養老領域中的代際衝突與代際公平——基於儒家倫理的視閾

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Jue WANG
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Generational Equity ◽  
Intergenerational Contract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.從世界範園看，代際公平早已經是一個與養老金改革、醫療資源配置等問題深度捆綁的核心議題。代際公平危機首先凸顯在養老金赤字上，並進一步危及到社會養老保險制度的公平性，危及到養老保障制度的基礎－－代際契約。就倫理層面而言，如何在老齡化的壓力重構代際契約成為決定代際公平辯論走向的關鍵。本文擬簡述目前在代際公平辯論中佔主導地位的解釋範式，並批判性地審查其倫理意蘊與局限性。在此基礎上，本文擬提供一種基於儒家倫理思想的替代性的解釋範式。本文試圖論證儒家倫理及其蘊含的代際契約不僅為解決代際公平問題提供了新的思路，而且也為當前中國養老制度改革提供一些重要的政策建議。From a global perspective, generational equity has long been a core issue in pension reform and medical resource allocation. Indeed, discussion of generational equity involves a financial crisis related to pension deficits and the fairness of the pension system, which is a crisis that threatens the ethical foundation of the social insurance institution, i.e., the intergenerational contract. From an ethical perspective, how to reconstruct the intergenerational contract under the pressure of aging is crucial to the debate on generational equity. This study critically examines the dominant framework of the debate on generational equity and proposes an alternative interpretation framework based on Confucian ethics. Finally, this study argues that Confucian ethics and the interpretation of the intergenerational contract not only shed new light on the issue of generational equity but also provide important policy implications for the current pension system reform in China.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 33 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE PENSION REFORM PAYMENT PLAN OF THE PENSION SYSTEM BASED ON TRANSFER OF CAPITAL FROM OPF FUNDS TO IPA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Capital Construction

The article describes the demographic, social and economic determinants of the capital reform plan of the pillar of the pension system based on the transfer of capital from Open Pension Funds to the Individual Pension Accounts system. The purpose of the planned pension reform is to improve the efficiency of the capital pillar of the pension system. Reform should also counteract the negative impact of demographic change, i.e. the aging process, on the public finances of the participatory pension system managed by the Social Insurance Institution. From mid-2016, the Ministry of Development had present the "Capital Construction Program", that is an important pillar of economic policy developed in Poland in 2017, at press conferences organized by the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The main assumptions of this economic policy are laid down in the so plan for responsible development.

scholarly journals The Bulgarian Pension System Reform and Implicit Pension Debt

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-20
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Public Pension Fund ◽  
Implicit Pension Debt ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
Pension Liabilities ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the Bulgarian pension sys­tem reform, implemented with the 2015 Social Insurance Code amendment act, on the im­plicit pension debt is the main focus of the present article. Holzmann’s methodology for calculation of open group pension liabilities is used (Holzmann et al., 2004). The long term forecasting of public pension fund revenues and expenditures is made possible through Professor John Wilkin’s actuarial model, which has been prepared within the scope of the World Bank’s assistance for Bulgaria in the implementation of the pension reform. The in­put in the model consists of demographic and macroeconomic suggestions as well as social security data for the 40-year period (2015- 2055) after pension reform enactment. The impact of the pension reform’s parameters on the implicit pension debt of the Bulgarian public pension system is elaborated through scenario analysis. Among the key findings of this article are the important role of the in­creasing of retirement age and serving period, as well as the contribution size for pension, for decreasing of implicit pension debt.

scholarly journals Market design for the provision of social insurance: the case of disability and survivors insurance in Chile

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
GONZALO REYES
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Risk Pooling ◽  
Auction Mechanism ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Barrier To Entry ◽  
The Government

AbstractAs part of the pension reform recently approved in Chile, the government introduced a centralized auction mechanism to provide the Disability and Survivors (D&S) Insurance that covers recent contributors among the more than eight million participants in the mandatory private pension system. This paper is intended as a case study presenting the main distortions found in the decentralized operation of the system that led to this reform and the challenges faced when designing a competitive auction mechanism to be implemented jointly by the Pension Fund Managers (AFP). When each AFP independently hired this insurance with an insurance company, the process was not competitive: colligated companies ended up providing the service and distortions affected competition in the market through incentives to cream-skim members, efforts to block disability claims, lack of price transparency, and the insurance contract acting as a barrier to entry. Cross-subsidies, inefficient risk pooling, and regulatory arbitrage were also present. The Chilean experience is relevant since other privatized systems with decentralized provision of this insurance may show similar problems as they mature. A centralized auction mechanism solves these market failures, but also gives raise to new challenges, such as how to design a competitive auction that attracts participation and deters collusion. Design features that were incorporated into the regulation to tackle these issues are presented here.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fiscal Conservatism ; A Case Study of the 2007 National Pension System Reform in Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (No. 1 Apr 2019) ◽  
pp. 17-38
Author(s):  
Jai Seop Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Internal Contradiction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fiscal Conservatism

This research intends to identify the influential factors in the 2007 National Pension System (NPS) reform in Korea (the Republic of Korea) which drove the NPS toward a structural transformation. This research also examines the applicability of the theory of Clemens and Cook (1999) to the Korean policy shift, who argue that the innate driving force of a policy, an internal contradiction, can be a critical source of structural policy change. A literature review based case study was carried out in this research. The findings are as follows. Firstly, rising fiscal conservatism was the main determinant of the 2007 NPS structural reform. The processes and conditions of the reform documented were: the fiscal conservatism embedded in NPS generated serious policy problems and led to an accumulation of the internal contradictions within NPS by raising the question on its fundamental policy goal. As time passed without any self-correction mechanism with respect to the problematic policy, the NPS lost credibility in the eyes of the public and also lost policy legitimacy. At the same time, there was a competing policy alternative to the NPS. This was the universalistic tax-based Basic Old-Age Pension System. This has been a challenge to NPSin that it had been designed based on the social insurance financing principle. The pre-conditions for the structural NPS reform were fully complete and they could be exploited by self-interested political parties in the following policy-making stages. Secondly, the theoretical assumption that the internal contradiction of a policy can be a decisive power for structural transformation, as suggested by Clemens and Cook (1999) among others, was proven to be theoretically and practically accurate in the Korean public pension reform case.

ANALYZING THE EFFICIENCY OF PENSION REFORM: THE ROLE OF THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF FISCAL CLOSURES

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Makarski ◽  
Jan Hagemejer ◽  
Joanna Tyrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Dc System ◽  
Intergenerational Redistribution ◽  
The Way

Replacing the pay-as-you-go defined benefit (PAYG DB) system with an at least partially funded defined contribution (DC) system generates fiscal costs that need financing. The fiscal closures at hand differ by the channel and the extent of distortions. The main contribution of this paper is a thorough comparison of the welfare effects of the various fiscal closures of the pension system reform. In addition, we decompose the welfare effects to the parts attributable to changing the way pensions are financed (PAYG ⇒ prefunding) and to changing the way pensions are computed (DB ⇒ DC). We show that depending on the fiscal closure, the welfare effects differ substantially for the same pension system reform. The financing of the the pension system gap with public debt allows more intergenerational redistribution.

scholarly journals SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN UKRAINE AND ITS LEGAL SUPPORT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmyla Laukhina ◽  
◽  
Olena Rabich ◽  
Nadia Kobzar ◽  
Svetlana Scachedub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

In modern conditions, the social policy of the state acquires special significance, which is a set of socio-economic measures of the state, enterprises, organizations, local authorities aimed at protecting the population from unemployment, rising prices, devaluation of labor savings. This is especially important in the Ukrainian reality, as due to the deep economic crisis and the decline in production, the problem of material security of the population, the creation of new jobs has become acute. Social policy follows from the social functions of the state, which it performs in a competitive market mechanism. It has been concluded that the payers of social insurance contributions are the state and employers (enterprises), and employees allegedly do not participate in social insurance and are provided without any deductions (payments) from wages. Social insurance directly and indirectly affects the interests of employees. Therefore, the participation of employees as insurers is mandatory under Ukrainian law. Due to the fact that this process is objective, beyond the control of the individual, is beyond his control, the state, reducing social tensions, takes care of the poor. It has been considered that a serious problem for Ukraine is the reform of the pension system: in fact, it is planned to build 2 new levels of the pension system. Thus, the pension system of Ukraine in the future should look like this: the first level - solidarity - exists today and provides for mandatory payments to the «common pot»; the second level - personalized - also provides for a «common pot», only now the information system of the Pension Fund will store information on the number and amount of individual payments; the third level provides for the emergence of private pension funds and voluntary contributions of working citizens. Bills on pension reform include, in particular, the removal of restrictions on the maximum amount of pension, the restoration of the dependence of the amount of pension on salary and seniority. It has been concluded that the field of social partnership, social policy and social security are those areas that directly affect the living standards of the population and are priority for Ukraine, wich includes the protection of the poor, the fight against unemployment, the regulation of labor relations.

Introducing Funded Pension Systems: International and Russian Experience

2010 ◽  
pp. 138-148
Author(s):  
A. Tabakh
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
New Institutions

The article reviews international experience of the pension reform switching from PAYG pension system toward funded or mixed ones. Issues related to reception of new institutions and changes in institutional environment are considered, recommendations on correction of the Russian pension system are formulated. Global experience shows that funded pension systems were successfully introduced either by democratic political regimes based on consensus or by dictatorships using authoritarian methods. In the latter case, reform plans were corrected as implementation proceeded. Stability of the reformed pension system strongly depends on its transparency and protection mechanisms for employees and employers built within the system. Funded pension system brings higher formal employment but creates new administrative barriers and transaction costs, increasing stability but reducing flexibility of the social insurance system.

scholarly journals Analysis of Reforming the Pension System of Ukraine: Implementation Problems and Development Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
O. Poznyakova ◽  
◽  
N. Panchuk ◽  
O. Burtseva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
The Public ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Implementation Problems ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Pension provision is an element of the pension system that ensures sustainable socio-economic development of the state as a whole. The article discusses the current problems of the pension system in Ukraine, ways to overcome and directions for its improvement. Determination of the further development and reform of the pension system aimed at ensuring the financial stability of the solidarity system. Introduction of the development of the pension system, taking into account the peculiarities of the current situation in the country, ways of reforming social insurance. The compulsory accumulative pension system is considered. Its introduction to retirees for two centuries. The advantages of the funded system, what it is based on, and its main contingent of citizens are analyzed. Principles of pension accrual, pension entitlements, old-age pensions, pension transfer, minimum and maximum pension in the course of reforms. Analyzed, introduced by introducing amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the increase in pensions. The demographic state of the population is considered. The article proves that the main strategic directions for improving the pension reform is the introduction of changes in the demography of the population; percentage of ERUs, when calculated for each entrepreneur separately (respectively, from the group of an individual entrepreneur to the type of activity); open your deposit account for the savings system in the public domain; to enable pensioners to work (to improve their knowledge with practitioners, to provide an opportunity to work with modern equipment, programs) to determine the dates for the introduction of the second level and the age category of participants; to establish and improve the work of the organization of pension provision; to show confidence in the reforms of the Pension Fund bodies to the population. Nowadays, constant monitoring of the achievement of the strategic goals of the reform of the pension system and pension provision and the adoption of fundamental decisions to overcome strategic gaps is quite an urgent issue and requires further research.

Lebensrealität und Rente

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Karger-Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Generational Equity ◽  
Normative Concepts

The current pension debate focuses primarily on the issue of generational equity. However, this work addresses problems that do not concern intergenerational but intragenerational distribution processes in the statutory pension system: Given the plurality of forms of employment and lifestyles, the ‘structural conservatism’ of this system, including its normative concepts of the conventional employment relationship and the average family, appears to have become a challenge. Accordingly, this work presents inconsistencies and inequalities that result from this confrontation. At the same time, it offers a benchmark that allows for a normative assessment of the discrepancies it points out, viewed from a Christian social–ethical perspective.

scholarly journals Economic Transition Process and Kosovo Pension Reform System

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Nexhmedin Shaqiri
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
System Model ◽  
System Reform ◽  
The World

This article aims to study the Kosovo economic transition process and its impact on the Pension system reform. The study will focus on; model of new economic building system (market liberalization, economic recovery, the concept of entrepreneurship development, system integration of economic trends in the global economy, privatization and transformation of property, social welfare, social justice), etc. During this study different theories on the transition process in the economy will be used, as well as theories on reforming the pension system in the world, which affirm the sustainability of the construction of the new economic and pension system. Methods used will serve to draw relevant conclusions as follow; heuristic, descriptive, historical, comparative, statistical. The hypothesis of this study is, "Impact of the economic reform system in Kosovo and its results in the construction of the new sustainable pension system model." Through this study conceptual changes to the economic system will be put forward, dealing with socialist and liberal philosophy, as different concepts of economic development, the role of the state or the market as a regulator of the economic system. In particular, attention is paid to the new pension system in Kosovo; the causes for reform of the pension system, reforming the pension system, the basic goals of the reform of the pension system, the types of pensions systems in the world, the conceptual basis of the construction of the pension system in Kosovo, the principles of the reform of the pension system, the regulatory framework of the new pension system in Kosovo, advantages and challenges of multi pillar pension system model, the model used for Kosovo's pension system, pension schemes in Kosovo, the efficiency of the new pension system in Kosovo, comparing the new pension system in Kosovo with pension systems of other countries in the region.

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