scholarly journals ENUMERASI DAN ANALISIS BAKTERI TANAH DI HUTAN LARANGAN ADAT RUMBIO (Enumeration And Bacteria Analysis of Soil on The Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rahmi Fitrah ◽  
Mokhammad Irfan ◽  
Robbana Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Bacterial Morphology ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Bacterial Cell Shape ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Animal Sciences ◽  
Different Levels

One of indicator of soil fertility is the population level of microbial in the soil. This research aims to determine the number of bacterial populations in the soil on yhe Larangan Adat Rumbi Forest with different levels of depth. This research has been carried out on January-February 2015 in the Laboratory of Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences of State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The method that was used namely observation method by taking soil samples on the Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest then calculated the number of colonies of bacteria and analyze the morphology of the bacteria that was obtained macroscopically and microscopically. Parameters measured were pH of soil, the population of bacteria, bacterial morphology, gram stain, and bacterial cell shape based on soil depth of 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm, 21-30 cm. Observations carried out two stages macroscopic and microscopic observation. The results showed the soil pH on the Larangan Adat Rumbio Forest was 4,11. Total population of bacteria at depth of 0-10 cm namely 3,0 x 109 CFU, then at a depth of 11-20 cm namely of 2,2 x 109 CFU and at depth of 21-30 cm namely 1,6 x 108 CFU. The Results of purification of culture was obtained six isolat two coccus and four bacil consisting of five gram negative bacteria and one gram positive. Need to do further research on bacteria identification to genus or species level.

scholarly journals Duplication in the formation of median nerve - a case report

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 043-045
Author(s):  
Gyata Mehta ◽  
Varsha Mokhasi
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Axillary Artery ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
Lateral Cord ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe median nerve is formed in the axilla by fusion of the two roots from the lateral and medial cords. The present case report describes an anomalous presentation of double formation of median nerve and its relation with axillary and brachial arteries. The median nerve was formed in two stages at different levels, first in the axilla and then in the upper arm by receiving double contribution from the lateral root of the lateral cord, which fuse with the medial root of the medial cord to form the median nerve. The formation took place medial to the axillary artery in the axilla and antero-medial to the brachial artery in the arm. Such anatomical variations and their relation with the arteries are important for the surgeons and anesthesiologists and of great academic interest to the anatomists.

scholarly journals Volumetric shrinkage and shape of Conilon coffee fruit (Coffea Canephora)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Pedro Casanova ◽  
Paulo C Corrêa ◽  
Kattia Solís
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Area And Volume

The effect of varying the water content was evaluated in shrinkage, dimensional characteristics and shape of the fruits of coffee during drying. Fruits were used Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora), clone 83 of clonal variety EMCAPA 8141. The fruit was hand-picked and selected only the two stages, cherry and unripe. Different batches of coffee were dried in an oven with forced ventilation with air temperature of approximately 60 ± 3 °C until different levels of water content. Fruit size was determined by varying the volume and shape was examined by sphericity and roundness. The shrinkage of the fruits was determined by the ratio between the volume at each water content and initial volume. It was determined that the projected area, surface area and volume increase with increasing water content for conilon coffee fruit. The shape of the conilon coffee fruits was influenced during the drying process, promoting the decrease of sphericity and roundness values from the reduction of water content. The shrinkage showed a nonlinear behavior with decreasing reducing the water content of the mass of Conilon coffee fruit. The polynomial model represented satisfactorily phenomenon of unit volumetric shrinkage and mass of coffee fruits depending on the water content.

scholarly journals Simulating the impact of vaccination rates on the initial stages of a COVID-19 outbreak in New Zealand (Aotearoa) with a stochastic model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leighton M Watson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Aim: The August 2021 COVID-19 outbreak in Auckland has caused the New Zealand government to transition from an elimination strategy to suppression, which relies heavily on high vaccination rates in the population. As restrictions are eased and as COVID-19 leaks through the Auckland boundary, there is a need to understand how different levels of vaccination will impact the initial stages of COVID-19 outbreaks that are seeded around the country. Method: A stochastic branching process model is used to simulate the initial spread of a COVID-19 outbreak for different vaccination rates. Results: High vaccination rates are effective at minimizing the number of infections and hospitalizations. Increasing vaccination rates from 20% (approximate value at the start of the August 2021 outbreak) to 80% (approximate proposed target) of the total population can reduce the median number of infections that occur within the first four weeks of an outbreak from 1011 to 14 (25th and 75th quantiles of 545-1602 and 2-32 for V=20% and V=80%, respectively). As the vaccination rate increases, the number of breakthrough infections (infections in fully vaccinated individuals) and hospitalizations of vaccinated individuals increases. Unvaccinated individuals, however, are 3.3x more likely to be infected with COVID-19 and 25x more likely to be hospitalized. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the importance of vaccination in protecting individuals from COVID-19, preventing high caseloads, and minimizing the number of hospitalizations and hence limiting the pressure on the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Depression and anxiety in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lins Carvalho ◽  
Lilian Maria Sanguinett de Almeida ◽  
Camila Maria Araújo Lorega ◽  
Mirella Francyne Oliveira Barata ◽  
Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Introduction Studies assessing symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have reported contradictory results. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the prevalence of these mood disorders in the literature. Methods We searched the PubMed, HighWire, MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS and ScienceDirect databases. Literature was selected for review in two stages, according to eligibility criteria. The first stage involved searching databases and checking titles and abstracts. The second step consisted of reading complete articles and excluding those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were articles written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, published in the last five years and involving people with ALS diagnosed according to the El Escorial criteria. Results The database searches returned a total of 1,135 titles and abstracts and then 1,117 of these were excluded. Eighteen articles were selected for review. The 12-item Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Depression Inventory (ADI-12) was the only instrument designed specifically to assess depression in ALS, but it was only used in three studies. No instruments specifically designed for anxiety in ALS were used. A large number of studies found presence and slight increase of anxiety disorders. There was considerable large variation in the results related to depressive disorders, ranging from moderate depression to an absence of symptoms. Conclusions Patients with ALS may exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety at different levels, but there is a need for studies using specific instruments with larger samples in order to ascertain the prevalence of symptoms in ALS and the factors associated with it.

scholarly journals Human Papillomavirus Genotype Replacement: Still Too Early to Tell?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Man ◽  
Simopekka Vänskä ◽  
Matti Lehtinen ◽  
Johannes A Bogaards
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are highly efficacious in protecting against HPV infections and related diseases, vaccination may trigger replacement by nontargeted genotypes if these compete with the vaccine-targeted types. HPV genotype replacement has been deemed unlikely, based on the lack of systematic increases in the prevalence of nonvaccine-type (NVT) infection in the first decade after vaccination, and on the presence of cross-protection for some NVTs. Methods To investigate whether type replacement can be inferred from early postvaccination surveillance, we constructed a transmission model in which a vaccine type and an NVT compete through infection-induced cross-immunity. We simulated scenarios of different levels of cross-immunity and vaccine-induced cross-protection to the NVT. We validated whether commonly used measures correctly indicate type replacement in the long run. Results Type replacement is a trade-off between cross-immunity and cross-protection; cross-immunity leads to type replacement unless cross-protection is strong enough. With weak cross-protection, NVT prevalence may initially decrease before rebounding into type replacement, exhibiting a honeymoon period. Importantly, vaccine effectiveness for NVTs is inadequate for indicating type replacement. Conclusions Although postvaccination surveillance thus far is reassuring, it is still too early to preclude type replacement. Monitoring of NVTs remains pivotal in gauging population-level impacts of HPV vaccination.

scholarly journals How adaptive immunity constrains the composition and fate of large bacterial populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (32) ◽  
pp. E7462-E7468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Bonsma-Fisher ◽  
Dominique Soutière ◽  
Sidhartha Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Phage Genome ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Abundance Distribution ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Multiple Stable States ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Microbial Systems ◽  
Rank Abundance

Features of the CRISPR-Cas system, in which bacteria integrate small segments of phage genome (spacers) into their DNA to neutralize future attacks, suggest that its effect is not limited to individual bacteria but may control the fate and structure of whole populations. Emphasizing the population-level impact of the CRISPR-Cas system, recent experiments show that some bacteria regulate CRISPR-associated genes via the quorum sensing (QS) pathway. Here we present a model that shows that from the highly stochastic dynamics of individual spacers under QS control emerges a rank-abundance distribution of spacers that is time invariant, a surprising prediction that we test with dynamic spacer-tracking data from literature. This distribution depends on the state of the competing phage–bacteria population, which due to QS-based regulation may coexist in multiple stable states that vary significantly in their phage-to-bacterium ratio, a widely used ecological measure to characterize microbial systems.

Boundary-Driven Emergent Spatiotemporal Order in Growing Microbial Colonies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargav R. Karamched ◽  
William Ott ◽  
Ilya Timofeyev ◽  
Razan N. Alnahhas ◽  
Matthew R. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Field Approximation ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Boundary Effects ◽  
Mean Field Approximation ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Moran Model ◽  
Cell Cell

We introduce a tractable stochastic spatial Moran model to explain experimentally-observed patterns of rod-shaped bacteria growing in rectangular microfluidic traps. Our model shows that spatial patterns can arise as a result of a tug-of-war between boundary effects and modulations of growth rate due to cell-cell interactions. Cells align parallel to the long side of the trap when boundary effects dominate. However, when the magnitude of cell-cell interactions exceeds a critical value, cells align orthogonally to the trap’s long side. Our model is analytically tractable, and completely solvable under a mean-field approximation. This allows us to elucidate the mechanisms that govern the formation of population-level patterns. The model can be easily extended to examine various types of interactions that can shape the collective behavior in bacterial populations.

Isolation by distance in a hierarchically clustered population

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Sawyer ◽  
Joseph Felsenstein
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Total Population Size ◽  
Biological Population ◽  
Equilibrium Probability ◽  
Different Levels

A biological population with local random mating, migration, and mutation is studied which exhibits clustering at several different levels. The migration is determined by the clustering rather than actual geographic or physical distance. Darwinian selection is assumed to be absent, and population densities are such that nearby individuals have a probability of being related. An expression is found for the equilibrium probability of genetic relatedness between any two individuals as a function of their clustering distance. Asymptotics for a small mutation rate u are discussed for both a finite number of clustering levels (and of total population size), and for an infinite number of levels. A natural example is discussed in which the probability of heterozygosity varies as u to a power times a periodic function of log(l/u).

The use of overlays in site quality mapping

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Quality Map ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Slope Orientation

When a sizable forested area is to be managed, some kind of map site quality for that area is necessary so that a determination can be made of the amount and distribution of lands having different levels of site quality. A manual method for chloropleth mapping of red oak site quality using soil-site studies was developed. It mapped site quality as a function of slope gradient, slope position, slope orientation, and soil depth. It consisted of selecting the soil-site study, establishing a uniform mapping format, classifying the independent variables into mapped or mappable ranges, mapping each independent variable separately, and manually overlaying these maps to produce a single site-quality map. The accuracy of the result, the usefulness of the method, and the possibility of different procedures in other studies are discussed.

Seric and hepatic NTPDase and 5′ nucleotidase activities of rats experimentally infected byFasciola hepatica

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO H. DOLESKI ◽  
RICARDO E. MENDES ◽  
DANIELA B. R. LEAL ◽  
NATHIELI B. BOTTARI ◽  
MANOELA M. PIVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Nucleotide Degradation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe enzymatic activities of NTPDase and 5′nucleotidase are important to regulate the concentration of adenine nucleotides, known molecules involved in many physiological functions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of NTPDase and 5′nucleotidase in serum and liver tissue of rats infected byFasciola hepatica. Rats were divided into two groups: uninfected control and infected. NTPDase activity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP substrates in the liver was higher compared with the control group at 15 days post-infection (PI), while seric activity was lower. In addition, seric and hepatic samples did not show changes for 5′nucleotidase activity at this time. On the other hand, either NTPDase or 5′nucleotidase activities in liver homogenate and serum were higher at 87 days PI. Early in the infection, low NTPDase activity maintains an increase of ATP in the bloodstream in order to activate host immune response, while in hepatic tissue it decreases extracellular ATP to maintain a low inflammatory response in the tissue. As stated, higher NTPDase and 5′nucleotidase activities 87 days after infection in serum and tissue, probably results on an increased concentration of adenosine molecule which stimulates a Th2 immune response. Thus, it is possible to conclude thatF. hepaticainfections lead to different levels of nucleotide degradation when considering the two stages of infection studied, which influences the inflammatory and pathological processes developed by the purinergic system.

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