scholarly journals Alternative Fuel Use in Iraq: A way to Reduce Air Pollution

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Jafaar A. Kadhem ◽  
Khalid Sadiq Reza ◽  
Wahab K. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Methods Of Operation

The Iraq air is polluted highly by pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks as well as power stations. This pollution resource is well known it is the burning of oil and natural gas. Iraq has been subjected to a series of wars and economic blockade for more than 40 continuing years. The war and blockade conditions have affected all the country's infrastructure causing huge deterioration in the services provided to Iraqi citizens. The Iraqi refineries as well have been subjected to major destruction and reconstruction several times. Unfortunately, the reconstruction in Iraq conditions was not in appropriate level, and for that reason we find the Iraqi gasoline and diesel are one of the worst fuels in the world. All reports demonstrated that the Iraqi gasoline contains high levels of sulfur (500ppm), as well as high levels of lead compounds to increase octane. The Iraqi diesel contains sulfur up to 1 to 2.5% of its weight which makes it the worst globally.In Iraq there are many alternative fuels that generate better engine performance and emit lower exhaust pollutants while improving fuel consumption. This paper reviews some of the Iraqi experimental work during the past ten years and the available results about using gaseous fuels such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and hydrogen. In addition, the study focus on the use of some additives to gasoline and diesel, such as alcohols and biofuels to reduce the effects of sulfur associated with these types of fuel. The Iraqi research works have found many solutions and alternative methods of operation to eliminate the various engines emitted pollutants. The role has now come to the decision makers to legislate the laws and decisions necessary to switch to new types of alternative fuels.

Comparison Between Two-Shaft Simple and Single-Shaft Recuperated Brayton Cycles Using Different Types of Gaseous Fuels

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Malkogianni ◽  
A. Tourlidakis ◽  
A. L. Polyzakis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Heating

Geopolitical issues give rise to problems in the smooth and continuous flow of oil and natural gas from the production countries to the consumers’ development countries. In addition, severe environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emissions, eventually guide the consumers to fuels more suitable to the present situation. Alternative fuels such as biogas and coal gas have recently become more attractive because of their benefits, especially for electricity generation. On the other hand, the use of relatively low heating value fuels has a significant effect to the performance parameters of gas turbines. In this paper, the impact of using four fuels with different heating value in the gas turbine performance is simulated. Based on the high efficiency and commercialization criteria, two types of engines are chosen to be simulated: two-shaft simple and single-shaft recuperated cycle gas turbines. The heating values of the four gases investigated, correspond to natural gas and to a series of three gases with gradually lower heating values than that of natural gas. The main conclusions drawn from this design point (DP) and off-design (OD) analysis is that, for a given TET, efficiency increases for both engines when gases with low heating value are used. On the contrary, when power output is kept constant, the use of gases with low heating value will result in a decrease of thermal efficiency. A number of parametric studies are carried out and the effect of operating parameters on performance is assessed. The analysis is performed with customized software, which has been developed for this purpose.

Effects of Natural Gas Compositions on Engine In-Cylinder Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 498-503
Author(s):  
La Xiang ◽  
Yu Ding
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Lower Maximum

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most promising alternative fuels of diesel and petrol because of its economics and environmental protection. Generally the NG engine share the similar structure profile with diesel or petrol engine but the combustion characteristics of NG is varied from the fuels, so the investigation of NG engine combustion process receive more attentions from the researchers. In this paper, a zero-dimensional model on the basis of Vibe function is built in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The model provides the prediction of combustion process in natural gas engines, which has been verified by the experimental data in the NG test bed. Furthermore, the influence of NG composition on engine performance is investigated, in which the in-cylinder maximum pressure and temperature and mean indicated pressure are compared using different type NG. It is shown in the results that NG with higher composition of methane results in lower maximum temperature and mean indicated pressure as well as higher maximum pressure.

Measurements of Laminar Flame Speeds of Alternative Gaseous Fuel Mixtures

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Ibrahim ◽  
Samer F. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

Global warming and the ever increasing emission levels of combustion engines have forced the engine manufacturers to look for alternative fuels for high engine performance and low emissions. Gaseous fuel mixtures such as biogas, syngas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are new alternative fuels that have great potential to be used with combustion engines. In the present work, laminar flame speeds (SL) of alternative fuel mixtures, mainly LPG (60% butane, 20% isobutane, and 20% propane) and methane have been studies using the tube method at ambient conditions. In addition, the effect of adding other fuels and gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen on SL has also been investigated. The results show that any change in the fuel mixture composition directly affects SL. Measurements of SL of CH4/LPG–air mixtures have found to be about 56 cm/s at ø = 1.1 with 60% LPG in the mixture, which is higher than SL of both pure fuels at the same ø. Moreover, the addition of H2 and O2 to the fuel mixtures increases SL notably, while the addition of CO2/N2 mixture to the fuel mixture, to simulate the EGR effect, decreases SL of CH4/LPG–air mixtures.

scholarly journals Analysis of alternative motor-vehicle fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (5) ◽  
pp. 052005
Author(s):  
M A Kovaleva ◽  
V G Shram ◽  
T N Vinichenko ◽  
E G Kravtsova ◽  
D G Slashchinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Market Expansion

Abstract In this paper, the analysis of alternative fuels is carried out: electricity, hydrogen, biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas), solar energy, compressed air, gas engine fuel (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas). The advantages and disadvantages of their use are indicated according to the criteria of environmental safety, cost, and infrastructure development. It is revealed that at the moment, gas-engine fuel, in particular liquefied petroleum gas and compressed natural gas, is most suitable for the transfer of the fleet. The economic and environmental effect of the market expansion is associated with the high environmental friendliness of this type of fuel, low price, large natural reserves, the development of the petrochemical industry of the country, the reduction of financial costs for the repair and reconstruction of physically and morally outdated oil refining and liquid fuel production enterprises, promising technical and technological solutions to transport problems.

The Potential for the Use of Natural Gas and Propane As Alternative Fuels in the Marine Industry

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Par Neiburger
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Marine Industry

Liberator Engine Company, LLC designs, develops and produces alternative fuel engines for vehicles around the globe. The Company’s 6.0 Liter Liberator™ gaseous fuels engine will have the ability to operate on Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas or Liquid Propane Gas: clean, domestic, economical fuels. The Liberator engine will target OEM on road vehicles, as well as off road applications. The Liberator engine is also an excellent choice for the repower of existing diesel vehicles. The 6.0L Liberator™ engine will serve as a replacement engine for vehicle currently operating on a Cummins 5.9L diesel engine or Mercedes diesel 6.0L engine. Paper published with permission.

Alternative Fuels for Gas Turbine Plants — An Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Contractor’s Perspective

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram G. Narula
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Private Power

Tightly regulated and state-controlled utilities are rapidly changing into a competitive, market-driven industry, as private power development is being actively pursued worldwide. Accelerated economic growth in developing countries has fueled a massive growth in the power sector. Gas turbine based power plants have become an attractive option; however, many of these developing countries have limited supplies of conventional gas turbine fuels, namely natural gas or distillate oil. Therefore, power developers are seeking alternative fuels. This paper discusses the balance-of-plant (BOP) considerations and economics of using alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, and crude/heavy oils.

scholarly journals SI engine performance, lubricant oil deterioration, and emission: A comparison of liquid and gaseous fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 168781402093045
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Wajid Saleem ◽  
Syed Saqib ◽  
Jamal Umer ◽  
Ahmad Naveed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Lubricant Oil ◽  
Brake Power

Considering the importance of alternative fuels in IC engines for environment safety, compressed natural gas has been extensively employed in SI engines. However, scarce efforts have been made to investigate the effect of compressed natural gas on engine lubricant oil for a long duration. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis has been made on the engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil conditions using gasoline ( G)92 and compressed natural gas at different operating conditions using reliable sampling methods. The key parameters of the engine performance like brake power and brake-specific energy consumption were investigated at 80% throttle opening within 1500–4500 range of r/min. For the sake of emission tests, speed was varied uniformly by varying the load at a constant throttle. Furthermore, the engine was run at high and low loads for lubricant oil comparison. Although compressed natural gas showed a decrease in brake-specific energy consumption (7.94%) and emissions content, ( G)92 performed relatively better in the case of brake power (39.93% increase). Moreover, a significant improvement was observed for wear debris, lubricant oil physiochemical characteristics, and additives depletion in the case of compressed natural gas than those of ( G)92. The contents of metallic particles were decreased by 23.58%, 36.25%, 42.42%, and 66.67% for iron, aluminum, copper, and lead, respectively, for compressed natural gas.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effects of fires and explosions in the transport of hazardous materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Assael ◽  
Leandros Ch. Paschalidis ◽  
George P. Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Teaching Tools ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Alternate Routes

Transportation of liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, albeit not frequent, can lead to serious dangers for humans, the environment and property due to fires and explosions. The two most common transportation modes on land are tanker trucks and pipelines. The effects of fires and explosions in such transportations can be modelled successfully to describe observed damages, as discussed here for three different types of accidents, namely tanker trucks carrying liquefied natural gas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and a gas pipeline, resulting in ignition and explosion. The effects of overpressure due to explosion and of radiated heat by fires are effectively modelled. The methodology and the developed e-platform are valuable teaching tools for engineers and civic personnel in order to foresee and assess risk and accident consequences near inhabited areas, and/or to predict alternate routes.

Development of a Dry Low NOx Combustor for Dual Gaseous Fuels of Natural Gas and Petroleum Gas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Asai ◽  
Keisuke Miura ◽  
Kazuki Abe ◽  
Yoshinori Matsubara ◽  
Tomomi Koganezawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Low Nox Combustion ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) will be suitable for satisfying part of the growing global energy demands. The widespread utilization of LPG as a gas turbine fuel for power generation requires an advanced combustor that achieves dry low nitrogen oxides (NOx) combustion and flashback-resistant combustion. This paper describes the development of a “multi-cluster combustor” as an advanced dry low NOx and flashback-resistant combustion technology for dual gaseous fuels of natural gas and petroleum gas. The dual gaseous fuel capability will contribute to expanding fuel flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of the dual gaseous fueled combustion with the multi-cluster combustor with the same configuration. The combustor was tested in a single-can combustor test stand at medium pressure with both fuels. In the tests, natural gas consisted mainly of methane with a content of over 90 vol.%, and petroleum gas consisted almost entirely of propane. The test results showed that the combustor achieves dry low NOx combustion of both fuels within their stable ranges without flashback. This paper concluded from the test results that the multi-cluster combustor possesses the potential capability to achieve dry low NOx and flashback-resistant combustion of dual gaseous fuels of natural gas and petroleum gas. As the next step, further tests will be required with petroleum gas including butane and for high pressure conditions.

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