Seeking Common Ground Amidst Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-248
Author(s):  
Arunabh Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Deputy Director ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Indian Statistical

This chapter unearths a series of heretofore largely forgotten exchanges between Chinese and Indian statisticians. It is based on study of key figures, such as the deputy director of China's State Statistics Bureau, Wang Sihua, and the Indian statistician P. C. Mahalanobis. Focusing on Chinese interest in the emerging technology of large-scale random sampling, in which Mahalanobis and the Indian Statistical Institute were global innovators, the exchanges point to alternative frameworks for Cold War scientific exchanges while also placing in stark relief the extent to which Chinese statisticians and leaders clearly understood both the strengths and shortcomings of their own statistical system. The chapter traces these exchanges, explaining their timing and the motivation behind them. Each set of actors in these exchanges had its own agenda. The chapter shows that the Indians were particularly keen on learning more about China's planning methods.

scholarly journals Accepting difference, seeking common ground: Sino-Indian statistical exchanges 1951–1959

BJHS Themes ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARUNABH GHOSH
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Indian History ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
Scientific Exchange ◽  
Indian War ◽  
Indian Statistical

AbstractStarting as early as 1951, and with increasing urgency after 1956, Chinese and Indian statisticians traded visits as they sought to learn from each other's experiences. At the heart of these exchanges was the desire to learn more about a cutting-edge statistical method, random sampling, which, while technically complex, held great practical salience for large and diverse countries such as China and India. This paper draws upon unpublished documents, letters, institutional archives, memoirs, oral history and newspaper reports to reconstruct the sequence of these exchanges, their outcomes and the concerns of the participants. The exchanges demonstrate not only the crucial role played by Indian statisticians in the rise of random sampling, but also the amount of resistance these methods generated in places like China (and the Soviet Union). As a clear instance of South–South scientific exchange, they also compel a broadening of our understanding of early Cold War scientific networks, which should no longer be dominated by centre–periphery models that take either the USSR or the US as the centre. Finally, the exchanges hint at the varied nature of post-1949 Sino-Indian history, a subfield still dominated by geopolitics and a focus on the causes, course and legacy of the Sino-Indian War of 1962.

New ''Cold War''

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Vladimir Batiuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Arms

In this article, the ''Cold War'' is understood as a situation where the relationship between the leading States is determined by ideological confrontation and, at the same time, the presence of nuclear weapons precludes the development of this confrontation into a large-scale armed conflict. Such a situation has developed in the years 1945–1989, during the first Cold War. We see that something similar is repeated in our time-with all the new nuances in the ideological struggle and in the nuclear arms race.

A Novel Static Path Planning Method for Mobile Anchor-Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhady M. Naguib ◽  
Shahzad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Path Planning ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Anchor Node ◽  
Mobile Anchor ◽  
Planning Methods

Background: Many applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require awareness of sensor node’s location but not every sensor node can be equipped with a GPS receiver for localization, due to cost and energy constraints especially for large-scale networks. For localization, many algorithms have been proposed to enable a sensor node to be able to determine its location by utilizing a small number of special nodes called anchors that are equipped with GPS receivers. In recent years a promising method that significantly reduces the cost is to replace the set of statically deployed GPS anchors with one mobile anchor node equipped with a GPS unit that moves to cover the entire network. Objectives: This paper proposes a novel static path planning mechanism that enables a single anchor node to follow a predefined static path while periodically broadcasting its current location coordinates to the nearby sensors. This new path type is called SQUARE_SPIRAL and it is specifically designed to reduce the collinearity during localization. Results: Simulation results show that the performance of SQUARE_SPIRAL mechanism is better than other static path planning methods with respect to multiple performance metrics. Conclusion: This work includes an extensive comparative study of the existing static path planning methods then presents a comparison of the proposed mechanism with existing solutions by doing extensive simulations in NS-2.

National Security and Public Anxiety: Our Changing Perceptions

2010 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Sir Richard Dearlove
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Full Force ◽  
The Cold War

This article discusses the changing perceptions on national security and civic anxiety. During the Cold War and its aftermath, security was rather a simple and straightforward issue. The countries knew their enemies, where they are and the threats they presented. On the event that, the enemies's secrets were unknown, probing techniques were employed to determine the weaknesses of the enemy. This formulaic situation which seeped through in to the twenty-first century left little room for innovation. In fact, in some countries, security maintained at the Cold War levels despite criticisms that new and emerging national security threats should be addressed at a new level. Of the powerful nations, America maintained the role of a world policeman and adapted its national security priorities according to its perception of a new series of strategic threats; however these new security strategies were without a sense of urgency. However, the perception of global threats and national security radically changed in the event of the 9/11 attack. The sleeping national security priorities of America came to a full force which affected the national security priorities of other nations as well. In the twenty-first globalized world, no conflict remains a regional clash. The reverberations of the Russian military action in Georgia, the Israeli intervention in Gaza, and the results of the attacks in Mumbai resonates loudly and rapidly through the wider international security system. While today, nations continue to seek new methods for addressing new security threats, the paradox of the national security policy is that nation-states have lost their exclusive grip of their own security at a time when the private citizens are assailed by increased fears for their own security and demand a more enhanced safety from the state. Nation-states have been much safer from large-scale violence, however there exists a strong sense of anxiety about the lack of security in the face of multiplicity of threats. Nations have been largely dependent on international coordinated action to achieve their important national security objectives. National policies and security theory lack precision. In addition, the internationalization of national security has eroded the distinction between domestic and foreign security. These blurring lines suggest that the understanding of national security is still at the height of transformations.

On the Early Cambrian age of two late orogenic granites from. west-central Ahaggar (Algerian Sahara)

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boissonnas ◽  
S. Borsi ◽  
G. Ferrara ◽  
J. Fabre ◽  
J. Fabries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Basement Complex ◽  
West Central ◽  
Algerian Sahara ◽  
Igneous Activity ◽  
Made In

The Pharusian belt of west-central Ahaggar belongs to the 'basement complex' underlying the Paleozoic and later sediments of the Sahara. This paper reports and discusses the Rb–Sr ages obtained on total rocks and minerals from two granitic stocks of the belt: the Tioueiine and Iskel intrusions.Both plutons gave good whole-rock isochrons, which show that the systems were closed 560 ± 40 m.y. ago with respect to Rb and Sr. This is, most probably, the age of crystallization. Three of the four values obtained on biotites are somewhat lower and scattered in the range 502–526 m.y. The discrepancies are probably due to deuteric reactions or incipient weathering. They can be ascribed neither to the loss of 87Sr during the cooling down of the granites, nor to rejuvenation by some later thermal or tectonic event.These studies confirm previous results of random sampling in Ahaggar and prove that large-scale igneous activity took place during the Early Cambrian Epoch. Knowing from field data that the Tioueiine and Iskel are late orogenic granites, it must be concluded that the Pharusian orogeny came to an end at that time.Such a result contradicts early assumptions, made in the field, of a middle Precambrian age for the Pharusian orogeny. It gives further weight to modern ideas concerning the 700–500 m.y. events in Africa, and it leaves time for erosion to create the Saharian platform before the deposition of the first Paleozoic sandstones.

scholarly journals Spinifex People as Cold War Moderns

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Greg Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nuclear Testing ◽  
Atomic Age ◽  
Native Title ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government

Aboriginal Australian contemporary artists create works that express indigenous traditions as well as the unprecedented conditions of global modernity. This is especially true for the founders of the Spinifex Arts Project, a collective established in 1997 to create so-called “government paintings”: the large-scale canvases produced as documents of land tenure used in negotiations with the government of Western Australia to reclaim expropriated desert homelands. British and Australian nuclear testing in the 1950s displaced the Anangu juta pila nguru, now known to us as the Spinifex people, from their nomadic lifeworld. Exodus and the subsequent struggle to regain lost homelands through paintings created as corroborating evidence for native title claims make Spinifex canvases not simply expressions of Tjukurpa, or “Dreamings,” but also artifacts of the atomic age and its impact on a culture seemingly far from the front lines of cold war conflict.

scholarly journals Deploying Low Carbon Public Procurement to Accelerate Carbon Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Dunford ◽  
Robert Niven ◽  
Christopher Neidl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Procurement Strategies ◽  
And Storage

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be required to keep global temperature rise below 2°C based on IPCC models. Greater adoption of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies will drive demand for CDR. Public procurement of low carbon materials is a powerful and under-utilized tool for accelerating the development and of CCUS through a targeted and well-regulated approach. The policy environment is nascent and presents significant barriers for scaling and guiding emerging technology solutions. The concrete sector has unique attributes that make it ideally suited for large-scale low-carbon public procurement strategies. This sector offers immediate opportunities to study the efficacy of a supportive policy and regulatory environment in driving the growth of CCUS solutions.

Community-wide screening of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Saharia tribe of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpendra Singh ◽  
Ravindra Kumar ◽  
Aparup Das
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Large Scale Screening ◽  
Screening Approaches

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) elimination program in India relies on detecting symptomatic patients through molecular diagnosis and providing speedy treatment, leaving individuals with no classical symptoms of TB (asymptomatic) behind in the population. Considering the contribution of such asymptomatic individuals to transmission of TB, it is important to timely identify them, especially in high-endemic settings. However, no community-level study has so far been conducted to record the incidences of asymptomatic cases in India. Therefore, this study was planned to know whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal pathogen of TB is prevalent in individuals presenting no classical symptoms in a highly endemic populations belonging to Saharia tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in India. Methods: We performed molecular epidemiological study in 15 villages (n= 808) of Pohri block, Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, India following population-wide random sampling of both symptomatic (ns=216) and asymptomatic (na=592) individuals. Though a total of 890 subjects were involved in the study, the sputum samples for the qPCR test could be collected only from 808 subjects. Detection of M. tuberculosis in sputum samples was done using TaqMan chemistry-based qPCR assay. Results: Sixteen (2.7%) individuals were found to be positive of M. tuberculosis among the 592 asymptomatic cases. The prevalence of M. tuberculosis DNA positivity was comparable between symptomatic (2.3%) and asymptomatic (2.7%) individuals. Conclusion: The present findings, though preliminary, pending large-scale screening approaches in other high-endemic populations employing both classical and advanced diagnosis methods, are daunting. Such community-wide screening approaches should therefore be integrated in the program if TB-free India is to be achieved by the year 2025.

Resources, Environment, and Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-141
Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Color Line ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
New States ◽  
East West

This chapter studies how the linkage between state power and large-scale projects that ruled during the modernization years entered a crisis in the 1970s, when modernity ceased to be an end in itself and new sensibilities replaced what in 1958 Nehru called the “disease of giganticism.” While development struggled to keep its promise to quickly grant underdeveloped countries wealth and well-being, problems related to industrialization appeared in the form of ecological imbalances. At the turn of the decade, development was considered a failure as a Cold War weapon, and there was widespread doubt about planning. Though ideology was still unyielding in the periphery, where international crises and civil wars stemming from decolonization and the failure of new states continued to fuel Cold War dynamics, in international organizations the East–West conflict rarely challenged the fundamental underlying agreement on global issues. Instead, a major cleavage ran along the old color line—between a rich, white, developed North and a colored, poor, underdeveloped South.

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