 2019, the disease uses a trans-human transmission pathway. Its pathogenesis is almost similar to other respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Epidemiological manifestations of respiratory system diseases among military personnel of central military region

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Ivan S. Mukhachev ◽  
Irina V. Feldblium ◽  
Dmitriy A. Stolyarov ◽  
Maya Kh. Alyeva
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

Objective. To assess the epidemiological manifestations of the incidence of respiratory system diseases (RSD) among the military personnel of the military units of the Central Military Region. Materials and methods. The morbidity analysis was carried out according to official statistics for 20032019 with an assessment of long-term dynamics, structure and spatial characteristics. Results. Despite the preventive measures taken, the incidence of respiratory diseases in the troops remains high and continues to grow. The conscript servicemen are at risk. In the structure of RSD incidence, acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) take the leading place, tonsillitis and bronchitis are in the second place, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is in the third place. Differences in the trends of long-term dynamics of morbidity in various clinical forms of RSD were revealed. The Siberian Federal Region is the most favorable regarding RSD incidence. Conclusions. The incidence of respiratory diseases among conscripts is higher than that in contract servicemen, with downward trend for CAP and growth for ARVI and bronchitis.

Key Words, Essential Tools for Bibliographic Research: Analysis of Usage in ARchivos De Bronconeumología for Respiratory System Knowledge Areas

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. de Granda Orive ◽  
F. García Río ◽  
F. Roig Vázquez ◽  
J. Escobar Sacristán ◽  
T. Gutiérrez Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
System Knowledge ◽  
Research Analysis

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF MORBIDITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN CLINIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Viktoria V. Polunina ◽  
M. I Dubrovskaya ◽  
A. N Lobov ◽  
V. P Plotnikov ◽  
S. V Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Morbidity

The data obtained in the study of incidence in children, reflect the results of the children’s clinic. Analysis of the incidence was carried out according to the analysis of medical records. In the structure of general and chronic morbidity in children, the leading places belong to respiratory diseases, among which chronic diseases of adenoids and tonsils prevail (67.7%). Therefore, prevention and timely effective treatment of diseases of the respiratory system will reduce the overall incidence, and, consequently, improve the performance of a children’s clinic. To determine the role of medical rehabilitation, a group of children aged 3 to 14 years with chronic respiratory diseases was recruited in the amount of 127 children (68 boys and 59 girls). In the main group (n=78), treatment without exacerbation included 3 courses of comprehensive medical rehabilitation, including physiotherapy, reflexology, and physical therapy; in the control (n=49) treatment was carried out only in the period of exacerbation. The total duration of observation in both groups was 12 months. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the dynamics of the frequency and duration of colds and exacerbations of chronic diseases during the year. In the main group, the average frequency of colds for the year decreased by 2 times (p

scholarly journals Insecticide Exposure and Risk of Asthmatic Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Jiraporn Chittrakul ◽  
Ratana Sapbamrer ◽  
Wachiranun Sirikul
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Opinion ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The incidence of respiratory disease is increasing. In relation to this, in addition to infection, factors associated with working with chemical insecticides are a cause for concern. Some of the chemicals involved have been shown to affect the respiratory system, and consequentially workers are at increased risk of conditions such as asthma. However, medical opinion around this area is still controversial; therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the association between exposure to insecticides and asthma by means of a systematic review of the relevant literature. Relevant literature was identified, and a systematic review was conducted to investigate the association between exposure to insecticides and asthma. A total of five studies (three cross sectional and two cohort) including 45,435 subjects were identified as relevant. The summary odds ratios related to the impact of exposure to specific insecticides on asthma were organophosphates 1.31 (95%CI = 1.17–1.48, I2 = 27%, p = 0.172), carbamates 1.44 (95%CI 1.08–1.92, I2 = 56.7%, p = 0.031) and organochlorines 1.31 (95%CI 1.19–1.64, I2 = 37.3%, p = 0.131). Farmers exposed to certain insecticides may have an increased risk of asthma and asthmatic symptoms, but further research on that issue is urgently needed.

Medical and social significance of occupational respiratory diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 639-639
Author(s):  
O. A. Ishteryakova ◽  
O. A. Pugacheva
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Persistent Disability

The analysis of occupational diseases of the respiratory system in the Republic of Tatarstan. The most common respiratory diseases are detected with experience of more than 20 years (81%). In 77% of cases, the first identified occupational diseases in 2018 were accompanied by persistent disability. Due to the formation of persistent violations of respiratory function in 30-40% of patients for a number of years there is no dynamics in the re-medical and social examination.

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