scholarly journals The Immunologic Role of Vitamins C and D and Their Potential in the Management of COVID-19 Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
Chrystal D. Antoine-Frank ◽  
Rimanatou Seyni Boureima ◽  
Kaydeonne T. Ellis ◽  
Malcolm (Jr) R. Antoine ◽  
Merina Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 causes COVID-19 infection. Vitamins C and D have been investigated for their effects on COVID-19 including the severity of it’s symptoms and complications. These vitamins may provide some benefits against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 as they modulate the immune system in addition to having anti-viral effects. This review will investigate the effects of vitamins C and D on COVID-19 infection to determine their benefits in the management of patients infected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

scholarly journals Thromboses and Hemostasis Disorders Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Possible Causal Role of Cross-Reactivity and Immunological Imprinting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Thromboembolic Complications ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Almost All

AbstractBy examining the issue of the thromboses and hemostasis disorders associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through the lens of cross-reactivity, it was found that 60 pentapeptides are shared by SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp) and human proteins that— when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning— cause vascular diseases, thromboembolic complications, venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, and bleeding, inter alia. The peptide commonality has a relevant immunological potential as almost all of the shared sequences are present in experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes, thus supporting the possibility of cross-reactions between the viral gp and the thromboses-related human proteins. Moreover, many of the shared peptide sequences are also present in pathogens to which individuals have previously been exposed following natural infection or vaccinal routes, and of which the immune system has stored imprint. Such an immunological memory might rapidly trigger anamnestic secondary cross-reactive responses of extreme affinity and avidity, in this way explaining the thromboembolic adverse events that can associate with SARS-CoV-2 infection or active immunization.

CORONAVIRUS: Pathology, Immunology and Therapies.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Clinical Protocols ◽  
Biochemical Mechanism ◽  
The Family

Abstract Coronavirus is a family of positive single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of coronaviridae. Coronavirus-19 infection (COVID-19) has appeared in 2019 and so there is no effective treatment that can eradicate it. The objective of this review is to present data on cellular and molecular characteristic of virus infection and also elucidate all molecular associated events with covid-19 infection in patients. The infection in humans can cause diseases ranging from a common cold to more serious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease that it transmits (Covid-19) cannot be cured with conventional treatments. However, a large number of protocols have been implemented based on the sequels that it produces. In this review we summarize 1) the role of immune system against this pathogen as well as the biochemical mechanism by which squealed is responsible for disease progression 2) the possibility or not that patients who have suffered the disease have antibodies against the virus and 3) the clinical protocols used in order to mitigate induced-damage by virus.

scholarly journals Milieu Relevance of Melanin’s Antiviral Effects and Interventions to the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Institutional Racism ◽  
Preventative Treatment ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected melanin dominant people, while on the continent of Africa, this novel strain does not appear to have decimated the population. Contrary to many scientific expectations, native Africans on the continent are less impacted compared to the global number of infections in other regions of the world. Therefore, an analysis of the role of melanin and milieu should be assessed by healthcare providers who have a concern for melanin-dominant populations. Questions are raised that Melanin has antiviral effects and there are additional factors derived from comorbidity that impact the susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) embedded in institutional racism (aka the system of white supremacy-Milieu). Dietary practices, access to healthcare, lifestyle and genetics can influence the severity of illnesses associated with contracting this virulent coronavirus via intense erratic activation of the immune system among those subjected to a plethora of chronic societal stressors. In summary, this article will address the effects of this crisis on people of African descent and suggest alternative treatments as an intermediary, rather than exclusive reliance on a vaccine as preventative treatment. The relevance of such discourse is critical given America’s medical history, which has fostered profound distrust among her melanin-dominant citizenry.

Role of Vitamins, Minerals and Herbs in Strengthening immune system against the newly Emerging Viral Disease SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
Ajay I. Patel ◽  
Pooja R. Maru ◽  
Ashok B. Patel ◽  
Amitkumar J. Vyas ◽  
Nilesh K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Stage ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection Attack mainly on the immune system of the body. The current pandemic situation of COVID-19 has broken the social-economical Condition of the World. The Available Allopathic drug Paramedical system is attempting to manage the symptoms. But, there are no significant effects of the available drug system. So, it is better to move toward a supplement system that improves the body's immune system. Herbs, Minerals, and Vitamins can be boosting body immunity and prevent the respiratory Viral Disease SARS-CoV-2. It gives its response in the Primary Stage of COVID-19. So, it is better to towards the natural herbals, Minerals, and vitamins which can improve the immunity of the body and it can possibly prevent the viral infection.

scholarly journals Cytokine Storm Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Functional Role of Mast Cells

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Bahareh Hafezi ◽  
Lily Chan ◽  
Jason P. Knapp ◽  
Negar Karimi ◽  
Kimia Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Present Evidence

Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal respiratory distress. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 can result in uncontrolled production of cytokines and eventually the development of cytokine storm syndrome. Mast cells may react to viruses in collaboration with other cells and lung autopsy findings from patients that died from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) showed accumulation of mast cells in the lungs that was thought to be the cause of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and thrombosis. In this review, we present evidence that a cytokine response by mast cells may initiate inappropriate antiviral immune responses and cause the development of cytokine storm syndrome. We also explore the potential of mast cell activators as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the medications that target the functions of mast cells and could be of value in the treatment of COVID-19. Recognition of the cytokine storm is crucial for proper treatment of patients and preventing the release of mast cell mediators, as impeding the impacts imposed by these mediators could reduce the severity of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Lymphopenia in COVID-19: γδ T Cells-Based Therapeutic Opportunities

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Elena Lo Presti ◽  
Francesco Dieli ◽  
Serena Meraviglia
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection dysregulates the immune system by lymphopenia of B cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and cytotoxic cells such as CD8, γδ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Despite many studies being conducted to better understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the immune system, many mechanisms still remain unclear, hindering the development of novel therapeutic approaches and strategies to improve the host’s immune defense. This mini-review summarizes the findings on the role of γδ T cells in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), providing an overview of the excellent anti-viral therapeutic potential of γδ T cells, that had not yet been exploited in depth.

scholarly journals The miRNA: a small but powerful RNA for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1137-1149
Author(s):  
Song Zhang ◽  
Kuerbannisha Amahong ◽  
Xiuna Sun ◽  
Xichen Lian ◽  
Jin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a severe and rapidly evolving epidemic. Now, although a few drugs and vaccines have been proved for its treatment and prevention, little systematic comments are made to explain its susceptibility to humans. A few scattered studies used bioinformatics methods to explore the role of microRNA (miRNA) in COVID-19 infection. Combining these timely reports and previous studies about virus and miRNA, we comb through the available clues and seemingly make the perspective reasonable that the COVID-19 cleverly exploits the interplay between the small miRNA and other biomolecules to avoid being effectively recognized and attacked from host immune protection as well to deactivate functional genes that are crucial for immune system. In detail, SARS-CoV-2 can be regarded as a sponge to adsorb host immune-related miRNA, which forces host fall into dysfunction status of immune system. Besides, SARS-CoV-2 encodes its own miRNAs, which can enter host cell and are not perceived by the host’s immune system, subsequently targeting host function genes to cause illnesses. Therefore, this article presents a reasonable viewpoint that the miRNA-based interplays between the host and SARS-CoV-2 may be the primary cause that SARS-CoV-2 accesses and attacks the host cells.

scholarly journals The immune system view of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Celardo ◽  
Luigia Pace ◽  
Loredana Cifaldi ◽  
Carlo Gaudio ◽  
Vincenzo Barnaba
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Infection ◽  
System View ◽  
Host Pathogen

AbstractKnowing the “point of view” of the immune system is essential to understand the characteristic of a pandemic, such as that generated by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, responsible for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In this review, we will discuss the general host/pathogen interactions dictating protective immune response or immunopathology, addressing the role of immunity or immunopathology in influencing the clinical infection outcome, and debate the potential immunoprophylactic and immunotherapy strategies required to fight the virus infection.

scholarly journals The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Human Respiratory Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Saber Soltani ◽  
Armin Zakeri ◽  
Milad Zandi ◽  
Mina Mobini Kesheh ◽  
Alireza Tabibzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Microbiota

Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a worldwide pandemic with millions of infected patients. Alteration in humans’ microbiota was also reported in COVID-19 patients. The alteration in human microbiota may contribute to bacterial or viral infections and affect the immune system. Moreover, human’s microbiota can be altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these microbiota changes can indicate the progression of COVID-19. While current studies focus on the gut microbiota, it seems necessary to pay attention to the lung microbiota in COVID-19. This study is aimed at reviewing respiratory microbiota dysbiosis among COVID-19 patients to encourage further studies on the field for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory microbiota interaction.

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