Assessment of Pharmacist Led Patient Counseling Program for Hypertension Management: The Transformative Role of Community Pharmacies in Chronic Disease Management

Background: Effective management of hypertension depends on efficacy of therapy as well as patient adherence to medication therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. As one of the important member of primary healthcare team, community pharmacists can play a key role in counseling patients and managing their chronic illnesses. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of pharmacist counseling on management of hypertension of patients attending community pharmacies in twin cities of Pakistan. Methodology: A randomized, controlled, single blinded, pre-post intervention study design was used. Pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group A (intervention) were targeted for training while no training was given to the pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group B (control). The total numbers of patients were 40 in each group while estimating a drop-out rate of 25%. Patients in the intervention group received special counseling sessions by the community pharmacist whereas those in the control group received the usual pharmacy services for six months. Pre-validated tool hypertension knowledge level scale was used to assess disease knowledge. The questionnaire was administered by the pharmacists to the respondents at baseline and after 6 months. Data was cleaned, coded and analyzed in SPSS 21. Results: The results of the present study showed that respondents having hypertension since the past one year had comparatively better knowledge (23.83, ±0.40) after six months of counseling. Mean knowledge scores regarding hypertension among intervention group at baseline was (15.60, ±3.33) which was improved after six months (18.35, ±2.31). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure also improved in intervention group after 6 months of counseling. Significant difference was observed (p≤0.05) in pre-post intervention knowledge regarding hypertension management. Knowledge of patients was improved regarding different aspects of hypertension management after counseling by community pharmacists. Conclusion: The results of the current study concluded that counseling by community pharmacist had a positive impact on hypertension management. Educational programs should be initiated by community pharmacists as this can lead to improvement in blood pressure goals, disease knowledge and medication adherence and enhance the image of pharmacist as a key health care member in management of chronic diseases.

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Impact of Community Pharmacy Diabetes Care Program on Knowledge and Glycemic Control: An Unexplored Opportunity for Community Pharmacists in Pakistan

International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders ◽

10.33140/ijdmd.05.05.02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Patient Adherence ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Post Intervention

Background: Effective management of diabetes mellitus depends on efficacy of therapy as well as patient adherence to medication therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. One of the most important tools to improve patient adherence is counseling. Community pharmacists can effectively contribute to patient care as they have the expertise and accessibility to do the task appropriately. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of pharmacist counseling on glucose control and medication adherence of diabetic patients attending community pharmacies in Pakistan. Method: A randomized, controlled, single blinded, pre-post intervention study design was used. The respondents included patients diagnosed with both diabetes mellitus (Type I or II) visiting community pharmacies for purchasing their regular medicine. Simple random sampling technique by lottery method was used to select community pharmacies to be included in-group A (intervention n=4) and group B (control n=4). The total number of patients were 40 in each group while estimating a drop-out rate of 25%. Convenience sampling technique was used to select patients visiting community pharmacies. Patients in the intervention group received special counseling. Blood glucose was checked after every 15 days for a period of six months. Pre-validated tools such as diabetes knowledge questionnaire 24 and brief medication questionnaire were used. Data was cleaned, coded and analyzed in SPSS 21. Wilcoxon test (p≥0.05) was used to compare pre-post intervention knowledge regarding diabetes and. Mann-Whitney test (p≥0.05) was used to find differences among medication adherence among control and intervention groups as well as pre and post intervention. Results: The results of the present study showed that respondents having diabetes since the past 1-3 years had comparatively better knowledge scores (18.8, 3±2.04) after intervention. Mean knowledge scores regarding diabetes mellitus among intervention group at baseline was (16.02, ±2.93) which was improved after six months (19.97, ±2.66). Significant difference was observed (p≤0.05) in pre-post intervention knowledge regarding diabetes management. Knowledge of patients was improved regarding different aspects of diabetes management after counseling by community pharmacists. The fasting blood glucose improved at three months (9.32, ±1.92) and after six months (8.95, ±1.45) in intervention group. Conclusion: The results of the current study concluded that counseling by community pharmacist has a positive impact on blood glucose management among diabetic and patients. Educational programs should be initiated by community pharmacists as this can lead to improvement in glycemic control and enhance the image of pharmacist as a key health care member in management of chronic diseases.

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Lifestyle counselling and behavioural change: role among adult hypertensives in a rural tertiary institution

South African Family Practice ◽

10.4102/safp.v61i3.4979 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

A. O. Ayodapo ◽

T. A.V. Olukokun

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Behavioural Change ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Lifestyle Counselling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Background: In spite of the availability of myriads of antihypertensive medications, the control of high blood pressure is still low. Studies on effect of lifestyle behavioural changes through counselling on blood pressure control are scant in Nigeria. Therefore, this study set out to determine the role of lifestyle counselling on behavioural change among hypertensive patients attending the Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti.Methods: A total of 322 adult hypertensive participants who had been on treatment for at least three consecutive months were randomised into two groups. Relevant data were collected using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire and clinical parameters were measured pre- and post-intervention. The intervention group was counselled on lifestyle behaviours, namely regular exercise, eating adequate fruits and vegetables, moderate alcohol intake and cessation of smoking.Results: Post-intervention, among the intervention group 22.4%, 71.4% and 100%, as compared with the control group at 6.2%, 41.0% and 87.6%, met recommendations for physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption and alcohol consumption respectively. The difference in each category was statistically significant (p 0.001). However, the difference in smoking habits between the two groups (83.9% vs. 79.5%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.313). There was a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in the difference in mean arterial pressure (96.4 ± 8.1 vs 106.2 ± 7.6 mmHg) between the intervention and control group post-intervention.Conclusion: Lifestyle modifications form part of an important and effective treatment modality for hypertension. It is desirable that primary care physicians devise and implement clinical and public health strategies that promote and maintain a combination of pharmacologic interventions and lifestyle modifications.

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A pilot project to assess community pharmacists' knowledge and caring behaviors for recurrent headache sufferers after a migraine-focused educational intervention

INNOVATIONS in pharmacy ◽

10.24926/iip.v5i4.363 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Kelly A. Murray ◽

Monica L. Skomo ◽

Sandra M. Carter

Keyword(s):

Educational Intervention ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Original Research ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Before And After

Objectives: (1) Compare pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge of migraine before and after an educational intervention; (2) Compare pharmacists' self-reported care behaviors following an educational intervention with a control group of pharmacists; (3) Identify interactions between the educational intervention results and individual independent variables. Design: Quasi-experimental, parallel design. Setting: Twenty community pharmacies in northeastern Oklahoma from March to May 2010. Participants: 49 pharmacists at one of twenty community pharmacies, with active and in-good-standing Oklahoma pharmacy licenses. Intervention: Two-hour educational session on migraine identification and current treatment. Main outcome measures: Compare pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge of migraine before and after an educational intervention and compare self-reported care behaviors of these same pharmacists with a control group of pharmacists. Results: Pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge mean scores were significantly higher post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (p<0.0001). Self-assessed knowledge was higher in the intervention group post-questionnaire scores compared to the control group of pharmacists (p=0.004). Intervention group pharmacists were more confident in their ability to maintain knowledge of migraine (p=0.04). No difference was seen regarding difficulty in providing care for a migraineur (p=0.16) or in how the pharmacists perceived employer culture (p=0.79). No significant interactions were found between the educational intervention and demographic variables collected. Conclusion: Attending an educational program on migraine improved pharmacists' knowledge and confidence when providing care to migraineurs. Type: Original Research

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COUNSELLING ACTIVITIES OF DRUG USE IN 58 COMMUNITY PHARMACIES AT HUE CITY

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2017.3.11 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 75-80

Author(s):

Quoc Duong Doan ◽

Thi Ha Vo

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Drug Use ◽

Community Pharmacy ◽

Key Words ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Cough Headache ◽

Rational Drug ◽

Question Survey

Background: Community pharmacists play an important role in counseling of rational drug use for population. The study aimed to characterize counselling activities of drug use and demand of counselling tools at some community pharmacies at Hue City. Materials and method: A 17-question survey were asked to fill pharmacy staffs of a convenient sample of 100 community pharmacies at Hue City from 2/2017 to 7/2017. Results: There were 58 pharmacies (58.0%) answered this survey. Cough, headache, fever, high blood pressure and diabetes were the most popular symptoms/diseases presented in pharmacies. Patients often need counselling about dose (82.8%) and when to take medicine (79.3%). The main bariers for counselling were a lack of time (53.4%), and of skills/medthods for counseling (31.7%). About 96.6% pharmacies demanded counselling tools and favorite formats were book (32.9%) or pocket handbook (29.3%). Conclusion: Most pharmacies demanded counselling tools. Other studies should be conducted to develop supporting tools for counseling and to assess the quality of counseling in pharmacies. Key words: community pharmacy, counseling of drug use, pharmacist, Hue

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Effect of “Spatially Separated Speech in Noise Training” on speech perception in noise in children with bimodal fitting

The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology ◽

10.1186/s43163-021-00130-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Younes Lotfi ◽

Mahdieh Hasanalifard ◽

Abdollah Moossavi ◽

Enayatollah Bakhshi ◽

Mohammad Ajalloueyan

Keyword(s):

Speech Perception ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Auditory Training ◽

Control Group ◽

Interventional Study ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Speech Perception In Noise ◽

Speech In Noise ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Recognition Ability

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of “Spatially separated speech in noise” auditory training on the ability of speech perception in noise among bimodal fitting users. The assumption was that the rehabilitation can enhance spatial hearing and hence speech in noise perception. This study was an interventional study, with a pre/post-design. Speech recognition ability was assessed with the specific tests. After performing the rehabilitation stages in the intervention group, the speech tests were again implemented, and by comparing the pre- and post-intervention data, the effect of auditory training on the speech abilities was assessed. Twenty-four children of 8–12 years who had undergone cochlear implantation and continuously used bimodal fitting were investigated in two groups of control and intervention. Results The results showed a significant difference between the groups in different speech tests after the intervention, which indicated that the intervention group have improved more than the control group. Conclusion It can be concluded that “Spatially separated speech in noise” auditory training can improve the speech perception in noise in bimodal fitting users. In general, this rehabilitation method is useful for enhancing the speech in noise perception ability.

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SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EFFECT ON MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY IN SOUTH- SOUTH ZONE IN NIGERIA

Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22270/ujpr.v6i5.670 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mgbahurike AA ◽

Oduogu SO ◽

Bagbi BM

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Peer Review ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Research Centre ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Significant Difference

Background to study: Effective management of hypertension is influenced by several factors that center on social and economic status of the patient. Identification of these factors will enable informed intervention in the management of hypertensive patients. Objective: The study aimed to determine possible association between blood pressure control and socioeconomic status of patients who are managed in community pharmacies in Rivers State. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of thirty-nine community pharmacies was conducted between July and December 2018. A total of 195 respondents participated in the study. Every patient’s consent was obtained. Further information on patients’ demographics were extracted from pharmacists’ documentation files. Such include age, medication patient is on, duration of hypertension, co-morbidity, income/ social status, and habits like smoking, alcohol consumption, educational status, and mean blood pressure over the study period. The outcome measure taken as controlled blood pressure was mean BP ≤140/90 mm Hg for the general population and BP 130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes as co-morbidity. BP >140/90 mm Hg was considered as uncontrolled blood pressure. Result: A total of 195 respondents participated in the study, of which 105(53.8%) were male and 90(46.2%) were female. Out of this number 75(38.5%) were below 40yrs of age, 105(53.8%) were between 41–50yrs of age and only 15(7.7%) were 60yrs and above. More female had BP control compared to the male (OR 1.89, 95% CI (1.16 - 3.0), P=0.009. Patients within ages 41 - 59yrs had more controlled BP compared to older age, 60yrs and above, OR 1.48, 95% CI (0.84 - 2.42) p 0.18. Uncontrolled BP was found more among employed patients and patients with highest monthly income, OR 1.05 95% CI (0.58 - 2.00); OR 1.16 95% CI (0.49 - 2.78) P, 0.36 respectively. Exercise activities have significant impact on BP control as alcohol consumption increased OR of BP control with no significant difference in OR on amount of monthly expenditure on medications. Conclusion: Male gender, employment, and high income earning have negative effect on BP control while exercise is associated with BP control. Peer Review History: Received: 4 September 2021; Revised: 10 October; Accepted: 21 October, Available online: 15 November 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected] Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected] Similar Articles: PRESCRIPTION PATTERN OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN KERALA AND ADHERENCE TO JNC-8 GUIDELINES

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Perubahan antropometri, kalsium darah, tekanan darah, dan kebugaran fisik akibat asupan susu kambing pada olahragawan

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.53967 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Yusni Yusni ◽

Amiruddin Amiruddin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Sports Nutrition ◽

T Test ◽

Muscle Endurance ◽

Blood Calcium ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

Changes in anthropometry, blood calcium, blood pressure, and physical fitness due to goat's milk intake in athletesBackground: The intake of healthy-balanced nutrition is needed by athletes. The complex nutritional content of goat milk such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral acts as sports nutrition during and after training. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of goat milk on physical fitness, anthropometrics, blood calcium, and blood pressure in athletes. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted using healthy human subjects. Subjects were runners (n=10 people) as the control group and gymnasts (n=19 people) as the treatment group, male, age 21-27 years, and healthy. Bodyweight (BW), Height, and Body Mass Index (BMI), blood calcium, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), and physical fitness were examined two times, before and after consuming goat milk. Intervention: fresh goat milk, 250 mg/day (after dinner), and given for 90 days. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Results: There was no difference between BW (p=0.07), BMI (p=0.08), and DBP (p=0.24), but instead there was a significant difference in SBP (p=0.00) before and after goat milk intervention in the experimental group. Blood calcium was significantly increased (p=0.00) in the intervention group, whereas reverse decreased significantly (p=0.02) in controls. A significant difference before and after therapy was found in speed (p=0.00), arm muscle endurance (p=0.01), an-aerobic endurance (p=0.00), agility (p=0.02), however, there was no significant difference between leg muscle power (p=0.13), flexibility (p=0.23), an endurance of abdominal muscles (p=0.26), VO2 max (p=1.15) in the intervention group. Conclusions: Regular consumption of goat milk can reduce SBP, increase blood calcium levels, and improve physical fitness (speed, arm muscle endurance, anaerobic endurance, and agility) in athletes. Goat milk is an essential role in sports nutrition for physical fitness and athlete's health.

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Perceptions of caregivers on immunization in Ntungamo district, Uganda

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 5729

Author(s):

Byamukama Topher ◽

Keraka M. Margaret ◽

Gitonga Eliphas

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

And Control

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions to reduce child mortality and morbidity associated with infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the perceptions of caregivers on immunization in Ntungamo district.Methods: Quasi-experimental study was used with health centres assigned to intervention and control groups. Purposive sampling was used to select the two counties where the study was done. Proportional sampling was done to get study samples from each health facility, while systematic sampling was done to get study participants. A total of 787 children from twelve health facilities provided the study sample. A post intervention evaluation was conducted to determine the effect of these interventions. Association of variables was tested using Mann Whitney U-test and Chi-square.Results: On benefits, most caregivers in the intervention group (85.3%) and in the control group (54.3%) regarded immunization as very highly and moderately beneficial to their children respectively. On risks, most caregivers in the intervention group (85.5%) and control group (43.1%) regarded the risk factor associated with immunization as very low and moderate respectively. From hypothesis testing, there was a significant difference on the perceived benefits and risks of immunization between the intervention and control group.Conclusions: Most caregivers in the intervention and control group regarded immunization as very highly beneficial and moderately to their children respectively. Most of the caregivers in the intervention and control group regarded the risk factor associated with immunization as very low and moderate respectively.

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Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Participation in Physical Activity: A quasi-experimental model-based study

10.21203/rs.2.22356/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saeideh Shahsavari ◽

Sakineh dadipoor ◽

Mohtasham Ghaffari ◽

Ali Safari-Moradabadi

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Stages Of Change ◽

Intervention Group ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quasi Experimental

Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to assess readiness to become or stay physically active according to the Stages of Change Model.Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 women working in the healthcare centres of Bandar Abbas, Iran. The sampling method is clustering in type. The subjects were assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The collected data were analysed by SPSS-16 software using descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent-sample t-test, paired-sample t-test and Chi-square test.Results: Before the educational intervention, 19 subjects (0.38%) from the intervention group showed to have regular physical activity (4-5 stages). This number changed to 29 (0.58%) and 25 (0.50%) after three months and six months of intervention. A statistically significant difference was found before the intervention and 3 and 6 months afterwards (P˂.001). In the control group, no statistically significant difference was found between the pre-intervention and post-intervention (three months (P=.351) and six months (P=.687).Conclusion: The educational intervention based on the stages of behaviour change model showed to be effective in promoting the physical activity of employed women. These findings may benefit health education researchers and practitioners who tend to develop innovative theory-based interventions and strategies to increase the level of physical activity in women.

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Effects of a Meal Replacement on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters among Subjects with Overweight or Obesity

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2018/2837367 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xiaohui Guo ◽

Yifan Xu ◽

Hairong He ◽

Hao Cai ◽

Jianfen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Composition ◽

Total Energy ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

Meal Replacement ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Meal replacement plans are effective tools for weight loss and improvement of various clinical characteristics but not sustainable due to the severe energy restriction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of meal replacement, specifically 388 kcal in total energy, on body composition and metabolic parameters in individuals with overweight and obesity from a Chinese population. A parallel, randomized controlled trial was performed with 174 participants (ChiCTR-OOC-17012000). The intervention group (N=86) was provided with a dinner meal replacement, and the control group (N=88) continued their routine diet as before. Body composition and blood parameters were assessed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. A post hoc analysis (least significant difference (LSD) test), repeated measurements, and pairedT-test were used to compare each variable within and between groups. Significant (p<0.001) improvements in body composition components were observed among the intervention group, including body weight (−4.3 ± 3.3%), body mass index (−4.3 ± 3.3%), waist circumference (−4.3 ± 4.4%), fat-free mass (−1.8 ± 2.9%), and body fat mass (−5.3 ± 8.8%). Body composition improvements corresponded with significant metabolic improvements of blood glucose (−4.7 ± 9.8%). Further improvements in visceral fat area (−7.7 ± 10.1%), accompanying with improvements in systolic (−3.7 ± 6.9%) and diastolic (−5.3 ± 7.7%) blood pressure, were only found in male subjects. To conclude, meal replacement intake with 388 kcal in total energy at dinner time for 12 weeks contributed to improvement in body composition and clinically significant metabolic parameters in both male and female participants with overweight/obesity. Additionally, glucose and blood pressure reduction were gender-specific highlighting the importance of gender stratification for design of nutritional intervention studies for improvement of health.

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