scholarly journals Parasitoids of the uniquely social colletid bee Amphylaeus morosus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) in Victoria

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Lucas R. Hearn ◽  
Mark I. Stevens ◽  
Michael P. Schwarz ◽  
Ben A. Parslow
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Host Behaviour

Understanding how nest parasites contribute to brood mortality rates in host species is an important step towards uncovering the potential implications for host behaviour. This can be especially important for understanding the evolution of social living, where defence against parasites is often posited as a major benefit of cooperative nesting. Only two parasitoid species have previously been reported for the only known social colletid bee, Amphylaeus morosus: the gasteruptiid wasp, Gasteruption primotarsale, and the mutillid, Ephutomorpha tyla. Here we report six additional parasitoid species of A. morosus: the gasteruptiid wasps G. atrinerve, G. globiceps, G. melanopoda and G. cinerescens; the bombyliid fly Anthrax maculatus; and the mutillid wasp Ephutomorpha aff. varipes. The mechanisms of parasitism for these eight parasitoid species are described in combination with how they operate throughout the host brood rearing period and whether benefits of social nesting vary across the season.

HYMENOPTERA OF THE WAGNER NATURAL AREA, A BOREAL SPRING FEN IN CENTRAL ALBERTA

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (S169) ◽  
pp. 181-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert T. Finnamore
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Boreal Spring ◽  
Arthropod Fauna ◽  
Pan Traps ◽  
Malaise Traps ◽  
Spring Fen

AbstractThe Wagner Natural Area, located 8 km west of Edmonton, Alberta (53°34′N 113°47′W), contains a boreal spring fen estimated to be 4700 years old. The site was selected in 1985 for a survey of its arthropod fauna. A transect of the site from marl pools through fen, edge effect, and treed swamp was sampled for arthropods using pan and Malaise traps. Specialized microhabitats outside the transect were identified and sampled using pan traps. The Wagner fen samples contain 2181 species of arthropods contributing to a total known biota of 2905 species in the peatland. Of those, 1410 are Hymenoptera. Although seven other peatland studies are known, the inability of systematists to name most species prevents direct comparisons among peatlands. Data obtained from the Hymenoptera collections at Wagner demonstrate a progression in species richness as one approaches the forest–fen edge from either fen or forest. A large proportion [30% (382 species)] of Hymenoptera species, termed the aerial component, is active both in the forest–fen edge and in the fen. The aerial component is a highly mobile, at least locally transient, but often uncollected component of peatland ecosystems. Presence of the aerial component is probably associated with habitat structure. Those peatlands possessing more complex vegetation architecture have greater proportions of aerial species. About 80% of Hymenoptera at Wagner are parasitoids, most of which attack larva of holometabolous hosts. Based on the host groups sought by parasitoids and the ratio of parasitoid species per host species, the fen is estimated to contain about 6000 species of arthropods.

Response To Kairomones By Some Alysiine and Eucoilid Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera)

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise E.M. Vet
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

Larval parasitoids of frugivorous Drosophila as well as related parasitoid species that attack Drosophila or Fannia species in mushrooms use water soluble larval kairomones in host location. Parasitoids of fungivorous flies allocate more searching time to patches containing a filtrate of mushrooms infested with host larvae compared to patches with a filtrate of uninfested mushrooms. Filtrates of mushrooms infested with a non-host species do not increase their searching time. Studies with parasitoids of frugivorous Drosophila showed that the ability to recognize kairomone is acquired through learning. Females without oviposition experience do not respond differently to patches with and without kairomone. Parasitoids that had learned the kairomone of one drosophilid host species also recognized the kairomone of another host species, which suggests that kairomones from Drosophilidae may be similar.

scholarly journals Community composition and species richness of parasitoids infesting Yponomeuta species in the Netherlands

2004 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F.R. Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Community Similarity ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Parasitoid assemblages infesting Yponomeuta species in the Netherlands were investigated. Parasitoid species richness and community composition were related to host species, habitat, temporal and spatial variation. Both community structure and species richness did not differ among habitats. There was no significant difference in species richness between years (1994 and 1995) but there was a significant difference in community composition. Community composition and species richness both differed among host species, although this latter result was solely due to the host species Y. evonymellus. There was no significant relationship between community similarity and distance. These results indicate that the parasitoids of the moth genus Yponomeuta in the Netherlands appear to form a spatially stable, but temporally variable community. Most of the variation in community structure was, however, related to the host species. The marked difference in parasitoid species richness and community composition of Y. evonymellus when compared to the other species warrants further study.

scholarly journals Selectivity of Insecticides Against Adult Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Cassava

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Elidiane Feltrin-Campos ◽  
Rudiney Rigenberg ◽  
Geraldo Andrade Carvalho ◽  
Daniele Fabiana Glaeser ◽  
Harley Nonato de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
F1 Generation

In this study, the effects of various chemical and biological insecticides on adults of the parasitoid species Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) were examined in cassava. The chemical insecticides zeta-cypermethrin, lufenuron + profenofós, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and teflubenzuron and the biological agents Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculovirus erinnyis were evaluated. For each treatment group, the effects were evaluated using T. pretiosum mortality rates, longevity of females, the number of eggs parasitized by the F0 generation, and number of emergent F1 parasitoids. The insecticides were classified using the International Organization for Biological Control categories. The tested insecticides had little effect on longevity and survival of adults, but all affected parasitism (F0) and were moderately harmful to the parasitoid. In relation to the emergent (F1) generation, the pesticides were either harmless or slightly harmful, except for zeta-cypermethrin which was classified as harmful with a 100% reduction in parasitoid emergence. The results indicate that the tested insecticides were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum in the laboratory; future studies will examine the effects of the insecticides under semi-field and field conditions to confirm their toxicity.

scholarly journals Eupelmus messene Walker, 1839 and E. microzonus Förster, 1860 as parasitoids of Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Cynipidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Vladimir E. Gokhman ◽  
Matvey I. Nikelshparg
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Species ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Larval Diapause ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Males And Females

In the southeast of European Russia, the gall wasp Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) is attacked by ten parasitoid species, including Eupelmus (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster, 1860 and E. (Macroneura) messene Walker, 1839. Although both members of the genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, they demonstrate different life-history strategies in respect to many bionomic features. Specifically, E. messene is represented by brachypterous thelytokous females which lay single eggs directly onto the host body. This species can parasitize both concealed and exposed larvae and pupae of A. hieracii, but fails to attack its primary parasitoids. On the contrary, arrhenotokous males and females of E. microzonus are fully winged. These parasitoids usually lay several eggs per host which are placed onto the wall of the host chamber and covered with a particular fibrous substance. E. microzonus never parasitizes pupae or exposed larvae, although it can readily attack concealed larvae of A. hieracii and its primary parasitoids. In addition, hibernating individuals of E. messene undergo obligatory larval diapause, but those of E. microzonus are able to develop without exposure to subzero temperatures. All these data collectively suggest that the former species is highly specialized to exploit A. hieracii as a host, whereas the latter one mostly exhibits the so-called morphotypical specialization. These different strategies allow E. messene and E. microzonus to coexist on the same host species, as a local specialist and a more or less evenly distributed generalist, respectively.

scholarly journals Some like it hot: factors impacting thermal preferences of two Ponto-Caspian amphipodsDikerogammarus villosus(Sovinsky, 1894) andDikerogammarus haemobaphes(Eichwald, 1841)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Rachalewski ◽  
Jarosław Kobak ◽  
Eliza Szczerkowska-Majchrzak ◽  
Karolina Bącela-Spychalska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behaviour ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Cucumispora Dikerogammari ◽  
Thermal Preferences ◽  
Host Behaviour

Temperature is a crucial factor determining biology and ecology of poikilothermic animals. It often constitutes an important barrier for invasive species originating from different climate zones but, on the other hand, may facilitate the invasion process of animals with wide thermal preferences and high resistance to extreme temperatures. In our experimental study, we investigated the thermal behaviour of two Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustaceans—Dikerogammarus villosusandDikerogammarus haemobaphes. Both species are known to live under a wide range of thermal conditions which may promote their invasion. Moreover, both these amphipods are hosts for microsporidian parasites which co-evolved with them within the Ponto-Caspian region and spread in European waters. As the presence of a parasite may influence the thermal preferences of its host, we expected to observe behavioural changes in infected individuals of the studied amphipods leading to (1) behavioural fever (selecting a warmer habitat) or (2) anapyrexia (selecting a colder habitat). The experiment (N = 20) was carried out for 30 min in a 100 cm. 20 cm from boths sides were not avaliable for amphipods long thermal gradient (0–40 °C), using 30 randomly selected adult amphipod individuals of one species. At the end of each trial, we checked the position of amphipods along the gradient and determined their sex and infection status (uninfected or infected by one of microsporidium species).D. villosuswas infected withCucumispora dikerogammariwhereasD. haemobapheswas a host forC. dikerogammari,Dictyocoela muelleriorD. berillonum. Thermal preferences of amphipods depended on their species and sex. Females ofD. villosuspreferred warmer microhabitats (often much above 30 °C) than conspecific males and females ofD. haemobaphes, whereas no significant differences were found among males of both species and both sexes ofD. haemobaphes. Moreover, infected males ofD. villosusstayed in warmer water more often than uninfected males of this species, selecting temperatures higher than 30 °C, which may be explained either as a behavioural fever constituting a defence mechanism of a host against the infection, or as a parasite manipulation of the host behaviour increasing the parasite fitness. On the other hand, none of the parasite species affected the thermal preferences ofD. haemobaphes, including alsoC. dikerogammari, changing the behaviour ofD. villosus. Our research presents the complexity of the thermal behaviour of studied amphipods and the evidence that microsporidia may trigger a change in temperature preferendum of their host species and those observations may be the result of different host-parasite coevolution time which may vary for the two host species (Poulin, 2010).

Demographic study of the macrothallus of Leathesia difformis (Phaeophyta) in Nova Scotia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. O. Chapman ◽  
C. L. Goudey
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Wave Motion ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Chondrus Crispus ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Corallina Officinalis ◽  
Demographic Study ◽  
Species Type

A population of Leathesia difformis macrothalli was examined by actuarial analysis. Plants were present for only 12 weeks between mid-June and early September. During that time, increasing mortality rate was correlated with increased crowding. Experimental reduction of crowding markedly reduced mortality rates. Mortality rate was also correlated with wave motion. Leathesia difformis grew epiphytically on Chondrus crispus and Corallina officinalis. Mortality rates were not significantly affected by host species type. Harvesting of biomass increments and knowledge of mortality rates allowed estimation of net production by the L. difformis population as 17 mg C∙m−2∙day−1.

scholarly journals Multiple parasitoid species enhance top-down control, but parasitoid performance is context-dependent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Thierry ◽  
Nicholas A. Pardikes ◽  
Miguel G Ximenez-Embrun ◽  
Gregoire Proudhom ◽  
Jan Hrcek
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Species Specific

Ecological communities are composed of a multitude of interacting species, forming complex networks of interactions. Current global changes are altering community composition and we thus need to understand if the mechanisms structuring species interactions are consistent across different species compositions. However, it is challenging to explore which aspects of species interactions are primarily driven by community structure and which by species identity. Here we compared the outcome of host-parasitoid interactions across four community modules that are common in host-parasitoid communities with a laboratory experiment using a pool of three Drosophila host and three larval parasitoid species, resulting in nine different species assemblages. Our results show general patterns of community structure for host-parasitoid interactions. Multiple parasitoid species enhanced host suppression without general antagonistic effects between parasitoid species. Presence of an alternative host species had no general effects on host suppression nor on parasitoid performance, therefore showing no evidence of indirect interactions between host species nor any host switching behavior. However, effects of community structure on parasitoid performance were species-specific and dependent on the identity of co-occurring species. Consequently, our findings highlight the importance of both the structure of the community and its species composition for the outcome of interactions.

Digital imaging: When should one take the plunge?

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 602-603
Author(s):  
John F. Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Scanning Electron

The current imaging trend in optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is to record all data digitally. Most manufacturers currently market digital acquisition systems with their microscope packages. The advantages of digital acquisition include: almost instant viewing of the data as a high-quaity positive image (a major benefit when compared to TEM images recorded onto film, where one must wait until after the microscope session to develop the images); the ability to readily quantify features in the images and measure intensities; and extremely compact storage (removable 5.25” storage devices which now can hold up to several gigabytes of data).The problem for many researchers, however, is that they have perfectly serviceable microscopes that they routinely use that have no digital imaging capabilities with little hope of purchasing a new instrument.

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