Technical Design Flaws

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Dean Karlan ◽  
Jacob Appel
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Technical Design ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
Design Power ◽  
Range Of Values

This chapter examines technical design flaws. There are two common issues to avoid when it comes to survey design: bloated surveys, particularly without a clear analysis plan for all questions; and poorly designed survey items. No less important than the survey and other data collection tools is the plan to deploy them. As such, researchers should field test survey questions before launch. Also, debrief regularly with field survey teams to find out which questions respondents are struggling with, which parts of the survey are hardest to administer, and the like. The chapter then considers mistakes in randomization, power, and necessary sample size calculations in RCT design. Power and necessary sample size calculations rely on parameters that are hard to observe or guess. The best advice is to run these calculations multiple times, imagining a range of scenarios in the field and using a corresponding range of values for key parameters.

Technostress

2012 ◽  
pp. 230-239
Author(s):  
Owajeme Justice Ofua ◽  
Tiemo Aghwotu Pereware
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study examines technostress, its effects, and measures taken to avoid it among librarians at university libraries in Nigeria. The descriptive survey design was adopted and 5 (five) university libraries in Edo and Delta States were used for the study. The sample size for the study was 79, using the purposive sampling technique, a questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection, and simple percentage and Chi square were used to analyze the data collected. The authors found that technostress could be avoided by librarians, by taking the following measures: purchasing user friendly interface software, regular staff training on ICTs, and developing positive attitude toward technology, and so forth.

Farmers Sustainability and Social Justice: Evidences of Land Inequalities in Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-238
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Total Sample Size ◽  
Fragmentation Index ◽  
State Economy

The present study is an attempt to inspect the aspect of social justice among the farmers in terms of fragmented land and farmers’ distress in Uttar Pradesh. The data were obtained through field survey via interview scheduled. A sample of 80 respondents from each targeted village namely, Jansar, Sithauli, Charsoni, and Jonai were selected from each region of Uttar Pradesh state economy. Thus, the study used a total sample size of 320 samples. Simmons index (1968) for canvassing the land fragmentation index (LFI) was applied in the Uttar Pradesh context. Further distress was measured via the help of ratios. It flaunted causes and degrees of distress were relatively high among marginal and small farmers. The result of LFI confirms that high fragmentation was a cause of subsistence income among marginal and small farms compared to semi-medium, and medium farms.

FAKTOR PENGETAHUAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI KETERATURAN IBU BALITA DALAM MENGUNJUNGI POSYANDU DI DESA CIPANGERAN KECAMATAN SAGULING KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT TAHUN 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Lia Kamila ◽  
Liawati . ◽  
Suci Lailani Alipah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

ABSTRAK Indikator D/S di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Saguling Desa Cipangeran pada tahun 2016 menunjukkan masih rendahnya kunjungan balita dalam kegiatan posyandu dengan rata-rata hanya memcapai 41,5%, sedangkan target standar palayanan kota jumlah D/S yaitu 85%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keteraturan ibu dalam mengunjungi Posyandu dari faktor pengetahuan di Desa Cipangeran Kecamatan Saguling Kabupaten Bandung Barat tahun 2017. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer. Populasi seluruh balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Saguling tahun 2016 sebanyak 424 ibu balita, besar sampel yang diambil 81 ibu balita, pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan Sampel Random Sampling, pengumpulan data dengan hasil kuesioner berisi pertanyaan untuk mendapatkan data yang berkaitan dengan variabel yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian pengetahuan ibu balita didapatkan hampir setengah berada dikategori cukup yaitu 47 ibu balita (58%), namun masih ada ibu balita yang memiliki pengetahuan baik yaitu 18 ibu balita (22%), dan ibu balita yang memiliki pengetahuan kurang yaitu 16 ibu balita (20%). Kesimpulan dari penelitian didapatkan tingkat pengetahuan ibu balita yang tidak teratur dalam mengunjungi Posyandu di Desa Cipangeran Kecamatan Saguling Kabupaten Bandug Barat hampir setengah ibu balita berpengetahuan cukup. ABSTRACT The D / S indicator in the working area of ​​Saguling Public Health Center of Cipangeran Village in 2016 indicates that the low number of toddler visits in posyandu activities reaches an average of 41.5%, while the standard target for city / city is 85%. The purpose of this study is to determine the regularity of mothers in visiting Posyandu from knowledge factor in Cipangeran Village, Saguling District, West Bandung regency in 2017. This research method using analytical method with cross sectional approach. The data used is primary data.The population of all toddlers in the working area of Saguling Publich Health Center in 2016 were 424 mother, the sample size was 81 mother, using Random Sampling , data collection with questionnaires containing questions to obtain data related to the variables studied. The result of the research of the knowledge of the mother of the toddler is almost sufficient, namely 47 mothers (58%),but there are still mother who have good knowledge that is 18 mother of toddler (22%) and mother with less knowledge that is 16 mother of balita (20%). The conclusion of the research is the level of knowledge of irregular mother in visiting Posyandu in Cipangeran Village, Saguling, of West Bandung district, almost half of the toddler are knowledgeable enough.

scholarly journals Virtual reality-based relaxation for enhancement of perioperative well-being and quality of life: protocol for a randomised pilot trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e044193
Author(s):  
Matthias Christian Schrempf ◽  
Julian Quirin Petzold ◽  
Hugo Vachon ◽  
Morten Aagaard Petersen ◽  
Johanna Gutschon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Sample Size Calculations

IntroductionPatients with cancer undergoing surgery often suffer from reduced quality of life and various forms of distress. Untreated distress can negatively affect coping resources as well as surgical and oncological outcomes. A virtual reality-based stress reduction intervention may increase quality of life and well-being and reduce distress in the perioperative phase for patients with cancer. This pilot trial aims to explore the feasibility of the proposed intervention, assess patient acceptability and obtain estimates of effect to provide data for sample size calculations.Methods and analysisPatients with colorectal cancer and liver metastasis undergoing elective surgery will be recruited for this single-centre, randomised pilot trial with a three-arm design. A total of 54 participants will be randomised at 1:1:1 ratio to one of two intervention groups or a control receiving standard treatment. Those randomised to an intervention group will either receive perioperative virtual reality-based stress reduction exercises twice daily or listen to classical music twice daily. Primary feasibility outcomes are number and proportions of participants recruited, screened, consented and randomised. Furthermore, adherence to the intervention, compliance with the completion of the quality of life questionnaires and feasibility of implementing the trial procedures will be assessed. Secondary clinical outcomes are measurements of the effectiveness of the interventions to inform sample size calculations.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol, the patient information and the informed consent form have been approved by the ethics committee of the Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (Reference Number: 19–915). Study findings will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberDRKS00020909.

scholarly journals Intra-cluster correlations from the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank to inform the design of longitudinal cluster trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 174077452110208
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Korevaar ◽  
Jessica Kasza ◽  
Monica Taljaard ◽  
Karla Hemming ◽  
Terry Haines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Decay ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Cluster Randomised Trials ◽  
Cluster Randomised ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
Correlation Structures ◽  
Cluster Correlation

Background: Sample size calculations for longitudinal cluster randomised trials, such as crossover and stepped-wedge trials, require estimates of the assumed correlation structure. This includes both within-period intra-cluster correlations, which importantly differ from conventional intra-cluster correlations by their dependence on period, and also cluster autocorrelation coefficients to model correlation decay. There are limited resources to inform these estimates. In this article, we provide a repository of correlation estimates from a bank of real-world clustered datasets. These are provided under several assumed correlation structures, namely exchangeable, block-exchangeable and discrete-time decay correlation structures. Methods: Longitudinal studies with clustered outcomes were collected to form the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank. Forty-four available continuous outcomes from 29 datasets were obtained and analysed using each correlation structure. Patterns of within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficient and cluster autocorrelation coefficients were explored by study characteristics. Results: The median within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficient for the discrete-time decay model was 0.05 (interquartile range: 0.02–0.09) with a median cluster autocorrelation of 0.73 (interquartile range: 0.19–0.91). The within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients were similar for the exchangeable, block-exchangeable and discrete-time decay correlation structures. Within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients and cluster autocorrelations were found to vary with the number of participants per cluster-period, the period-length, type of cluster (primary care, secondary care, community or school) and country income status (high-income country or low- and middle-income country). The within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients tended to decrease with increasing period-length and slightly decrease with increasing cluster-period sizes, while the cluster autocorrelations tended to move closer to 1 with increasing cluster-period size. Using the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank, an RShiny app has been developed for determining plausible values of correlation coefficients for use in sample size calculations. Discussion: This study provides a repository of intra-cluster correlations and cluster autocorrelations for longitudinal cluster trials. This can help inform sample size calculations for future longitudinal cluster randomised trials.

scholarly journals Willingness of Greek general population to get a COVID-19 vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Kourlaba ◽  
Eleni Kourkouni ◽  
Stefania Maistreli ◽  
Christina-Grammatiki Tsopela ◽  
Nafsika-Maria Molocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background Epidemiological data indicate that a large part of population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. Hence, it is of high importance for public health officials to know whether people are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to examine the willingness of adult residents in Greece to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional was survey conducted among the adult general population of Greece between April 28, 2020 to May 03, 2020 (last week of lockdown), using a mixed methodology for data collection: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) and Computer Assisted web Interviewing (CAWI). Using a sample size calculator, the target sample size was found to be around 1000 respondents. To ensure a nationally representative sample of the urban/rural population according to the Greek census 2011, a proportionate stratified by region systematic sampling procedure was used to recruit particpants. Data collection was guided through a structured questionnaire. Regarding willingness to COVID-19 vaccination, participants were asked to answer the following question: “If there was a vaccine available for the novel coronavirus, would you do it?” Results Of 1004 respondents only 57.7% stated that they are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. Respondents aged > 65 years old, those who either themselves or a member of their household belonged to a vulnerable group, those believing that the COVID-19 virus was not developed in laboratories by humans, those believing that coronavirus is far more contagious and lethal compared to the H1N1 virus, and those believing that next waves are coming were statistically significantly more likely to be willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Higher knowledge score regarding symptoms, transmission routes and prevention and control measures against COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher willingness of respondents to get vaccinated. Conclusion A significant proportion of individuals in the general population are unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, stressing the need for public health officials to take immediate awareness-raising measures.

Sample size calculations for ROC studies: parametric robustness and Bayesian nonparametrics

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunlei Cheng ◽  
Adam J. Branscum ◽  
Wesley O. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Bayesian Nonparametrics ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
Parametric Robustness
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