KAJIAN PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU  PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BOYOLALI; Fokus pada Nilai Embodied Energy Bangunan

Abstract: Green architecture approach comes as a solution of solving the energy and environmental crises. Boyolali regency office became the research object by focusing on the value of embodied energy to determine and evaluate the energy consumed from the manufacturing of the material until the construction phase. This study uses a simulation method with modeling strategy at the masterplan area and the existing area to measure the embodied energy of the buildings. The results showed that the larger of the ground floor area, the greater of the embodied energy value of the building. In addition, a building which has more floors will save the value of the embodied energy compared to a one floor building with the same floor area. The existing condition showed the saving of the embodied energy value by 22.64% towards the masterplan because of its smaller total ground floor area. The impact of the floor area and floor number is used in determining the design recommendations by combining several buildings into one building to reduce the total floor area as well as to convert most buildings into two-story buildings. The simulation results from the proposed recommendation showed the efficiency of the embodied energy value, which is more optimal, by 21,76% towards the existing condition.Keywords: green architecture, embodied energy, office area, energy efficiencyAbstrak: Pendekatan arsitektur hijau hadir sebagai solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi dan lingkungan. Kantor pemerintahan Boyolali dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian dengan berfokus pada nilai embodied energy untuk menentukan dan mengevaluasi energi yang digunakan dari proses pengolahan material bangunan hingga fase konstruksi bangunan. Penelitian menggunakan metode simulasi dengan strategi pemodelan pada masterplan kawasan serta kondisi eksisting kawasan untuk mengukur nilai embodied energy bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar luas permukaan lantai bangunan, semakin besar nilai embodied energy pada bangunan tersebut. Selain itu, jumlah lantai yang lebih banyak akan menghemat nilai embodied energy jika dibandingkan dengan bangunan satu lantai dengan luas lantai dasar yang sama. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan penghematan nilai embodied energy sebesar 22,64% terhadap masterplan karena memiliki luas total lantai dasar lebih kecil. Dampak dari luas lantai dasar dan jumlah lantai digunakan dalam menentukan rekomendasi desain dengan menggabungkan beberapa bangunan menjadi satu untuk mengurangi luasan total lantai dasar sekaligus menjadikan bangunan-bangunan yang ada menjadi gedung berlantai dua. Hasil simulasi dari rekomendasi yang diusulkan menunjukkan efisiensi nilai embodied energy yang lebih optimal sebesar 21,76% terhadap kondisi eksisting.Kata kunci: arsitektur hijau, embodied energy, kawasan perkantoran, efisiensi energi

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Influence of Oriented Perforation Design on Refracture Reorientation: Simulation and Experiment

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4039742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 140 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Minhui Qi ◽

Mingzhong Li ◽

Tiankui Guo ◽

Chunting Liu ◽

Song Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Fracturing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Fracture Initiation ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Induced Stress ◽

Study Results ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Fracturing Experiments ◽

The Impact

The oriented perforating is the essential technique to guide the refracture reorientation, but the influence of the oriented perforation design on the refracture steering radius is still unclear. In this paper, the factors influencing the refracture reorientation were studied by simulation models and experiments. The effects of initial fracture, well production, and perforations on the refracture initiation and propagation were analyzed. Three-dimensional finite element models were conducted to quantify the impact of perforation depth, density, and azimuth on the refracture. The large-scale three-axis hydraulic fracturing experiments guided by oriented perforations were also carried out to verify the fracture initiation position and propagation pattern of the simulation results. The research results showed that perforations change the near-wellbore induced stress distribution, thus changing the steering radius of the refracture. According to the simulation results, the oriented perforation design has a significant influence on the perforation guidance effect and refracture characteristics. Five hydraulic fracturing experiments proved the influence of perforating parameters on fracture initiation and morphology, which have a right consistency between the simulation results. This paper presents a numerical simulation method for evaluating the influence of the refracture reorientation characteristics under the consideration of multiple prerefracturing induced-stress and put forward the oriented perforation field design suggestions according to the study results.

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Implementation of Re-used Shipping Containers for Green Architecture (Case Study: ITSB Creative Hub-Cikarang)

KnE Social Sciences ◽

10.18502/kss.v3i21.4959 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Anjar Primasetra

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Building Materials ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Building Design ◽

Building Construction ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Green Architecture ◽

The Impact

The largest of CO2 emissions on earth derives from construction activities. It is necessary to solve the problem to reduce the impact of CO2 emissions. One of the solution to reduce the impact of CO2 emission because of construction activity is using re-used material for building construction, such as re-used shipping container because the re-used material has low embodied energy. This paper has three purposes, and there are: explaining the application of re-used containers as building materials in the context of green architecture, explaining the application of building design using re-used containers as material, and explaining the advantages and disadvantages of used containers as building materials. Creative Hub ITSB as a case study owned by the campus of ITSB. The building construction consists of 20 units of a re-used container (20 feet size). The prefabrication construction uses for each steel material. Each component of the building assembled in the workshop, then it delivered to site by truck. The main issues that need to be solved are a matter of the delivery system, the structure, and joints, and the component assembly. Cross-ventilation system and insulating material also crucial because it can reduce building temperature.

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Modeling of Downlink Interference in Massive MIMO 5G Macro-Cell

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21020597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 597

Author(s):

Kamil Bechta ◽

Cezary Ziółkowski ◽

Jan M. Kelner ◽

Leszek Nowosielski

Keyword(s):

Power Distribution ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Channel Model ◽

Radio Channel ◽

Angular Separation ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Antenna System ◽

Propagation Model ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Impact

Multi-beam antenna systems are the basic technology used in developing fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. In practical implementations of 5G networks, different approaches are used to enable a massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) technique, including a grid of beams, zero-forcing, or eigen-based beamforming. All of these methods aim to ensure sufficient angular separation between multiple beams that serve different users. Therefore, ensuring the accurate performance evaluation of a realistic 5G network is essential. It is particularly crucial from the perspective of mMIMO implementation feasibility in given radio channel conditions at the stage of network planning and optimization before commercial deployment begins. This paper presents a novel approach to assessing the impact of a multi-beam antenna system on an intra-cell interference level in a downlink, which is important for the accurate modeling and efficient usage of mMIMO in 5G cells. The presented analysis is based on geometric channel models that allow the trajectories of propagation paths to be mapped and, as a result, the angular power distribution of received signals. A multi-elliptical propagation model (MPM) is used and compared with simulation results obtained for a statistical channel model developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Transmission characteristics of propagation environments such as power delay profile and antenna beam patterns define the geometric structure of the MPM. These characteristics were adopted based on the 3GPP standard. The obtained results show the possibility of using the presented novel MPM-based approach to model the required minimum separation angle between co-channel beams under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS conditions, which allows mMIMO performance in 5G cells to be assessed. This statement is justified because for 80% of simulated samples of intra-cell signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), the difference between results obtained by the MPM and commonly used 3GPP channel model was within 2 dB or less for LOS conditions. Additionally, the MPM only needs a single instance of simulation, whereas the 3GPP channel model requires a time-consuming and computational power-consuming Monte Carlo simulation method. Simulation results of intra-cell SIR obtained this way by the MPM approach can be the basis for spectral efficiency maximization in mMIMO cells in 5G systems.

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Intervention Modeling

10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Richard McCleary ◽

David McDowall ◽

Bradley J. Bartos

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Autocorrelation Function ◽

Moving Average ◽

Intervention Model ◽

Noise Component ◽

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ◽

Noise Function ◽

Modeling Strategy ◽

The Impact ◽

True Structure

The general AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model can be written as the sum of noise and exogenous components. If an exogenous impact is trivially small, the noise component can be identified with the conventional modeling strategy. If the impact is nontrivial or unknown, the sample AutoCorrelation Function (ACF) will be distorted in unknown ways. Although this problem can be solved most simply when the outcome of interest time series is long and well-behaved, these time series are unfortunately uncommon. The preferred alternative requires that the structure of the intervention is known, allowing the noise function to be identified from the residualized time series. Although few substantive theories specify the “true” structure of the intervention, most specify the dichotomous onset and duration of an impact. Chapter 5 describes this strategy for building an ARIMA intervention model and demonstrates its application to example interventions with abrupt and permanent, gradually accruing, gradually decaying, and complex impacts.

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Stochastic simulation for determining the design flood of cascade reservoir systems

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2011.002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (1-2) ◽

pp. 54-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Baohong Lu ◽

Huanghe Gu ◽

Ziyin Xie ◽

Jiufu Liu ◽

Lejun Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Stochastic Simulation ◽

Southern China ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Simulation Approach ◽

Design Flood ◽

Design Values ◽

Stochastic Simulation Model ◽

The Impact

Stochastic simulation is widely applied for estimating the design flood of various hydrosystems. The design flood at a reservoir site should consider the impact of upstream reservoirs, along with any development of hydropower. This paper investigates and applies a stochastic simulation approach for determining the design flood of a complex cascade of reservoirs in the Longtan watershed, southern China. The magnitude of the design flood when the impact of the upstream reservoirs is considered is less than that without considering them. In particular, the stochastic simulation model takes into account both systematic and historical flood records. As the reliability of the frequency analysis increases with more representative samples, it is desirable to incorporate historical flood records, if available, into the stochastic simulation model. This study shows that the design values from the stochastic simulation method with historical flood records are higher than those without historical flood records. The paper demonstrates the advantages of adopting a stochastic flow simulation approach to address design-flood-related issues for a complex cascade reservoir system.

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Measuring Hydrometeors Using a Precipitation Microphysical Characteristics Sensor: Sampling Effect of Different Bin Sizes on Drop Size Distribution Parameters

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2018/9727345 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xichuan Liu ◽

Taichang Gao ◽

Yuntao Hu ◽

Xiaojian Shu

Keyword(s):

Drop Size ◽

Rain Rate ◽

Monte Carlo Model ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Sampling Schemes ◽

Distribution Parameters ◽

Optimum Sampling ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Impact ◽

Good Agreement

In order to improve the measurement of precipitation microphysical characteristics sensor (PMCS), the sampling process of raindrops by PMCS based on a particle-by-particle Monte-Carlo model was simulated to discuss the effect of different bin sizes on DSD measurement, and the optimum sampling bin sizes for PMCS were proposed based on the simulation results. The simulation results of five sampling schemes of bin sizes in four rain-rate categories show that the raw capture DSD has a significant fluctuation variation influenced by the capture probability, whereas the appropriate sampling bin size and width can reduce the impact of variation of raindrop number on DSD shape. A field measurement of a PMCS, an OTT PARSIVEL disdrometer, and a tipping bucket rain Gauge shows that the rain-rate and rainfall accumulations have good consistencies between PMCS, OTT, and Gauge; the DSD obtained by PMCS and OTT has a good agreement; the probability of N0, μ, and Λ shows that there is a good agreement between the Gamma parameters of PMCS and OTT; the fitted μ-Λ and Z-R relationship measured by PMCS is close to that measured by OTT, which validates the performance of PMCS on rain-rate, rainfall accumulation, and DSD related parameters.

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Erosion Transportation Processes as Influenced by Gully Land Consolidation Projects in Highly Managed Small Watersheds in the Loess Hilly–Gully Region, China

Water ◽

10.3390/w13111540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1540

Author(s):

Qianqian Ji ◽

Zhe Gao ◽

Xingyao Li ◽

Jian’en Gao ◽

Gen’guang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Similarity Theory ◽

Design Method ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Land Consolidation ◽

Small Watershed ◽

Flood Peak ◽

Erosion Area ◽

The Impact ◽

Erosion Environment

The Loess Hilly–Gully region (LHGR) is the most serious soil erosion area in the world. For the small watershed with high management in this area, the scientific problem that has been paid attention to in recent years is the impact of the land consolidation project on the erosion environment in the gully region. In this study, the 3D simulation method of vegetation, eroded sediment and pollutant transport was innovated based on the principles of erosion sediment dynamics and similarity theory, and the impacts of GLCP were analyzed on the erosion environment at different scales. The verification results show that the design method and the scale conversion relationship (geometric scale: λl = 100) were reasonable and could simulate the transport process on the complex underlying surface of a small watershed. Compared with untreated watersheds, a significant change was the current flood peak lagging behind the sediment peak. There were two important critical values of GLCP impact on the erosion environment. The erosion transport in HMSW had no change when the proportion was less than 0.85%, and increased obviously when it was greater than 3.3%. The above results have important theoretical and practical significance for watershed simulation and land-use management in HMSW.

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A New Method to Determine the Impact of Individual Field Quantities on Cycle-to-Cycle Variations in a Spark-Ignited Gas Engine

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4136

Author(s):

Clemens Gößnitzer ◽

Shawn Givler

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Flow Field ◽

Turbulent Kinetic Energy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Gas Engine ◽

Cycle Simulation ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Impact

Cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in spark-ignited (SI) engines impose performance limitations and in the extreme limit can lead to very strong, potentially damaging cycles. Thus, CCV force sub-optimal engine operating conditions. A deeper understanding of CCV is key to enabling control strategies, improving engine design and reducing the negative impact of CCV on engine operation. This paper presents a new simulation strategy which allows investigation of the impact of individual physical quantities (e.g., flow field or turbulence quantities) on CCV separately. As a first step, multi-cycle unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (uRANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a spark-ignited natural gas engine are performed. For each cycle, simulation results just prior to each spark timing are taken. Next, simulation results from different cycles are combined: one quantity, e.g., the flow field, is extracted from a snapshot of one given cycle, and all other quantities are taken from a snapshot from a different cycle. Such a combination yields a new snapshot. With the combined snapshot, the simulation is continued until the end of combustion. The results obtained with combined snapshots show that the velocity field seems to have the highest impact on CCV. Turbulence intensity, quantified by the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, has a similar value for all snapshots. Thus, their impact on CCV is small compared to the flow field. This novel methodology is very flexible and allows investigation of the sources of CCV which have been difficult to investigate in the past.

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Study of HVDC System and Subsynchronous Oscillation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.356 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1092-1093 ◽

pp. 356-361

Author(s):

Peng Fei Zhang ◽

Lian Guang Liu

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Time Domain ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Time Domain Simulation ◽

Stable Convergence ◽

Turbine Generator ◽

Plant Model ◽

Subsynchronous Oscillation ◽

Hvdc System ◽

Simulation Results

With the application and development of Power Electronics, HVDC is applied more widely China. However, HVDC system has the possibilities to cause subsynchronous torsional vibration interaction with turbine generator shaft mechanical system. This paper simply introduces the mechanism, analytical methods and suppression measures of subsynchronous oscillation. Then it establishes a power plant model in islanding model using PSCAD, and analyzes the effects of the number and output of generators to SSO, and verifies the effect of SEDC and SSDC using time-domain simulation method. Simulation results show that the more number and output of generators is detrimental to the stable convergence of subsynchronous oscillation, and SEDC、SSDC can restrain unstable SSO, avoid divergence of SSO, ensure the generators and system operate safely and stably

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Sustainability of Extraction of Raw Material by a Combination of Mobile and Stationary Mining Machines and Optimization of Machine Life Cycle

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10454

Author(s):

Katarína Teplická ◽

Martin Straka

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Raw Material ◽

Optimal Distribution ◽

Transport Costs ◽

Scientific Discussion ◽

Mining Companies ◽

Conveyor Belts ◽

The Impact

This article summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of using mining machines and their life cycle. The main goal of the article is to investigate the impact of a combination of mobile and stationary mining machines and their optimal distribution in the mining process to increase the efficiency of mining and processing of raw materials. The following methods of research were focused on the use of technical indicators for the valuation efficiency of the mining process: a simulation method was used for the distribution of mining machines, comparison analysis was used for the real and past state of mining machines, and a decision tree was used as managerial instrument for optimal alternatives of mining machines. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that optimal distribution of mining machines and machine parks is very important for mining companies. The benefit of this research for the mining company was the new location of the machines and the combination of stationary production lines and mobile equipment. The optimal layout of the machines reduced the number of conveyor belts and improved the transfer of limestone processing to mobile devices, saving time, which was reflected in transport costs. The results can be useful for other mining companies seeking to create an optimal machine park.

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