“Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great” by J. Shtelin, Translated by A. A. Nartov — an Unknown Monument of Russian Literature of 18th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
P. A. Krotov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Famous Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment

The problem of the development of a small literary genre of historical anecdote in Russia in the second half of the 18th century is researched. The question is raised on the manuscript of the translation of “Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great” by Academician J. Shtelin (1709—1785) into Russian, which was made by the famous person of the Age of Enlightenment A. A. Nartov (1736/1737—1813) in 1785. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the article is the first study of the manuscript, which remained unpublished and was not the subject of research. It is proved that Nartov’s translation of Shtelin’s work became an impetus for him to create his own historical and literary work, now known as Nartov’s Tales of Peter the Great (1786). It is concluded that Nartov’s collection of historical anecdotes is a literary work, which was created with extensive use of Shtelin’s “Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great”. The study of Nartov’s manuscript also made it possible to establish that the author of the first translation of Shtelin’s work published in Russia (1785) was the famous translator and publisher P. I. Bogdanovich.

scholarly journals Images of game and gamer in the space of literature and computer games

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Olga Anatol'evna Bychkova ◽  
Aleksandra Valer'evna Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Psychological Type ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Queen Of Spades ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the images of game and gamers. In the space of literary work, they are arrayed in metaphorical and often demonic raiment, receiving moral-ethical interpretation in one or another way. The problem of game and gamer in criticism was regarded by Y. Mann (“On the Concept of Game as a Literary Image”), V. V. Vinogradov (“Style of the Queen of Spades”), E. Dobin (“Ace and Queen”, A. Pushkin’s “The Queen of Spades”), R. Caillois (“Games and People”), British writer and researcher of online games R, Bartle, American scientist Nick Yee, and many others. However, juxtaposition of literature sources on the topic to the research in the field of computer games is conducted for the first time. The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive examination of the psychological game of the gamer based on the material of Russian literature (A. S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”, V. V. Nabokov The Luzhin Defense”) , as well as the modern computer games practice, in which psychological type of the gamer found its realization and development in accordance with genre diversity. Even the Russian classical literature depict game as an autonomous space that encompasses the gamer, and often has devastating effect on their personality. The author also observes an important characterological trait of the gamer: the conceptual, “literal” perception of the world, which is based on the reception of visual images of the world against verbal. Therefore, the Russian literature alongside the research practice of modern videogames from different angles approach examination of the images of “game and gamer”, cognize the factors and consequences of the problems that emerge in this object field, as well as seek for their solution. The data acquired in the course of the conducted comparative analysis is mutually enriching.

scholarly journals AESTHETICS OF CHILDHOOD IN THE PROJECT OF RUSSIAN EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
L.K. Nefedova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Educational Thought ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Literature And Philosophy ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
Aesthetic Consciousness ◽  
History Of

Russian philosopher A. D. Kantemir is an Enlightener, poet, and translator of Fontenelle, recognized in the history of Russian culture, who laid the foundation for Russian philosophical terminology. His literary work, translation and political activities contributed to the transformation of Russian aesthetic consciousness, since they were a stage in the development of cultural ties with Europe, in the development of Russian philosophical and literary artistic culture, in particular, in the development of the language of Russian literature and philosophy. In the poetic “Satire VII. About upbringing” in the language style of the 18th century, Kantemir presented a number of thoughts about upbringing that are quite modern and give an idea of the aesthetics of childhood in the project of Russian educational thought.

scholarly journals New school subject “Native literature (Russian)”: Contents and methodological foundations of the exemplary program

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Belyaeva ◽  
Maria A. Aristova ◽  
Zhanna N. Kritarova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
School Subject ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Native Literature

The article explains the purpose of creating an exemplary program of the subject “Native literature (Russian)” connected with the execution of the Federal Law on Education, supporting the main aim of the core course in literature – the development of a competent reader, as well as reinforcing the cultivating function of school literary education and preserving the Russian language, literature and culture against the background of Russian multi-ethnic and multicultural society. The following objectives of the new subject acquire particular significance: perceiving literature as one of the main cultural values of the nation (which reflects its national character, history, worldview); ensuring cultural self-identification, becoming aware of the communicative and aesthetic power of the mother tongue based on the study of outstanding literary creations of the Russian culture, the culture of one’s ethnic group, world culture. The methodological background to the exemplary program rests upon the idea of an ideological nature and educational potential of the Russian literature. In creating the didactic model in question, the authors of the program used theoretical and practical research methods, as well as the cognitive and system- and activity-based approaches. The results of the research were as follows: validation of the legal and regulatory framework of the new subject and the primary goals of its study, elaboration of the principles – which are based on the system of value codes shared by the whole nation’s cultural tradition – according to which the contents and structure of the course are selected. The article demonstrates what distinguishes “Native literature (Russian)” from the school subject “Literature”, how each of the three content branches of the program contributes to the development of subject knowledge and skills from grade to grade, why this or that recommended literary work is included in the topic-issue units, and which forms of the final subject assessment are most preferable. The exemplary program of the subject contributes to solving the issue of national and cultural identity and understanding what role the Russian literature plays in becoming aware of the national traits of the Russian culture. It also fosters the comprehension of cultural concepts that are crucial for the Russian national consciousness and the development of one’s ability to transform his/her reflections on works of native literature into personal convictions and positive values.

scholarly journals Literary and Philosophical Heritage of Symbolism (on Problem of Searching for Truth)

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01086
Author(s):  
Evgeny Korobeinikov ◽  
Denis Khabibulin ◽  
Evgeny Tsapov ◽  
Olesya Golubeva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
The World ◽  
Philosophical Standpoint ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Relationship

This paper examines the cultural heritage of the end of the 19th- the beginning of the 20th century, which period is known for the crisis that struck all the spheres of life of the time – social and economic, political, philosophical, aesthetic. It is for this reason that the intellectuals of the time reflected on the crisis in their artistic, philosophical and spiritual search. In particular, this can be traced in the works of Russian and foreign modernists. In that period, the problem of creative cognition as a special ideology and a way to create life becomes of particular importance. The relevance of this work is defined by striving to outline certain approaches to solving this problem. The aim of this research is to identify the particularities of the subject-object relationship and how it forms in a literary work while enabling the author to build an adequate symbolist picture of the world, to transform and create it. The aspect examined by the authors of this article will help analyse the system of symbolism, just like any other theory, from the philosophical standpoint. One can use the results of this research when developing new programmes for basic and special courses in the history of 20th-century Russian literature and culture to be taught at university or at school.

scholarly journals PANEGYRIC TRADITIONS IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY, PRECEDING THE FORMATION OF GAVRILA DERZHAVIN’S BATTLE ODE

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Aleksandr N. Ratnikov
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Special Form ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Lyrical Poetry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Comparative Study

Gavrila Derzhavin’s creative work marked an important stage in the formation of Russian poetry. Raised in the works of previous generations of poets, Gavrila Derzhavin mastered the best samples of Russian and foreign solemn panegyric works, creating on their basis a special form of his own batal ode. What contributes to a full and deep understanding of the process of formation and development of Gavrila Derzhavin’s batal lyrics, is a study of the conception of the Russian odic tradition related to the time of Peter I. The place of poetry in the life of society had been rethought during this period; poetry had been rationalised at the service of the state. Poetry texts started to be used as musical and poetry accompaniment of holidays, solemn meetings of reigning persons or praise of military successes. Russian literature responded to this request by the appearance of various samples of solemn, panegyric poetry - cantos and other solemn poems. During the reign of Peter I, who were the most prominent representatives of the panegyric lyrics were Theophan Prokopovich (1681–1736), Stefan Yavorsky (1658–1722) and Dmitri Rostovsky (1651–1709). The chosen batal works of the above-mentioned authors as well as the batal lyrical poetry by Gavrila Derzhavin are the subject of research within the framework of this article. The numerous correspondences and elements of continuity between the panegyric cantos and the odes by Gavrila Derzhavin expressed in a similar system of allegorical image-symbols, as well as in orientation to antique specimens and to biblical motifs, are revealed in the comparative study of solemn panegyric works of batal subject matter and the batal ode of Gavrila Derzhavin.

scholarly journals Иностранные языки в России XVIII в

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 147-169
Author(s):  
Татьяна Костина
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This article presents a summary of the reports and transcripts of the discussion held on October 24, 2020, at a panel on the functioning of foreign languages in 18th-century Russia, which took place during the international conference "Müller Readings-2020." The attendees discussed different approaches to the subject using various historical examples, such as the language of the manuscripts presented to Peter the Great and Catherine I; the languages of Russian-Turkish diplomacy in the reign of Peter the Great; the problems of the horizon of the translator and the genre conditionality of the use of languages; their use in the initial period of the existence of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; and the problems of publishing foreign language sources. Several reports were devoted to the history of teaching foreign languages among various social strata, as well as to the methods of teaching languages in the 18th century.

scholarly journals I Problems; Blindness and Autobiography

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. VC17-VC35
Author(s):  
Dennis Schep
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Autobiographical Writing ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
French Theory ◽  
Ecce Homo ◽  
History Of Optics

The literary genre of autobiography dates back to the 18th century, when philosophy became a type of anthropology, archives and case histories strengthened the grasp of discourse over life, and modern authorship and hermeneutics led to new modes of reading and writing. Nietzsche and so-called French theory have put significant strain on this constellation in their shared critique of language, subjectivity and authorship – a critique that makes traditional autobiography all but impossible. Needless to say, this has stopped neither Nietzsche nor a number of postmodern theorists from writing their own autobiographical texts. Interestingly, blindness is a recurring figure in many of these texts; and in this article, I argue that this figure allows us to trace the generic upheaval generated by the problematization of the discursive constellation that fostered modern autobiographical writing. By means of a brief introduction into the history of optics and a close reading of Nietzsche's Ecce Homo and Cixous' 'Savoir,' I show that the malfunctioning eye is one of the figures employed to deinstitutionalize both the philosophical and the autobiographical tradition, allowing us to grasp what became of autobiography after philosophy pronounced the death of man, the subject, and the author.This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing in May 2014 and published on 16 March 2015.

scholarly journals The relationship between the Enlightenment and the survival of the Livonian language in Salaca Parish

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-59
Author(s):  
Aldur Vunk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
The Relationship

In the 18th century, the Livonian language in Salaca Parish became the subject of academic interest, and also persecution. This article examines the contradictory challenges posed by the Age of Enlightenment, primarily the exclusion of the Livonian language from public use that was carried out with the help of administrative and legal measures. The sources for the article include contemporary descriptions, as well as data related to the families that can be identified as being Livonians. The differing attitudes of the two largest manor administrators toward the Livonian peasants and their language is highlighted along with the ensuing consequences. There is also a description of the projects and undertakings that were impacted by the Enlightenment at the parish’s larger manors. To start, the article defines the borders of the Livonians’ linguistic island in the first half of the 18th century, and in conclusion, a comparison is provided of the language usage of the Livonians in this same area in the first half of the 19th century.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Seosed valgustusaja ja liivi keele püsimise vahel Salatsi kihelkonnas. Valgustusliikumise mõju Balti kubermangudes ei väljendunud kõikjal positiivsete arengute kaudu ja 18. sajandil ei suudetud ühiskonda kaasajastada tasakaalustatult, hävitamata elutervele kultuurile omast paljusust. Valgustusaeg koos samal ajal süvenenud pärisorjusega oli Salatsi liivi talupoegadele mitmeti väljakutsuv; võrreldes varasema ajaga sõltus nende kultuurilise ja keelelise omapära püsimine kohalikest mõisnikest ja nende heakskiidul ametisse pandud pastoritest. See polnud aga kaugeltki parim võimalus, sest koos uue mentaliteedi võidulepääsemisega oli suurenenud lõhe ka haritud ja valgustatud inimeste eneste vahel. Liivlaste kultuurilist emantsipatsiooni takistasid seisuslikud tõkked ja Salaca kihelkonna kaugus nii kubermangu- kui ka kreisikeskustest ei võimaldanud siia koonduda rohkematel haritlastel kui pastor ja mõisnike koduõpetajad. Liivlaste identiteedi väga oluline nõrgenemine valgustusaja kestel Salatsi kihelkonnas on tuvastatav nende asustusalana kirjeldatud piirkonna kiires kahanemises 18. sajandi teisel poolel ja 19. sajandi alguses. Ometi polnud Salatsi kihelkond valgustusajal vaimse elu orbiidilt kadunud ja täielikku pimedusse mattunud kolgas, kus valgustusideed oleks olnud täiesti tundmatud. Pigem suurenes sellel ajastul haritud inimeste iseteadlike suundumiste osakaal ja palju sõltus ka Salatsi kihelkonna väheste haritlaste huvidest. Samal ajal kui saksakeelsesse teadusperioodikasse jõudis teadmine akadeemilist huvi pakkuvast liivlaste kultuurist, algas selle väljenduste mahasurumine. Aastatel 1742–1778 kihelkonnakogudust teeninud pastor Johann Conrad Burchard saatis Peterburi Teaduste Akadeemia liikmele August Ludwig von Schlözerile liivi keele alase kaastöö ja jätkas selle keele uurimist Salatsi kihelkonnas. Tema järeltulija, pastor Ignatius Franz Hackel, võttis aga eesmärgiks liivi talupoegade iidse ja omapärase kultuuri hävitamise, mis ühiskonna poolt tema kätte antud volituste ja pika ametiaja (1778–1836) toel ka teoks sai. Lisaks pastoritele oli suur osakaal talupoegade elu suunamisel mõisnikel. 1738. aastal poolitatud Salatsi mõisa kahes pooles olid tingimused liivi kultuuri säilimisele erinevad. Salatsi kihelkonnas elanud liivlastest kasutas oma emakeelt kauem Svētciemsi mõisa kogukond. Seda mõisa pidasid 18. sajandil valdavalt kohalikud või samast piirkonnast pärit mõisnikud ja väljapaistvaim neist oli Riia literaatide suhtlusringkonda kuulunud kihelkonna sillakohtunik Friedrich Gustav von Dunten. 1769. aastal mõisa üle võtnud parun Dunten korraldas samal aastal kohalike talupoegade keele jäädvustamise Riia Toomkiriku ülempastori ja konsistooriumi koolijuhi Immanuel Justus von Esseni juures. Samal ajal Vecsalaca mõisas suurejoonelisi ja ajastule iseloomulikke kultuurimonumente püstitanud parun Friedrich Hermann von Fersen rõhutas küll oma majapidamise kuulumist antiikse ja germaani kultuuri mõjuvälja, kuid aitas ise kaasa seal veel elujõulise liivi kultuuri väljasuretamisele.Märksõnad: liivlased, Salaca kihelkond, Vecsalaca, Svētciems, Ķirbiži, 18. sajand, liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Sidtõkst sieldõmāiga ja līvõ kīel pīlimiz vail Salāts mōgõrs. Sieldõmāiga likkimiz mȯj 18. āigastsadā Baltijs iz ūo set pozitīvi. Sieldõmāiga īdskubs vǟrgõdāigaks vȯļ Salāts mōaŗīntijizt pierāst lǟlam. Nänt kultūr ja kīel pīlimi tǟnkiz mȯiznikīst ja päpīst. Bet se võimi sugīd iz ūo amā paŗīmi, sīestõ põŗg kovāld rovzt eņtš vail kazīz jo sūrõks. Līvlizt identitēt 18. āigastsadā lopāndõks pūol ja 19. āigastsadā īrgandõksõs ei jo vōjlizõks, sīestõ jo piškizõks ei mō, kus ne jelīzt, ja Salāts immõrkouț vȯļ kougõn sidāmist. Salāts immõrkouț umīțigid iz ūo täužiņ pimdõ kūož, kus sieldõmāiga mõtkõd äb vȯlkst vȯnnõd tundtõbõd. Sīel īž āigal, ku saksā tieudlizt āigakērad sizzõl päzīzt tieutõd iļ līvõd kultūr, īrgiz ka līvõd kultūr mōzõ pīkstimi. Päp Johann Conrad Burchard sōtiz Pētõrburg Tieud Akadēmij nõtkõmõn August Ludwig von Schlözerõn eņtš tuņšlimiztīe iļ līvõ kīel ja jatkīz līvõ kīel tuņšlimiztīedõ Salāts immõrkouțš ka pierrõ. Bet täm tagāntuļļi, päp Ignatius Franz Hackel, īrgiz artõ līvõ kultūrõ nei ku set sȭitiz. 1738. āigasts Salāts mȯizõ sai jagdõt kōd jagūks. Sīe Pivākilā jags līvõ kēļ sai kȭlbatod amā kōgim. Mȯiznikā Friedrich Gustav von Dunten tigtiz līvõd kultūrõ. Bet nägțõbõks Vanāsalāts mȯizõ barōn Friedrich Hermann äbțiz artõ līvõd kultūrõ.

scholarly journals Chkhartishvili-Akunin's media project: metafictionality as meta-history

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View

Of particular relevance to modern literary studies is the study of the media of communicative poetics, which largely offset the traditional modernist paradigms of literary work. A related issue is the study of supertext unity, composed of author's projects with a complex narrative hierarchy and genre-stylistic hybridity. The typology of literary and medial projects embodying the phenomenon of new historicism in modern Russian literature (the works of V. Sharov, V. Sorokin, E. Vodolazkin, M. Shishkin, etc.) is highlighted. An undoubtedly significant place in this context belongs to the meta-historical project of Boris Akunin. The purpose of this article is to study the literary project of Boris Akunin as a medial system that coordinates the historiosophical motivations of the author with metatextual representations of genre-narrative models characteristic of modern literature. As a methodological key, an analysis of the productive interaction of scientistic and fictitious meanings of the concepts of “history” and “event”, as well as the corresponding cognitive traditions and practices of their understanding, is used. The study showed how “large” historical narratives are demonologized, undergoing the corrective influence of fictional ontological and anthropological models. This makes it relevant to appeal to the genres of jokes and short stories, detective and adventurous versions of a historical novel. The subject-narrative system activates polyphonic means – the interference of speech and the points of view of narrators and actors. Artistic time and space create many variations of the intersection of chronotopes, plot correlations, and motivational roll calls. Thus, the authority of the author is decentralized - he acts as a moderator of a multidiscursive set of telling versions – ‘stories’ and ‘events’. A system of authority masks is created, each of which embodies a new version of the Other's figure as a carrier of a different creative consciousness, an alternative ideology and a language for describing the world.

scholarly journals Specifics of the narrative about the rulers in Russian memoirs of the 20s – 70s of the 18th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
O. S. Roshchina ◽  
◽  
O. A. Farafonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Personal Narrative ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Personal Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Personal Formation ◽  
Judg Ments

The paper considers the ways of authors’ self-representation concerning the presentation of the figure of the ruler in Russian memoirs of the 18th century. The memoirs of the 20s – 50s tend to combine personal and impersonal narrative with the predominance of the latter. This combination makes the view of events seem objective. Memoirists do not make value judg-ments about rulers and describe only facts. However, even in an impersonal narrative, mem-oirists, being former participants or witnesses of the described events, cannot avoid making judgments about various figures of their era. In the 60s and 70s, authors mostly used personal narrative and noticed any shortcomings of the reigning characters. In some cases, memoirists justify and explain them by the harmful influence of the courtier environment or do not rec-ognize them as particularly serious. In other cases, shortcomings in public administration or wrong actions of the monarch are seen as a direct consequence of his personality. Memoirists, whose personal formation, as a rule, was in the time of Peter the Great (Neplyuev, Shakhovskaya), think about the figure of the sovereign as of an absolute super-personal value. Obviously, this personal value came to be devalued in the minds of people of the post-Petrine era and/or those personally affected by the rule of a monarch (Dolgorukaya, Minikh). The process of memoir individualization occurs during this period simultaneously in two direc-tions – of the subject of the utterance and the object of description.

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