Trade-off between fast growth and the ossification process in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The relationship between growth rate and ossification is not consistent among fish. In some species, fast-growing individuals ossify earlier, while in other species, a trade-off between growth rate and ossification exists. This research was conducted to test the hypothesis about the existence of a trade-off mechanism in common carp offspring. For this purpose, specimens from two groups of common carp offspring (96 in total) with different growth rates were sampled at multiple time points between 5 and 29 days post-hatching. The standard length was measured and presented in correlation with the days post-hatching. To evaluate the skeletal system development, whole specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stained for bone and cartilage. Particular emphasis was placed on the onset of ossification in the clearly visible bones of the head, vertebral column, and fins. According to our findings, larger, fast-growing specimens ossify earlier. The hypothesis on the existence of a trade-off between fast growth and the onset of ossification in common carp was not confirmed in our study.

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Positive Effects of Fast Growth on Locomotor Performance in Pelagic Fish Juveniles: In Contrast to Existing Evidence

10.21203/rs.3.rs-745832/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masahiro Nakamura ◽

Michio Yoneda ◽

Taizo Morioka ◽

Akinori Takasuka ◽

Nozomi Nishiumi

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Chub Mackerel ◽

Field Observations ◽

3D Tracking ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Many laboratory experiments on aquatic vertebrates that inhabit closed water or coastal areas have highlighted negative effects of fast growth on swimming performance. Nonetheless, field studies on pelagic fishes have provided evidence of survival advantages of faster growing individuals. To reconcile this contradiction, we examined the relationship between growth rate and swimming performance as a continuous function for juveniles of chub mackerel (scomber japonicus) using 3D tracking analysis. For experiments, 20, 24, 27 and 30 days-post-hatch individuals within the size range of 14.5–25.3 mm were used. We found that the growth–swimming (burst speed) relationship in chub mackerel was substantially positive and it was suggested to be supported by morphological traits such as muscle area, which also positively correlated with growth rate. This finding is consistent with field observations showing selective survival of fast-growing individuals of this species, reconciling the current contradiction between laboratory experiments and field observations. Growth was suggested to trade off with swimming performance, as reported in many previous studies, when it was extremely fast. Therefore, a dome-shaped quadratic curve described the relationship between growth rate and burst speed better than a linear or generalized linear model. These results, obtained from the rarely tested offshore species, strongly suggests the importance of experimental verification using animals that inhabit various types of habitats in understanding the principles underlying the evolution of growth–locomotor relationship.

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XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end

10.1101/2020.12.29.424748 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Veronica Farmer ◽

Göker Arpağ ◽

Sarah Hall ◽

Marija Zanic

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Microtubule Stability ◽

Large Fluctuations ◽

Microtubule Growth ◽

Enhanced Stability

ABSTRACTThe GTP-tubulin cap is widely accepted to protect microtubules against catastrophe. The GTP-cap size is thought to increase with the microtubule growth rate, presumably endowing fast-growing microtubules with enhanced stability. It is unknown what GTP-cap properties permit frequent microtubule catastrophe despite fast growth. Here, we investigate microtubules grown in vitro in the presence and absence of the microtubule polymerase XMAP215. Using EB1 as a GTP-cap marker, we find that GTP-cap size increases regardless of whether growth acceleration is achieved by increasing tubulin concentration or by XMAP215. In spite of the increased mean GTP-cap size, microtubules grown with XMAP215 display increased catastrophe frequency, in contrast to microtubules grown with more tubulin, for which catastrophe is abolished. However, microtubules polymerized with XMAP215 have large fluctuations in growth rate and EB1 intensity; display tapered and curled ends; and undergo catastrophe at faster growth rates and with higher EB1 end-localization. Our results underscore the role of growth irregularities in overall microtubule stability.

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Characteristics of salivary profiles of oestradiol and progesterone in premenopausal women

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.1.06025 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 186 (1) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Robert T Chatterton ◽

Esnar T Mateo ◽

Nanjiang Hou ◽

Alfred W Rademaker ◽

Simbi Acharya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Variation ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Menstrual Cycles ◽

Breast Center ◽

Multiple Time Points ◽

The Relationship ◽

Density Study ◽

Initial Cycle ◽

Hormonal Levels

The objective of the study was to characterize salivary sex steroid levels in 56 women undergoing annual mammography who were participating in a breast density study at the Lynn Sage Breast Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and to determine the predictability of the patterns within women. Saliva was collected daily by the women at home for one complete menstrual cycle and then again at approximately 6-month intervals. The occurrence of sporadic anovulatory cycles was identified in 12 subjects, and persistent oestradiol (OE2) elevation in all three cycles without significant progesterone levels occurred in another five subjects. In addition, both OE2 and progesterone were significantly lower in initial menstrual cycles than in subsequent cycles, suggestive of an effect of participation in the study on hormone levels. Initial salivary OE2 levels were not good predictors of corresponding levels in either follicular or luteal phases of the menstrual cycles at the 6-month intervals. However, after the initial cycle, progesterone levels were highly predictable within individuals over a period of 6 months (r=0.78, P< 0.001). The study emphasizes the natural variation among and within women in the absence of any intervention, and indicates the need for properly controlled studies before attributing changes in hormonal levels to therapy. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of sampling at multiple time points when examining the relationship between hormones and risk.

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Self-Acceptance and Interdependence Promote Longevity: Evidence From a 20-year Prospective Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165980 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5980 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Reuben Ng ◽

Heather G. Allore ◽

Becca R. Levy

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort Study ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Well Being ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Self Acceptance ◽

Multiple Time Points ◽

The Relationship

We explored psychosocial pathways to longevity, specifically, the association between psychological well-being and mortality in a 20-year prospective cohort study of 7626 participants. As hypothesized, high self-acceptance and interdependence were associated with decreased mortality risk, controlling for other psychological components (purpose, positive relations, growth, mastery) and potential confounders: personality, depression, self-rated health, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), illness, and demographics. Self-acceptance decreased mortality risk by 19% and added three years of life. Longevity expectation fully mediated the relationship between self-acceptance and mortality. Interdependence decreased mortality risk by 17% and added two years of life. Serenity towards death fully mediated the relationship between interdependence and mortality. This is the first known study to investigate self-acceptance, interdependence, and serenity toward death as promoters of longevity, and distilled the relative contributions of these factors, controlling for covariates—all of which were measured over multiple time points. Theoretically, this study suggests that components of well-being may make meaningful contributions to longevity, and practically recommend that self-acceptance and interdependence could be added to interventions to promote aging health.

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Population differences in the onset of cranial ossification in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), a potential cost of rapid growth

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f99-250 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 351-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jeffrey D Arendt ◽

David S Wilson

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Somatic Growth ◽

Single Species ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Lepomis Gibbosus ◽

Potential Cost ◽

Average Delay ◽

Trade Off ◽

Interspecific Comparisons ◽

Two Populations

Interspecific comparisons suggest that a trade-off exists between development and somatic growth rate. We provide evidence for a trade-off between cranial ossification and growth rate within a single species, the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). We compare fish derived from two populations known to differ in their somatic growth rates. Fish were hatched from eggs and maintained under common conditions. Juveniles were sampled weekly through the first 8 weeks after hatching, preserved, and stained to determine the onset of ossification of superficial cranial bones. Fish from both populations showed a similar pattern of ossification in the cranial bones, but fish from the fast-growth population showed an average delay of 2 days in the onset of ossification for each bone. As a result, the fast-growth fish were both older and larger at each stage of ossification. We suggest that such a delay in ossification may have fitness effects through feeding ability, swimming ability, and (or) defense against predators.

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Metabolic enzyme cost explains variable trade-offs between microbial growth rate and yield

10.1101/111161 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Meike T. Wortel ◽

Elad Noor ◽

Michael Ferris ◽

Frank J. Bruggeman ◽

Wolfram Liebermeister

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Basic Question ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Trade Off ◽

Trade Offs

AbstractMicrobes may maximize the number of daughter cells per time or per amount of nutrients consumed. These two strategies correspond, respectively, to the use of enzyme-efficient or substrate-efficient metabolic pathways. In reality, fast growth is often associated with wasteful, yield-inefficient metabolism, and a general thermodynamic trade-off between growth rate and biomass yield has been proposed to explain this. We studied growth rate/yield trade-offs by using a novel modeling framework, Enzyme-Flux Cost Minimization (EFCM) and by assuming that the growth rate depends directly on the enzyme investment per rate of biomass production. In a comprehensive mathematical model of core metabolism inE. coli, we screened all elementary flux modes leading to cell synthesis, characterized them by the growth rates and yields they provide, and studied the shape of the resulting rate/yield Pareto front. By varying the model parameters, we found that the rate/yield trade-off is not universal, but depends on metabolic kinetics and environmental conditions. A prominent trade-off emerges under oxygen-limited growth, where yield-inefficient pathways support a 2-to-3 times higher growth rate than yield-efficient pathways. EFCM can be widely used to predict optimal metabolic states and growth rates under varying nutrient levels, perturbations of enzyme parameters, and single or multiple gene knockouts.Author SummaryWhen cells compete for nutrients, those that grow faster and produce more offspring per time are favored by natural selection. In contrast, when cells need to maximize the cell number at a limited nutrient supply, fast growth does not matter and an efficient use of nutrients (i.e. high biomass yield) is essential. This raises a basic question about metabolism: can cells achieve high growth rates and yields simultaneously, or is there a conflict between the two goals? Using a new modeling method called Enzymatic Flux Cost Minimization (EFCM), we predict cellular growth rates and find that growth rate/yield trade-offs and the ensuing preference for enzyme-efficient or substrate-efficient metabolic pathways are not universal, but depend on growth conditions such as external glucose and oxygen concentrations.

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Do Humble CEOs Matter? An Examination of CEO Humility and Firm Outcomes

Journal of Management ◽

10.1177/0149206315604187 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 1147-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Amy Y. Ou ◽

David A. Waldman ◽

Suzanne J. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Firm Performance ◽

Computer Software ◽

The United States ◽

Shared Vision ◽

Strategic Orientation ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Pay Disparity ◽

Multiple Time Points ◽

The Relationship

We propose a mediation model to explain the relationship between CEO humility and firm performance. Building on upper echelons, power, and paradox theories, we hypothesize that when a more humble CEO leads a firm, its top management team (TMT) is more likely to collaborate, share information, jointly make decisions, and possess a shared vision. The firm will also tend to have lower pay disparity between the CEO and the TMT. The humble CEO and TMT, in turn, will be more likely to adopt an ambidextrous strategic orientation, which will be associated with stronger firm performance. We tested the model by using both survey and archival data that were collected at multiple time points from 105 small-to-medium-sized firms in the computer software and hardware industry in the United States. Findings largely support our theoretical assertions, suggesting that CEO humility has important implications for firm processes and outcomes.

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MIR31 May Mediate Multiple Biology Processes To Promote Vocal Fold Wound Healing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-465854/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haizhou Wang ◽

Wen Xu

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Vocal Fold ◽

Strong Association ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Collagen Production ◽

Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽

Multiple Time Points ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the role of MIR31 in vocal fold wound healing (VFWH) and its possible mechanism. MIR31 expression was studied in rat vocal fold tissue at multiple time points (1, 4, and 8 weeks) after vocal fold injury. Co-expression analysis, pathway analysis, and literature-based network analysis were conducted to explore the possible mechanism underlying the relationship between MIR31 and VFWH. MIR31 expression was significantly elevated after vocal fold injury (p<5.65e-5), which also presented decreased expression in the late stage of VFWH process compared to the early and middle stages (p<5.40e-3). MIR31 also presented strong co-expression with 17 VFWH-significant genes (absolute value of ROH∈(0.63, 0.83)), which were mainly involved in collagen production. Literature-based network analysis showed that MIR31 could suppress two inhibitors (gene SMAD1 and HDAC2) of wound healing and activate one promoter (adenosine triphosphate). MIR31 could also mediate multiple biology processes that were associated with wound healing, including keratinocyte proliferation, collagen production, and inflammation. This study supports a strong association between MIR31 and the process of vocal fold wound healing, which may be related to collagen synthesis and other biological processes that need further study.

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Growth rate and locomotor performance tradeoff is not universal in birds

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.8423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e8423

Author(s):

Tao Zhao ◽

Zhiheng Li

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Flight Muscle ◽

Locomotor Performance ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Flight Ability ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Maneuvering Flight ◽

Evolution Of Birds ◽

The Relationship ◽

Slow Growing

Though a tradeoff between growth rate and locomotor performance has been proposed, empirical data on this relationship are still limited. Here we statistically analyze the associations of growth rate and flight ability in birds by assessing how growth rate is correlated with three wing parameters of birds: flight muscle ratio, wing aspect ratio, and wing loading. We find that fast-growing birds tended to have higher flight muscle ratios and higher wing loadings than slow-growing birds, which suggests that fast-growing birds may have better takeoff performance, but lower efficiency in maneuvering flight. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the relationship between growth rate and flight ability is more complex than a simple tradeoff. Since the hindlimbs also contribute greatly to the locomotion of birds, future investigations on the relationship between growth rate and hindlimb performance will provide more insights into the evolution of birds.

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XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.202012144 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 220 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Veronica Farmer ◽

Göker Arpağ ◽

Sarah L. Hall ◽

Marija Zanic

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Large Fluctuations ◽

Structural Perturbations ◽

Microtubule Growth ◽

Presence And Absence ◽

Enhanced Stability

The GTP-tubulin cap is widely accepted to protect microtubules against catastrophe. The GTP-cap size is thought to increase with the microtubule growth rate, presumably endowing fast-growing microtubules with enhanced stability. It is unknown what GTP-cap properties permit frequent microtubule catastrophe despite fast growth. Here, we investigate microtubules growing in the presence and absence of the polymerase XMAP215. Using EB1 as a GTP-cap marker, we find that GTP-cap size increases regardless of whether growth acceleration is achieved by increasing tubulin concentration or by XMAP215. Despite increased mean GTP-cap size, microtubules grown with XMAP215 display increased catastrophe frequency, in contrast to microtubules grown with more tubulin, for which catastrophe is abolished. However, microtubules polymerized with XMAP215 have large fluctuations in growth rate; display tapered and curled ends; and undergo catastrophe at faster growth rates and with higher EB1 end-localization. Our results suggest that structural perturbations induced by XMAP215 override the protective effects of the GTP-cap, ultimately driving microtubule catastrophe.

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