Concluding Thoughts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
China Model ◽  
Political Meritocracy ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Chinese Adaptation ◽  
Mao Era

This chapter considers three basic principles of the China model and how they have guided political reform in the post-Mao era: democracy at the bottom, experimentation in the middle, and political meritocracy at the top. There remains a large gap between the ideal and the reality, however, and the chapter suggests ways of closing that gap, noting that the legitimacy problem is perhaps the most serious threat to the meritocratic system. It argues that the Chinese government may need to secure the people's consent to the Chinese adaptation of vertical democratic meritocracy by means such as a referendum. It concludes by discussing the exportability of the China model: while the model as a whole cannot readily be adopted by countries with a different history and culture, its different planks can be selectively adopted and the Chinese government can play a more active role in promoting its model abroad.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
China Model ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Political Meritocracy ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Mao Era ◽  
Tyranny Of The Majority

This book argues in favor of political meritocracy using China's one-party political system as example. It considers four key flaws of democracy, along with theoretical and real meritocratic alternatives for each: “the tyranny of the majority,” “the tyranny of the minority,” “the tyranny of the voting community,” and “the tyranny of competitive individualists.” The book also discusses three key problems associated with any attempt to implement political meritocracy and asks whether it is possible to address these problems without democratic elections: the problem of corruption, the problem of ossification, and the problem of legitimacy. Finally, it explores the pros and cons of different models of “democratic meritocracy” as well as three basic planks of the China model and how political reform in the post-Mao era has been guided by the principles of “democracy at the bottom, experimentation in the middle, and meritocracy at the top”.

The Role of National Diversity in Political Reform A Comparative Study between the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the British Northern Ireland Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareq Kakarash ◽  
Alnasir Doraid
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Difference

The issue of national diversity is considered one of the most important points in studying the development of political systems in our time. Many scholars and researchers have noticed that there is rarely a people or nation in the world today that does not possess different national or ethnic diversity, some of which succeed in forcibly obliterating them, which leads to its ignition and the division of nations and states. (As happened in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Eight State, the Empire of Austria-Hungary, etc.) and as it will happen in the future in other repressive countries, no matter how long their repression takes, and some of them succeed in preserving them through assimilation and understanding, as happened in Switzerland and a few other countries. While there are countries that have been striving for decades to arrange their national situations (such as India, Belgium and Spain), with varying degrees of success. The element of national diversity sometimes plays an active role in reforming the political system, and at other times this national diversity hinders the entire political reform. On the basis of the difference and contrast between the two models in terms of the degree of modernity and development, however, a careful examination of the two models confirms that they are not different to this degree. Only years (1998 in Britain and 2003 in Iraq) and the political conflict still exists in the two countries, leading to a final solution to this crisis.

scholarly journals Survey on finger-vein segmentation and authentication

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shwetambari Kharabe ◽  
C. Nalini
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Finger Vein ◽  
Authentication Technique ◽  
Ideal Process ◽  
The Ideal

Exploding growth in the field of electronic information technology, the finger vein authentication technique plays a vibrant role for personal identification and verification. In recent era, this technique is gaining popularity, as it provides a high security and convenience approach for personal authentication. Vein biometrics is an emerging methodologycomparing to other systems, due to its strengths of low forgery risk, aliveness detection and stableness over long period of time. Literatures published based on different techniques used forand authentication process are described and evaluated in this paper. These processes hadgained an outstanding promise in variety of applications and much attention among researchers to provide combine accuracy, universality and cost efficiency. This paper in brief, reviews various approaches used for finger vein segmentation and feature extraction. The reviews are based on finger vein basic principles, image acquisition methodology, pre-processing functions, segmentation, feature extraction,classification, matching and identification procedures, which are analyzed scientifically, thoroughly and comprehensively.Based on the analysis, the ideal process and procedure is identified, which will be an idyllic solution for finger vein authentication.

Soil as a wastewater treatment system: historical development

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Tzanakakis ◽  
N.V. Paranychianaki ◽  
A.N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Land Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Ideal

“Land treatment” refers to the application of wastewater to the soil to achieve treatment and to meet irrigation needs of the vegetation. Application of wastewater to the land was the first practice used to protect public health and control environmental pollution. This technology has gone through different stages of development with time but it was not until 1840s when the basic principles of this technology started to establish. The use of land treatment for wastewater treatment declined after the development of conventional treatment plants but a renewed interested occurred after the passage of Clean Water Act and especially, during the last two decades. Currently, its application has been expanded in the management of various types of wastewaters including dairy, meat, industrial effluents as well as and polluted water sources. It is recognized as the ideal technology for rural communities, clusters of homes and small industrial units due to low energy demands and low operation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, in conjunction with biomass production can contribute in the control of climate change. A brief historical overview along with an introduction to the fundamental processes the current trends and the future prospects are provided in this section.

scholarly journals The Future of Meritocracy: A Discussion of Daniel Bell’s The China Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Yongle Zhang ◽  
Colleen Howe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
World Today ◽  
The Future ◽  
China Model ◽  
Political Legitimation ◽  
Political Meritocracy

Abstract Compared to Wang Shaoguang’s approach to re-interpret the old concept “democracy” to overcome the Schumpeterian model of political legitimation, Daniel Bell’s Political Meritocracy takes a more challenging path, attempting to build a new discourse of legitimacy centering on the concept “meritocracy” and incorporating elements of ancient China’s traditions, the socialist revolutions in the twentieth century, and the system of competitive elections common in the Western world today. This inspiring work is full of incisive arguments, but could be improved by further considering the tension between the Confucian tradition and the revolutionary tradition in the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Economic Complexity Based Recommendation Enhance the Efficiency of the Belt and Road Initiative

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liao ◽  
Xiao-Min Huang ◽  
Alexandre Vidmer ◽  
Yi-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Ming-Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Recommendation Algorithm ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Ideal

The Belt and Road initiative (BRI) was announced in 2013 by the Chinese government. Its goal is to promote the cooperation between European and Asian countries, as well as enhancing the trust between members and unifying the market. Since its creation, more and more developing countries are joining the initiative. Based on the geographical location characteristics of the countries in this initiative, we propose an improvement of a popular recommendation algorithm that includes geographic location information. This recommendation algorithm is able to make suitable recommendations of products for countries in the BRI. Then, Fitness and Complexity metrics are used to evaluate the impact of the recommendation results and measure the country’s competitiveness. The aim of this work is to provide countries’ insights on the ideal development direction. By following the recommendations, the countries can quickly increase their international competitiveness.

scholarly journals Institutional constraints on strategic maneuvering in shared medical decision-making

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Francisca Snoeck Henkemans ◽  
Dima Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Treatment Preferences ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Ideal

In this paper it is first investigated to what extent the institutional goal and basic principles of shared decision making are compatible with the aim and rules for critical discussion. Next, some techniques that doctors may use to present their own treatment preferences strategically in a shared decision making process are discussed and evaluated both from the perspective of the ideal of shared decision making and from that of critical discussion.

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