Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Continued Fractions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shimura Varieties ◽  
Shimura Curves ◽  
Heegner Points ◽  
Generalized Jacobians ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rigid Analytic Space

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the three topics discussed in this book: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings heights and L-functions. These topics were covered during the Alpbach Summerschool 2016, the celebration of the tenth session with outstanding speakers covering very different research areas in arithmetic and Diophantine geometry. The first course was given by Peter Scholze on local Shimura varieties and features recent results concerning the local Langlands conjecture. It considers the unpublished theorem which states that for each local Shimura datum, there exists a so-called local Shimura variety, which is a (pro-)rigid analytic space. The second course was given by Umberto Zannier and deals with a rather classical theme but from a modern point of view. His course is on hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, using the classical Pell equation as the starting point. The third course was given by Shou-Wu Zhang and originates in the famous Chowla–Selberg formula, which was taken up by Gross and Zagier in 1984 to relate values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. Building on this work, X. Yuan, Shou-Wu Zhang, and Wei Zhang succeeded in proving the Gross–Zagier formula on Shimura curves and shortly later they verified the Colmez conjecture on average. In the course, Zhang presents new interesting aspects of the formula.

Arithmetic and Geometry

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Continued Fractions ◽  
Shimura Curves ◽  
Pell Equation ◽  
Heegner Points ◽  
Generalized Jacobians ◽  
Classical Setting ◽  
Perfectoid Spaces ◽  
High Level ◽  
Complex Coefficients ◽  
Local Langlands Conjecture

This book presents highlights of recent work in arithmetic algebraic geometry by some of the world's leading mathematicians. Together, these 2016 lectures—which were delivered in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the annual summer workshops in Alpbach, Austria—provide an introduction to high-level research on three topics: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings heights and L-functions. The book consists of notes, written by young researchers, on three sets of lectures or minicourses given at Alpbach. The first course contains recent results dealing with the local Langlands conjecture. The fundamental question is whether for a given datum there exists a so-called local Shimura variety. In some cases, they exist in the category of rigid analytic spaces; in others, one has to use Scholze's perfectoid spaces. The second course addresses the famous Pell equation—not in the classical setting but rather with the so-called polynomial Pell equation, where the integers are replaced by polynomials in one variable with complex coefficients, which leads to the study of hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians. The third course originates in the Chowla–Selberg formula and relates values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. It proves the Gross–Zagier formula on Shimura curves and verifies the Colmez conjecture on average.

scholarly journals V..F. MILLER AND THE IRANIAN PEOPLES OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. САБО
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Made In

Опираясь на свой, безусловно, широкий кругозор, Всеволод Федорович Миллер, принимая во внимание историю иранских народов, живущих на западе, также обратил внимание на сигиннов Дунайского региона, упомянутых в главе 9 книги V, написанной Геродотом. Внимание Миллера было обращено в первую очередь на эту иранскую этническую группу, поскольку, согласно соответствующим источникам, они происходили из Мидии и даже одевались аналогично мидийскому народу. В свете открытий, обнаруженных в Карпатском бассейне, замечание Миллера о сигиннах и срединно-сармато-осетинском родстве, проясненное В.И. Абаевым, поднимает также и другие интересные вопросы в отношении иронского и дигорского диалектов осетинского языка. Отправным пунктом исследовательских направлений на сегодняшний день по-прежнему остается точка зрения В.И. Абаева, согласно которой дигорский диалект осетинского языка в сравнении с иронским в большей степени сохранил архаичные черты общего языка предков. В этом смысле упомянутые диалекты являются стадиями развития одного и того же языка, представляя собой последние фазы его эволюции. Тем не менее, многочисленные различия, наблюдающиеся в обнаруженных археологами памятниках материальной культуры, а также в обычаях носителей данных диалектов, все чаще дают основания говорить об указанных диалектах не как о разных стадиях развития одного и того же языка, а как о средстве общения двух, безусловно, взаимосвязанных, но следовавших различными путями развития, групп. Именно этим, по-видимому, и обусловлена столь существенная разница в языке. Об этих и некоторых сопутствующих раскрытию темы вопросах и пойдет речь в настоящей статье. Broad-mindedness and erudition allowed Vsevolod Fedorovich Miller, taking into account the history of the Iranian peoples living in the west, paid attention to the Sigins of the Danube region, mentioned in chapter 9 of Book V written by Herodotus. Miller's attention was drawn primarily to this Iranian ethnic group, because, according to relevant sources, they came from the Medes and even dressed similarly to the Medes. In light of the discoveries made in the Carpathian basin, Miller’s remark about the Sigins and Middle Sarmatian-Ossetian kinship, clarified by V.I. Abaev, also raises other interesting questions regarding the Ironian and Digorian dialects of the Ossetian language. The point of view of V.I. Abaeva, according to which the Digor dialect of the Ossetian language, in comparison with the Iron one, to a greater extent preserved archaic features of the common language of their ancestors remains today the starting point of research areas. In this sense, the mentioned dialects are the stages of development of the same language, representing the last phases of its evolution. Nevertheless, the numerous differences observed in the monuments of material culture discovered by archaeologists, as well as in the customs of the carriers of these dialects, increasingly give reason to speak of these dialects not as different stages of development of the same language, but as a means of communication of the two groups, interconnected, but following, different ways of their development. This, apparently, is the reason for such a significant difference in the languages. These and some issues related to the disclosure of the topic will be discussed in this article.

LES AXES DE LA CRÉATION ET LA NAISSANCE DE LʹIMAGINAIRE COMME LANGAGE MYTHIQUE

Trictrac ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Danciu ◽  
Petru Adrian Danciu
Keyword(s):  
Sacred Space ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Religious Systems ◽  
Rich Spectrum

The axes of the creation and birth of the imaginary as a mythical language. Our research follows the relationships of the concepts that are taking into account creation on the double axis of verticality and horizontality. We highlight those symbolic elements which would later constitute the mythical language about the sacred space-temporality. Inside this space-temporality a rich spectrum of mythical images develops; images capable of explaining the relationships of the creation plans. Without a religious perception of the temporality, the conceptualization of the axis would remain a philosophical approach. Through our point of view, the two are born simultaneously. Thanks to them, creation can be imagined. The first “frozen” formula of the mystical human spirit can be thought, brought to a palpable reality, expressed in an oral and then a written form. Studied together, temporality (sacred or not) and space are permanently imagined together. For example, a loss of mundane temporality in the secret ecstasy that offers to the soul an ascending direction does not mean getting out of universal temporality, but of its mundane section. In the sacred space the soul relates to time. Even the gods are submitted by the sacred, Aeon sometimes being synonymous to destiny. The universal creator seems to evade every touch, but not consistently, only when he avoids the descent into its created worlds. In sacredness, time and space seem or become confused, both expressing the same reality, by the immediate swing from thinking to deed. The mythical imagery conceives the displacement in the primary space-temporality by the spoken word. So, for something to appear and live, the spoken word is required. Even the divine dream appears as a pre-word of a creator’s thought. The thought follows the spoken word, the spoken word follows the gestures which finally indicate the meanings of the creative act, controlling the rhythm of the creation days. These three will later be adapted through imitation in rite. We are now situated at the limit of the physical world, a real challenge for the mythical imagery. The general feature of the mythical expression on the creation of the material world is the state of the divinity’s exhaustion, most often conceptualized by sacrifice or divine fatigue. The world geography identifies with the anatomy of a self-gutted god. Practically, material creation is most likely the complete revelation of God’s body autopsy. As each body decomposes, everything in it is an illusion. An axial approach of the phenomenon exists in all religious systems. The created element’s origin is exterior, with or without a pre-existing matter, by a god’s sacrifice or only because it has to be that way. This is the starting point of the discussion on the symbolism of axiality as a reason for the constitution of the language of creation, capable of retelling the imaginary construction of myth in an oral and then written form.

L’absence chez Michel Butor. L’Emploi du temps et Degrés

2012 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Michał Mrozowicki
Keyword(s):  
Human Memory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Michel Butor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Narrative Mode ◽  
The City

Michel Butor, born in 1926, one of the leaders of the French New Novel movement, has written only four novels between 1954 and 1960. The most famous of them is La Modification (Second thoughts), published in 1957. The author of the paper analyzes two other Butor’s novels: L’Emploi du temps (Passing time) – 1956, and Degrés (Degrees) – 1960. The theme of absence is crucial in both of them. In the former, the novel, presented as the diary of Jacques Revel, a young Frenchman spending a year in Bleston (a fictitious English city vaguely similar to Manchester), describes the narrator’s struggle to survive in a double – spatial and temporal – labyrinth. The first of them, formed by Bleston’s streets, squares and parks, is symbolized by the City plan. During his one year sojourn in the city, using its plan, Revel learns patiently how to move in its different districts, and in its strange labyrinth – strange because devoid any centre – that at the end stops annoying him. The other, the temporal one, symbolized by the diary itself, the labyrinth of the human memory, discovered by the narrator rather lately, somewhere in the middle of the year passed in Bleston, becomes, by contrast, more and more dense and complex, which is reflected by an increasinly complex narration used to describe the past. However, at the moment Revel is leaving the city, he is still unable to recall and to describe the events of the 29th of February 1952. This gap, this absence, symbolizes his defeat as the narrator, and, in the same time, the human memory’s limits. In Degrees temporal and spatial structures are also very important. This time round, however, the problems of the narration itself, become predominant. Considered from this point of view, the novel announces Gerard Genette’s work Narrative Discourse and his theoretical discussion of two narratological categories: narrative voice and narrative mode. Having transgressed his narrative competences, Pierre Vernier, the narrator of the first and the second parts of the novel, who, taking as a starting point, a complete account of one hour at school, tries to describe the whole world and various aspects of the human civilization for the benefit of his nephew, Pierre Eller, must fail and disappear, as the narrator, from the third part, which is narrated by another narrator, less audacious and more credible.

OWNERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND THE STATE AS THE HOLDER OF THE PROPERTY RIGHT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION IN 1991

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1993-2005
Author(s):  
Shemsije Demiri ◽  
Rudina Kaja
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Function ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Republic

This paper deals with the right to property in general terms from its source in Roman law, which is the starting point for all subsequent legal systems. As a result of this, the acquisition of property rights is handled from the historical point of view, with the inclusion of various local and international literature and studies, as well as the legal aspect devoted to the respective civil codes of the states cited in the paper.Due to such socio-economic developments, state ownership and its ownership function have changed. The state function as owner of property also changed in Macedonia's property law.The new constitutional sequence of the Republic of Macedonia since 1991 became privately owned as a dominant form of ownership, however, state ownership also exists.This process of transforming social property into state or private (dissolves), in Macedonia starts from Yugoslavia through privatization, return and denationalization measures, on which basis laws on privatization have been adopted. Because of this, there will be particularly intensive negotiations regaring the remaining state assets.

Enzyme Promiscuous Activity: How to Define it and its Evolutionary Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-410
Author(s):  
Valentina De Luca ◽  
Luigi Mandrich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Evolution ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Enzyme Promiscuity ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Main Activity

: Enzymes are among the most studied biological molecules because better understanding enzymes structure and activity will shed more light on their biological processes and regulation; from a biotechnological point of view there are many examples of enzymes used with the aim to obtain new products and/or to make industrial processes less invasive towards the environment. Enzymes are known for their high specificity in the recognition of a substrate but considering the particular features of an increasing number of enzymes this is not completely true, in fact, many enzymes are active on different substrates: this ability is called enzyme promiscuity. Usually, promiscuous activities have significantly lower kinetic parameters than to that of primary activity, but they have a crucial role in gene evolution. It is accepted that gene duplication followed by sequence divergence is considered a key evolutionary mechanism to generate new enzyme functions. In this way, promiscuous activities are the starting point to increase a secondary activity in the main activity and then get a new enzyme. The primary activity can be lost or reduced to a promiscuous activity. In this review we describe the differences between substrate and enzyme promiscuity, and its rule in gene evolution. From a practical point of view the knowledge of promiscuity can facilitate the in vitro progress of proteins engineering, both for biomedical and industrial applications. In particular, we report cases regarding esterases, phosphotriesterases and cytochrome P450.

Design of Inhibitors for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Enzyme of Leishmania mexicana

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-795
Author(s):  
Krisnna M.A. Alves ◽  
Fábio José Bonfim Cardoso ◽  
Kathia M. Honorio ◽  
Fábio A. de Molfetta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Leishmania Mexicana ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Selection Of

Background:: Leishmaniosis is a neglected tropical disease and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme in the design of new drugs to fight this disease. Objective:: The present study aimed to evaluate potential inhibitors of GAPDH enzyme found in Leishmania mexicana (L. mexicana). Methods: A search for novel antileishmanial molecules was carried out based on similarities from the pharmacophoric point of view related to the binding site of the crystallographic enzyme using the ZINCPharmer server. The molecules selected in this screening were subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Results:: Consensual analysis of the docking energy values was performed, resulting in the selection of ten compounds. These ligand-receptor complexes were visually inspected in order to analyze the main interactions and subjected to toxicophoric evaluation, culminating in the selection of three compounds, which were subsequently submitted to molecular dynamics simulations. The docking results showed that the selected compounds interacted with GAPDH from L. mexicana, especially by hydrogen bonds with Cys166, Arg249, His194, Thr167, and Thr226. From the results obtained from molecular dynamics, it was observed that one of the loop regions, corresponding to the residues 195-222, can be related to the fitting of the substrate at the binding site, assisting in the positioning and the molecular recognition via residues responsible for the catalytic activity. Conclusion:: he use of molecular modeling techniques enabled the identification of promising compounds as inhibitors of the GAPDH enzyme from L. mexicana, and the results obtained here can serve as a starting point to design new and more effective compounds than those currently available.

History and Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Writing ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Current Return ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
Three Phases

This introductory chapter assesses the role of theory in history and traces the developments in the discipline of history. Theoretical reflection about the ‘true nature’ of history fulfils three interrelated practical functions. First, theory legitimizes a specific historical practice—a specific way of ‘doing history’—as the best one from an epistemological and a methodological point of view. Second, theory sketches a specific programme of doing history. Third, theoretical reflections demarcate a specific way of ‘doing history’ from other ways of ‘doing history’, which are excluded or degraded. The chapter then considers three phases of theoretical changes from analytical to narrative philosophy of history, and then on to ‘history from below’ and the ‘presence’ of history, ultimately leading to the current return of fundamental ontological and normative questions concerning the status of history and history-writing.

scholarly journals Vertical Distribution Relations for Special Cycles on Unitary Shimura Varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 2020 (13) ◽  
pp. 3902-3926
Author(s):  
Réda Boumasmoud ◽  
Ernest Hunter Brooks ◽  
Dimitar P Jetchev
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complex Multiplication ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Unitary Groups ◽  
Shimura Varieties ◽  
Heegner Points ◽  
Universal Norm

Abstract We consider cycles on three-dimensional Shimura varieties attached to unitary groups, defined over extensions of a complex multiplication (CM) field $E$, which appear in the context of the conjectures of Gan et al. [6]. We establish a vertical distribution relation for these cycles over an anticyclotomic extension of $E$, complementing the horizontal distribution relation of [8], and use this to define a family of norm-compatible cycles over these fields, thus obtaining a universal norm construction similar to the Heegner $\Lambda $-module constructed from Heegner points.

scholarly journals On Strengthening the Interest of Architecture Students in Bio-informed Solutions: A Systematic Approach for Learning from Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2138
Author(s):  
Semra Arslan Selçuk ◽  
Güneş Mutlu Avinç
Keyword(s):  
Design Education ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Architectural Structures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Relationships

The bio-informed concept, which means “designing by learning from nature’s best ideas” as an approach, method, tool, discipline or strategy, is one of the most important research areas of today. It does not only shape designs, but also is based on collaborative/interactive/creative methods in education and can be integrated with contemporary educational approaches. This paper questions how to translate the bio-knowledge, which can be an effective and useful method for developing designers’ skills such as system-thinking, innovative thinking and problem-based learning, to design education in an easy and understandable way. In this context, the method of determining and applying biological phenomena/systems into architectural design process through the “natural language approach” is investigated. With this research, it is aimed to open the way to reach more innovative and sustainable solutions by establishing a bridge between architectural and biological terminology while creating architectural structures. It has been shown how to increase the biodiversity utilized for bio-informed solutions in the architectural field by proposing a systematic approach to search for biological systems. From this point of view, this study emphasizes the importance of promoting the bio-informed design approach, increasing interdisciplinary relationships and orienting individuals to nature for creativity and sustainability.

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