scholarly journals SPONTANEOUS AND REGULAR MODELS OF FORTIFIED CITIES OF UKRAINE IN THE 16TH–17TH CENTURIES)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Cherkes B. ◽  
◽  
Lytvynchuk I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
City Planning ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Estate Property ◽  
New City ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The Ukrainian frontier lands have introduced the principles of early-modern European urbanism which primarily included a defense component in the 16th–17th centuries. The inventory papers and studies of that time indicate that the presence of defense structures around the settlements was determined by the city status, which gave privileges and responsibilities to defend and keep both the city and castle fortifications. However, the presence of archaic ancient Kievan Rus’ traditions continued in the lands of Podillia up to the 18th century, which is proved by the inventory plans taken by cartographers of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. We distinguish between the two main types of fortifications which formed the basis of urban development and influenced their urban model. The first one is called spontaneous – it was formed without any integral plan; the second type is a regular one – the location of the defense system, market square, and sacral structures was designed according to the carefully developed plan. The basis of our research methodology is the fact that the planning structure of the historic city was invariable during the 16th-17th centuries and the works on the relics of ancient planning that have been preserved up to present (mentioned above cadastral prints). The stability of a design structure depended on the following factors: 1) slow colonization process in the border areas and, as a result, low urban growth 2) insufficient funding of the modernization of urban fortifications by the owner, possessor or the state 3) stable estate property management system which regulated the size of the plots. This systematization indicates that the application of regular principles in the city foundation on the steppe border is an exception rather than the usual phenomenon. On the territory between rivers Dniester and Bug we identified 15 cities and fortifications having features of regular planning, and 148 – spontaneous. Thus, the two models of urban development of the Ukrainian cities located on the steppe border in the 16th–17th centuries are analyzed. The analysis proves a close interrelation between the model of urban development and its defense system. It is defined three plans of urban development of border cities: 1. Conservation of urban planning structure of spontaneous planning due to economic stagnation or inappropriateness in the modernization of urban fortifications (Vinnytsia, Bratslav, Khmilnyk). 2. Development of a new city using the idea in cruda radice according to modern principles of fortifications of the 17th century and principles of regular city planning (Yampil, Rashkiv, Kalush). 3. Combination of old spontaneous and regular model principles of urban development in the process of modernization. The proposed method of identification of city elements by cadastral prints can be used only in combination with a careful evaluation of information on the settlement history, and by comparing it with historical context and events, as well as with a full-scale survey of preserved relics on the area

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FORTRESSES ON GREAT ABATIS BORDERS IN RUSSIA IN THE 16–18th CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Yu. V. KLIMOVA ◽  
S. M. SHUMILKIN
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Regular Type ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The purpose of this work is to identify the unique features inherent in the City of Orenburg, which is the main outpost of the Novozakamsk great abatis border formed in the 18th century. The planning system inside defensive fortresses refers to the regular type, its scale exceeds other fortresses of Russia, built earlier than in the 18th century. This makes it unique and this research is relevant. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the fortresses in the Russian Empire. Using the historical data, the main outpost cities on the great abatis border of the 15–18th centuries are studied and their comparative analysis is carried out. This approach allows to show the planning features of the city which appeared 300 years ago. Much attention is paid to the construction of the outpost towns and fortresses. Empirically examining already built fortifications for two centuries, in the 18th century engineers changed their approach to the defensive structures. The city significantly grows inside the fortress. The planning structure of settlements becomes regular, the orientation inside becomes simpler. Also, the role of the fortress defense system remains one of the important components when choosing its location. River banks and steep cliffs retain an advantage both over the city defense and the formation of its skyline. The integration of entry gates decreases, which is compensated by the streets intersection with a slight shift of the relative straight axis. All these distinctive features are manifested in the structure of the fortress of Orenburg and make it a unique planning unit.

scholarly journals Construction Management in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1593-1600 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Estate Property ◽  
The City

The main course of urban planning activities and land use in Ukraine is to ensure the sustainable development of locality. Legislation in Ukraine defines the main directions, tasks and contents of urban development activities, subjects and their powers, functions. the emergence of many owners of real estate property, including the land, a large number of economic entities, who make their own decisions and have moved to the local territory planning level the focus of the managerial impacts on the operation and development of urban planning systems. In this regard, the local territory planning and management of buildings have problems that are associated with opposite views on local development of potential investors and the public. The management of the city, in particular its construction, should be implemented based on a spatial complex model. The article presents the problematic issues connected with the implementation of city-planning policy in the country. The ways of solving these problems are proposed, by improving the existing model of building management. Effective management of urban development involves knowledge of complete and reliable information about the processes taking place in the city, the availability of mechanisms for balanced consideration of the proposals of investors and the public during urban planning.

scholarly journals Sharing Lisboa: A Digital Social Market to Promote Sustainable and Energy Efficient Behaviours

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Catarina C. Rolim ◽  
Patrícia Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
New City ◽  
Social Market ◽  
The City ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Change Mitigation

Several solutions and city planning policies have emerged to promote climate change and sustainable cities. The Sharing Cities program has the ambition of contributing to climate change mitigation by improving urban mobility, energy efficiency in buildings and reducing carbon emissions by successfully engaging citizens and fostering local-level innovation. A Digital Social Market (DSM), named Sharing Lisboa, was developed in Lisbon, Portugal, supported by an application (APP), enabling the exchange of goods and services bringing citizens together to support a common cause: three schools competing during one academic year (2018/2019) to win a final prize with the engagement of school community and surrounding community. Sharing Lisboa aimed to promote behaviour change and the adoption of energy-saving behaviours such as cycling and walking with the support of local businesses. Participants earned points that reverted to the cause (school) they supported. A total of 1260 users was registered in the APP, collecting more than 850,000 points through approximately 17,000 transactions. This paper explores how the DSM has the potential to become a new city service promoting its sustainable development. Furthermore, it is crucial for this concept to reach economic viability through a business model that is both profitable and useful for the city, businesses and citizens, since investment will be required for infrastructure and management of such a market.

scholarly journals HARMONISATION OF THE VILNIUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT: PROBLEMS AND TRENDS OF ACTIONS

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranciškus Juškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
The Law ◽  
The City

The article provides the analysis of the evolution of the planning principals and physical development of the City since 1988 when the state determined planning was mandatory, covering the period since the adoption of the Law on Territorial Planning up to the present date when the City operates in the market economy conditions. The controversy of the City planning and development is pointed out, as well as the necessity to liberalise and harmonise the process.

scholarly journals Research on Strategy of Coordinated Development between the City Planning and the Construction of College Town

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Tianlei Gong ◽  
Long Han
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
College Town ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
City Construction ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The purpose of building a community is to seek a better fit between urban development and college city construction, promote resource sharing and complementary advantages between city and college, then better integrate the university into urban planning, so as to better serve regional development. This paper discusses how to plan and transform the college town, how to improve the leading role and radiation driving effect of the college town in serving the local area, further build the brand of smart college town, and provide relevant suggestions for mutual promotion, common prosperity and common development of urban development and college town.

Planning and its discontents: contradictions and continuities in remaking China's great cities, 1950–2010

Urban History ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL Y. LIANG
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
State Governance ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City ◽  
Theoretical Overview

ABSTRACT:This article offers a theoretical overview of the urbanization legacy of China's great cities since 1949. It shows a persistent contradiction between ideology/planning and urban sprawl/cellular urbanism. The symbolic function of city planning reflects official ideology giving the city a unified formal structure, but the implementation of the city plan is compromised in the process of urban development. The state governance fragments Chinese urban society into emplaced groups. This social division takes effect through the spatial division of various compounds that negotiate with rather than conform to city planning. Using a case-study of Guangzhou's urban development, the article shows how the state-led spatial practices continue in the post-socialist era and how a new kind of developmental ideology informs urban developments.

scholarly journals Henri Prost in Istanbul: Urban transformation process of Taksim-Maçka Valley (Le parc n°2)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Bolca ◽  
Rosa Tamborrino ◽  
Fulvio Rinaudo
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
New City ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
The City

With the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in October 1923, modernization studies have been started throughout the country. The Republican authorities which adopted a new form of government independent of the Ottoman Empire had expectations for the city planning of Turkey according to the modernization rules of urbanism. After the proclamation of the Republic, the capital of the country was relocated from Istanbul to Ankara and the funds of the Republic were canalized to the construction of the new capital city. Following the creation of Ankara, in 1935, French architect and urban planner Henri Prost was invited directly to conduct the planning of Istanbul.  He worked between 1936 and 1951 with a conservative and modernist attitude. Prost’s plans for Istanbul was based on three principal issues: the transportation (la  circulation), hygiene (l’hygiène) and aesthetics (l’aesthetics). He gave importance on urban and public spaces (espaces libres) and proposed two public parks. One of these parks was considered as an archaeological park at the hearth of the Historical Peninsula (parc n1), the other one was considered as a park with cultural, arts and sports functions into the hearth of the Pera district which was the area extending from today’s Taksim Square to Maçka Valley (parc n2) and wherein these days the modern and new city was built. Only Park No2 (parc n2) was partially constructed in the 1940s following these park plans. However, the park has been transformed by the planning decisions taken over time depending on the political, cultural and ideological changes and this transformation process has been intensively discussed by the academic and professional field on the Istanbul’s and Turkey’s urban agenda.   The focus of this study is to understand and define the process of transformation, and investigate the changing of significances of the Taksim-Maçka Valley from foundation of the Republic of Turkey to the present time. Accordingly, the first part of the paper presents the formation process of the area through the 1:2000 plan of Park No2 (parc n2) and the 1:500 plan of The Republic Square and the İnönü Esplanade in Taksim (la place de la République et l'esplanade İnönü à Taksim) which were prepared by Henri Prost. In the second part, the  transformation process that occurs after Prost was discharged from his position is analyzed. The paper concludes with a discussion on the pros and cons of the transformation. In the study, the “digital urban history method” (telling the history of the city in the age of the ICT revolution) was used through the power of various direct and indirect sources with ArcGIS and 3D modeling techniques.

Interrupting planetary urbanization: A view from Middle Eastern cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Khatam ◽  
Oded Haas
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Political Citizenship ◽  
New City ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

This paper argues that the ‘city’ as a political entity is significant in struggles over the ‘urban’, by identifying two moments of ‘differential urbanization’ in the Middle East. Our study in Iran and Palestine/Israel shows that the vision of the ‘city’ as a legitimizing space for political citizenship is at the heart of conflicting imaginaries: in Iran, ‘cities of revolution’ built through housing the poor around Tehran, and redistributive politics that stand on filling the ‘rural/urban gap’, and in Palestine, the new city of Rawabi as a city of Palestinian independence, where privatized urban development contrasts colonial spatialities with anti-colonial potentials. Thus, the right to the ‘urban’ involves claims for the ‘city’ that go beyond the capitalist logic of urbanization. This theorization points to a troubling gap in the planetary urbanization thesis, which moves from collapsing the ‘urban/non-urban’ divide into ‘concentrated’, extended’ and ‘differential’ urbanization to diminishing the role of distinct sociospatial configurations in claims over the ‘urban’. Our case studies show that examining the reconfiguration of inherited spatialities in the context of particular political regimes is imperative for epistemology of the ‘urban’ in its planetary stage. Urbanization otherwise remains an uninterrupted process towards a non-spatial ‘urban condition’.

scholarly journals From a history of war into a multicultural urban environment: A cultural impact assessment of the conservation of the Swedish-Russian Fortress of Lappeenranta, Finland

1970 ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Suvi Niinisalo
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Finland, under Swedish rule at the time, started constructing the Lappeenranta Fortress in the 1720s for defence against an eastern threat. A small town had been founded on the site as early as 1649. In 1741, the Russians invaded the fortress in a fierce battle. Russians, led by Aleksandr Suvorov, started to improve the fortress in the late 18th century. The oldest buildings in the fortress date back to this time. When Finland was annexed into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy, the fortress was employed as a correctional facility for prisoners. After the Second World War, the fortress was left to deteriorate, but in the 1970s a 30-year conservation project was launched. This article explores the effects of this conservation work on the city of Lappeenranta as well as on its inhabitants.

Skyscrapers as an instrument for economic development: the case of Amman

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Samer Abu-Ghozalah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
City Region ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The City

Concern with economic performance dominates the urban agenda of most modern cities, but this objective is pursued differently according to the ideology of the community. Amman follows distinctive development trajectories that reflect both the interactions of global forces and the local community. The primary global force affecting Amman is the competitive international environment engendered by economic globalisation that makes the city an increasingly attractive location for investment. This competition is manifested in city marketing strategies that reflect the desire to attract multinational corporations and specialists. The political ideology of the city plays an important role in the globalisation process currently taking place in Amman. In the USA, city planning is undertaken by different developmental agencies with limited participation of the city-region scale, while in Western Europe the state is involved in urban development and planning. Amman's situation is a mixture between state control and economic liberalism in which urban development is determined by the planning vision of attracting foreign investment and reduced restrictions to free enterprise.

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