scholarly journals Diet and plasma cholesterol in dairy cows

1955 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-141
Author(s):  
Pellervo Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Liver Functions ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

When the results of 12 feeding trials conducted with a total of 141 Ayrshire cows were analyzed statistically the following results regarding the effects of diet on the plasma cholesterol content of dairy cows were obtained. The proportional amount of fat in the ration, the level of energy required and the digestible crude fiber in the ration have statistically shown a distinct positive influence upon the plasma cholesterol content. The statistical dependence of plasma cholesterol content on the level of digestible crude protein in the ration has varied according to the circumstances showing a positive correlation in cows in normal condition and negative correlation in case of well conditioned cows. A temporary energy overfeeding or slight underfeeding have not shown any distinct effect upon the plasma cholesterol content. An increase in the degree of fatness appeares to increase the level of cholesterol in blood plasma appreciably. The age of cows (2—13 years) apparently does not affect the level of plasma cholesterol. The results obtained with barren cows differ from those obtained with normal cows. The plasma cholesterol content can be used as a reliable indicator for several dietic factors which affect the liver functions but which are otherwise hard to establish.

Forage Quality and Animal Performance as Influenced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Dutt ◽  
R. G. Harvey ◽  
R. S. Fawcett ◽  
N. A. Jorgensen ◽  
H. J. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Fall applications of pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] control or suppress quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] in established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.). Studies were initiated to evaluate benefits of pronamide usage in areas where quackgrass is a problem. Alfalfa swards severely infested with quackgrass were treated with pronamide. Forage quality of first cutting alfalfa was significantly improved with pronamide usage, but second and third cutting forage quality was not greatly affected. First cutting hay from pronamide-treated and untreated areas was fed to goats and dairy cows in feeding trials. Animal intake of total forage dry matter, digestible dry matter, and digestible crude protein was increased with pronamide usage. A reduction in need for supplemental protein, an increase in efficiency in dry matter conversion into milk, and a 20% increase in milk production resulted from controlling quackgrass in alfalfa with pronamide.

Feeding standards for lactating riverine buffaloes in tropical conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHYAM S. PAUL ◽  
ASIT B. MANDAL ◽  
NITYA N. PATHAK
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Better Than

Data from 33 feeding trials, conducted on lactating riverine buffaloes from different institutes across India, were subjected to multiple regression analysis to derive nutritional requirements for dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP) and digestible crude protein (DCP) for maintenance, milk production and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for DM, TDN, CP and DCP were 59.9, 35.3, 5.43 and 3.14 g/kgW0.75, respectively; corresponding requirements for producing 1 kg 6% FCM were 688, 406, 90.3 and 55.2 g and for 1 g gain in body weight were 3.37, 1.97, 0.327 and 0.23 g. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.61, 0.66, 0.84 and 0.68 for prediction of DM, TDN, CP and DCP, respectively) and the equations (F-value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to derive feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. New standards predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards. Because they are based on a more thorough analysis of data, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for use widely in India.

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on a number of blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Degradable Protein

In 3 feeding trials high-yielding cows and heifers (102, 72 and 92, respectively) were given diets from week 2 of lactation containing grass silage and maize silage and concentrates with slowly or rapidly degradable protein (DP). Diets were given according to the standard or slightly above the standard for digestible crude protein and net energy for milk production. A sample of peripheral blood was taken immediately before the morning feed and at 3-4.5 h after the concentrate was given. Blood urea was higher and blood glucogenic amino acids were lower (P

Towards a common equine rationing system across the European Union

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
W Martin–Rosset
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SummarySince the 1980’s, two feed evaluation systems, the NRC and the INRA, have been proposed, suggesting allowances for energy and protein (Cuddeford, 1998). NRC recommendations include suggestions for digestible energy (DE) and digestible crude protein (DCP in 1978) and later crude protein (CP in 1989). INRA, (from 1984-1990), have firstly suggested the Net Energy System (NE), also referred to as the UFC system in French, (so called, as the NE system relies on expressing the NE value of a feed relative to a reference feed [barley], or Horse Feed Unit). The INRA have also gone on to recommend the Horse Digestible Crude Protein system (HDCP, or MADC in French). Whilst the INRA and NRC systems have both proposed nutritional requirements, the NRC is exclusive in its use of a protocol called the ‘factorial method’.The factorial method was initially contrived to allow for the determination of physiological expenditure, where the efficiencies of the nutrients were known and relevant. Other influences could then be considered by implementing feed trials to determine allowances which would take into account most environmental factors. Both the NRC and the INRA have proposed a range of Dry Matter Intake (DMI) values, which intend to meet the nutritional requirements of differing types of horses. DMI values provided by the INRA have been drawn directly from feeding experiments conducted over the last 30 years. Ingestibility of the main types of forages have also been extensively measured in horses, using feeding trials devoted to that purpose. The following chapter will review existing methods and suggest a progression strategy towards a common rationing system.

The effect of supplementary protein on the performance of dairy cows offered grass silage ad libitum

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Laird ◽  
A. T. Leggate ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Grazing Period

ABSTRACTSixty-four lactating dairy cows (Ayrshire, British Friesian and Shorthorn × Ayrshire) were offered grass silage with a dry-matter content of 258 g/kg, and containing 75 g/kg digestible crude protein and 64·6% digestible organic matter in the dry matter for an average period of 16·7 weeks. The control and supplemented groups, each of 32 cows, received concentrates containing on a fresh basis 14% and 18% crude protein respectively which were offered at the rate of 0·4 kg/kg milk for yields above 2·3 kg/day. The mean daily yields of milk were 17·4 and 19·5 kg/cow, silage dry-matter intake 8·16 and 9·00 kg/cow per day and concentrate dry-matter intake 5·36 and 5·94 kg/cow per day on the control and supplemented treatments respectively and these differences were highly significant. The treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and composition in the post-experimental grazing period.

scholarly journals Diurnal and daily variations in the composition of cow faeces

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo ◽  
Ulla Peltola ◽  
Kaija Kotilainen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria ◽  
Intensive Growth

The work is concerned with the diurnal and daily variations in the composition of cow faeces. Samples were taken from four dairy cows five times a day during the course of three days. The cows were fed on roughage and concentrates. The faecal samples were analysed for hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, crude protein, total ash and the ash soluble in 1N HCI. The following results were noted: Large variations occur in the composition of cow faeces. The largest variations relate to the cellulose, crude protein and total ash, whereas the content of lignin varies only little. Diurnal regularity was not noted. A close positive correlation was noted between the contents of hemicellulose and cellulose, as well as between the crude protein and the ash contents. A close negative correlation existed between both groups of carbohydrates and the crude protein, both carbohydrate groups and the ash, and between the crude protein and crude lignin. A high ash peak, attributable to sparingly soluble ash, was noted on several days. These ash-rich samples always have a high content of crude protein but a low content of carbohydrates. The digestibilities of the cellulose and crude protein were inversely related and varied during the same day of sampling within a range of as much as 12—13 percent units. The digestibility and rate of feed passage cannot be reliably evaluated by a grab sampling technique, at least not in instances when the cows are receiving both roughage and concentrates. As a possible reason for the variations it is suggested that the feed leaves the reticulorumen as different fractions. Shortly after the feeding, the material rich in concentrate moves on, whereas later mainly roughage material passes further into the alimentary tract. In the large intestines the former fraction results in a more intensive growth of bacteria, and the faeces originating from it contains a relatively higher proportion of bacterial matter.

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

scholarly journals Identification of Genomic Regions Associated with Concentrations of Milk Fat, Protein, Urea and Efficiency of Crude Protein Utilization in Grazing Dairy Cows

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Hewa Bahithige Pavithra Chathurangi Ariyarathne ◽  
Martin Correa-Luna ◽  
Hugh Thomas Blair ◽  
Dorian John Garrick ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Genomic Regions

The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with milk fat percentage (FP), crude protein percentage (CPP), urea concentration (MU) and efficiency of crude protein utilization (ECPU: ratio between crude protein yield in milk and dietary crude protein intake) using grazing, mixed-breed, dairy cows in New Zealand. Phenotypes from 634 Holstein Friesian, Jersey or crossbred cows were obtained from two herds at Massey University. A subset of 490 of these cows was genotyped using Bovine Illumina 50K SNP-chips. Two genome-wise association approaches were used, a single-locus model fitted to data from 490 cows and a single-step Bayes C model fitted to data from all 634 cows. The single-locus analysis was performed with the Efficient Mixed-Model Association eXpedited model as implemented in the SVS package. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide association p-values ≤ 1.11 × 10−6 were considered as putative quantitative trait loci (QTL). The Bayes C analysis was performed with the JWAS package and 1-Mb genomic windows containing SNPs that explained > 0.37% of the genetic variance were considered as putative QTL. Candidate genes within 100 kb from the identified SNPs in single-locus GWAS or the 1-Mb windows were identified using gene ontology, as implemented in the Ensembl Genome Browser. The genes detected in association with FP (MGST1, DGAT1, CEBPD, SLC52A2, GPAT4, and ACOX3) and CPP (DGAT1, CSN1S1, GOSR2, HERC6, and IGF1R) were identified as candidates. Gene ontology revealed six novel candidate genes (GMDS, E2F7, SIAH1, SLC24A4, LGMN, and ASS1) significantly associated with MU whose functions were in protein catabolism, urea cycle, ion transportation and N excretion. One novel candidate gene was identified in association with ECPU (MAP3K1) that is involved in post-transcriptional modification of proteins. The findings should be validated using a larger population of New Zealand grazing dairy cows.

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