Machine Learning Algorithm Evaluate the maintainability

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1376-1383
Author(s):  
Dr.Vijay Pal Dhaka ◽  
Swati Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
General Regression Neural Network ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Software Maintainability

Maintainability is an important quality attribute and a difficult concept as it involves a number of measurements. Quality estimation means estimating maintainability of software. Maintainability is a set of attribute that bear on the effort needed to make specified modification. The main goal of this paper is to propose use of few machine learning algorithms with an objective to predict software maintainability and evaluate them. The propose models are Gaussian process regression networks (GPRN), probably approximately correct learning (PAC), Genetic algorithm (GA). This paper predicts the maintenance effort. The QUES (Quality evaluation system) dataset are used in this study. The QUES datasets contains 71 classes. To measure the maintainability, number of “CHANGE” is observed over a period of few years. We can define CHANGE as the number of lines of code which were added, deleted or modified during few year maintenance periods. After this study these machine learning algorithm was compared with few models such as GRNN (General regression neural network) model, RT (Regression tree), MARS (Multiple adaptive regression splines), SVM (Support vector machine), MLR (Multiple linear regression) models. Based on experiments, it was found that GPRN can be predicting the maintainability more accurately and precisely than prevailing models. We also include object oriented software metric to measure the software maintainability. The use of machine learning algorithms to establish the relationship between metrics and maintainability would be much better approach as these are based on quantity as well as quality. 

scholarly journals Comparing different supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahadat Uddin ◽  
Arif Khan ◽  
Md Ekramul Hossain ◽  
Mohammad Ali Moni
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Disease Prediction ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Background Supervised machine learning algorithms have been a dominant method in the data mining field. Disease prediction using health data has recently shown a potential application area for these methods. This study aims to identify the key trends among different types of supervised machine learning algorithms, and their performance and usage for disease risk prediction. Methods In this study, extensive research efforts were made to identify those studies that applied more than one supervised machine learning algorithm on single disease prediction. Two databases (i.e., Scopus and PubMed) were searched for different types of search items. Thus, we selected 48 articles in total for the comparison among variants supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction. Results We found that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is applied most frequently (in 29 studies) followed by the Naïve Bayes algorithm (in 23 studies). However, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm showed superior accuracy comparatively. Of the 17 studies where it was applied, RF showed the highest accuracy in 9 of them, i.e., 53%. This was followed by SVM which topped in 41% of the studies it was considered. Conclusion This study provides a wide overview of the relative performance of different variants of supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction. This important information of relative performance can be used to aid researchers in the selection of an appropriate supervised machine learning algorithm for their studies.

scholarly journals FoRex Trading Using Supervised Machine Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.15) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuy Nguyen Thi Thu ◽  
Vuong Dang Xuan
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Machine Learning Model

The exchange rate of each money pair can be predicted by using machine learning algorithm during classification process. With the help of supervised machine learning model, the predicted uptrend or downtrend of FoRex rate might help traders to have right decision on FoRex transactions. The installation of machine learning algorithms in the FoRex trading online market can automatically make the transactions of buying/selling. All the transactions in the experiment are performed by using scripts added-on in transaction application. The capital, profits results of use support vector machine (SVM) models are higher than the normal one (without use of SVM). 

Intelligent system of English composition scoring model based on improved machine learning algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jie Liu ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Xiufang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
English Composition ◽  
Region Extraction ◽  
Constraint Model

The online English teaching system has certain requirements for the intelligent scoring system, and the most difficult stage of intelligent scoring in the English test is to score the English composition through the intelligent model. In order to improve the intelligence of English composition scoring, based on machine learning algorithms, this study combines intelligent image recognition technology to improve machine learning algorithms, and proposes an improved MSER-based character candidate region extraction algorithm and a convolutional neural network-based pseudo-character region filtering algorithm. In addition, in order to verify whether the algorithm model proposed in this paper meets the requirements of the group text, that is, to verify the feasibility of the algorithm, the performance of the model proposed in this study is analyzed through design experiments. Moreover, the basic conditions for composition scoring are input into the model as a constraint model. The research results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has a certain practical effect, and it can be applied to the English assessment system and the online assessment system of the homework evaluation system algorithm system.

scholarly journals Risk Monitoring and Quantitative Results of Various Attributes of Machine Learning Algorithms with a Time Series Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4018-4022
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Risk Modelling ◽  
Risk Monitoring ◽  
Quantitative Results

The aim of this research is to do risk modelling after analysis of twitter posts based on certain sentiment analysis. In this research we analyze posts of several users or a particular user to check whether they can be cause of concern to the society or not. Every sentiment like happy, sad, anger and other emotions are going to provide scaling of severity in the conclusion of final table on which machine learning algorithm is applied. The data which is put under the machine learning algorithms are been monitored over a period of time and it is related to a particular topic in an area

scholarly journals Significant Impact of Improved Machine Learning Algorithm in The Processes of Large Data Sets

2020 ◽  
pp. 458-467
Author(s):  
Virendra Tiwari ◽  
Balendra Garg ◽  
Uday Prakash Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Streaming Data ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Mechanisms

The machine learning algorithms are capable of managing multi-dimensional data under the dynamic environment. Despite its so many vital features, there are some challenges to overcome. The machine learning algorithms still requires some additional mechanisms or procedures for predicting a large number of new classes with managing privacy. The deficiencies show the reliable use of a machine learning algorithm relies on human experts because raw data may complicate the learning process which may generate inaccurate results. So the interpretation of outcomes with expertise in machine learning mechanisms is a significant challenge in the machine learning algorithm. The machine learning technique suffers from the issue of high dimensionality, adaptability, distributed computing, scalability, the streaming data, and the duplicity. The main issue of the machine learning algorithm is found its vulnerability to manage errors. Furthermore, machine learning techniques are also found to lack variability. This paper studies how can be reduced the computational complexity of machine learning algorithms by finding how to make predictions using an improved algorithm.

Software Maintainability: Systematic Literature Review and Current Trends

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (08) ◽  
pp. 1221-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchika Malhotra ◽  
Anuradha Chug
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Design Metrics ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Software Maintainability ◽  
Early Phases

Software maintenance is an expensive activity that consumes a major portion of the cost of the total project. Various activities carried out during maintenance include the addition of new features, deletion of obsolete code, correction of errors, etc. Software maintainability means the ease with which these operations can be carried out. If the maintainability can be measured in early phases of the software development, it helps in better planning and optimum resource utilization. Measurement of design properties such as coupling, cohesion, etc. in early phases of development often leads us to derive the corresponding maintainability with the help of prediction models. In this paper, we performed a systematic review of the existing studies related to software maintainability from January 1991 to October 2015. In total, 96 primary studies were identified out of which 47 studies were from journals, 36 from conference proceedings and 13 from others. All studies were compiled in structured form and analyzed through numerous perspectives such as the use of design metrics, prediction model, tools, data sources, prediction accuracy, etc. According to the review results, we found that the use of machine learning algorithms in predicting maintainability has increased since 2005. The use of evolutionary algorithms has also begun in related sub-fields since 2010. We have observed that design metrics is still the most favored option to capture the characteristics of any given software before deploying it further in prediction model for determining the corresponding software maintainability. A significant increase in the use of public dataset for making the prediction models has also been observed and in this regard two public datasets User Interface Management System (UIMS) and Quality Evaluation System (QUES) proposed by Li and Henry is quite popular among researchers. Although machine learning algorithms are still the most popular methods, however, we suggest that researchers working on software maintainability area should experiment on the use of open source datasets with hybrid algorithms. In this regard, more empirical studies are also required to be conducted on a large number of datasets so that a generalized theory could be made. The current paper will be beneficial for practitioners, researchers and developers as they can use these models and metrics for creating benchmark and standards. Findings of this extensive review would also be useful for novices in the field of software maintainability as it not only provides explicit definitions, but also lays a foundation for further research by providing a quick link to all important studies in the said field. Finally, this study also compiles current trends, emerging sub-fields and identifies various opportunities of future research in the field of software maintainability.

A Surveillance on Machine Learning Algorithms and Its Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 4294-4298
Author(s):  
B. R. Sunil Kumar ◽  
B. S. Siddhartha ◽  
S. N. Shwetha ◽  
K. Arpitha
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Primary Advantage

This paper intends to use distinct machine learning algorithms and exploring its multi-features. The primary advantage of machine learning is, a machine learning algorithm can predict its work automatically by learning what to do with information. This paper reveals the concept of machine learning and its algorithms which can be used for different applications such as health care, sentiment analysis and many more. Sometimes the programmers will get confused which algorithm to apply for their applications. This paper provides an idea related to the algorithm used on the basis of how accurately it fits. Based on the collected data, one of the algorithms can be selected based upon its pros and cons. By considering the data set, the base model is developed, trained and tested. Then the trained model is ready for prediction and can be deployed on the basis of feasibility.

scholarly journals Machine learning algorithms can predict tail biting outbreaks in pigs using feeding behaviour records

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ollagnier ◽  
Claudia Kasper ◽  
Anna Wallenbeck ◽  
Linda Keeling ◽  
Siavash A Bigdeli
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Tail Biting ◽  
Testing Set

Tail biting is a detrimental behaviour that impacts the welfare and health of pigs. Early detection of tail biting precursor signs allows for preventive measures to be taken, thus avoiding the occurrence of the tail biting event. This study aimed to build a machine-learning algorithm for real time detection of upcoming tail biting outbreaks, using feeding behaviour data recorded by an electronic feeder. Prediction capacities of seven machine learning algorithms (e.g., random forest, neural networks) were evaluated from daily feeding data collected from 65 pens originating from 2 herds of grower-finisher pigs (25-100kg), in which 27 tail biting events occurred. Data were divided into training and testing data, either by randomly splitting data into 75% (training set) and 25% (testing set), or by randomly selecting pens to constitute the testing set. The random forest algorithm was able to predict 70% of the upcoming events with an accuracy of 94%, when predicting events in pens for which it had previous data. The detection of events for unknown pens was less sensitive, and the neural network model was able to detect 14% of the upcoming events with an accuracy of 63%. A machine-learning algorithm based on ongoing data collection should be considered for implementation into automatic feeder systems for real time prediction of tail biting events.

scholarly journals An Overview of Supervised Machine Learning Methods and Data Analysis for COVID-19 Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Aurelle Tchagna Kouanou ◽  
Thomas Mih Attia ◽  
Cyrille Feudjio ◽  
Anges Fleurio Djeumo ◽  
Adèle Ngo Mouelas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Test Results

Background and Objective. To mitigate the spread of the virus responsible for COVID-19, known as SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for massive population testing. Due to the constant shortage of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test reagents, which are the tests for COVID-19 by excellence, several medical centers have opted for immunological tests to look for the presence of antibodies produced against this virus. However, these tests have a high rate of false positives (positive but actually negative test results) and false negatives (negative but actually positive test results) and are therefore not always reliable. In this paper, we proposed a solution based on Data Analysis and Machine Learning to detect COVID-19 infections. Methods. Our analysis and machine learning algorithm is based on most cited two clinical datasets from the literature: one from San Raffaele Hospital Milan Italia and the other from Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein São Paulo Brasilia. The datasets were processed to select the best features that most influence the target, and it turned out that almost all of them are blood parameters. EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis) methods were applied to the datasets, and a comparative study of supervised machine learning models was done, after which the support vector machine (SVM) was selected as the one with the best performance. Results. SVM being the best performant is used as our proposed supervised machine learning algorithm. An accuracy of 99.29%, sensitivity of 92.79%, and specificity of 100% were obtained with the dataset from Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/einsteindata4u/covid19) after applying optimization to SVM. The same procedure and work were performed with the dataset taken from San Raffaele Hospital (https://zenodo.org/record/3886927#.YIluB5AzbMV). Once more, the SVM presented the best performance among other machine learning algorithms, and 92.86%, 93.55%, and 90.91% for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively, were obtained. Conclusion. The obtained results, when compared with others from the literature based on these same datasets, are superior, leading us to conclude that our proposed solution is reliable for the COVID-19 diagnosis.

scholarly journals Wheat Lodging Detection from UAS Imagery Using Machine Learning Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Paulo Flores ◽  
C. Igathinathane ◽  
Dayakar L. Naik ◽  
Ravi Kiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems

The current mainstream approach of using manual measurements and visual inspections for crop lodging detection is inefficient, time-consuming, and subjective. An innovative method for wheat lodging detection that can overcome or alleviate these shortcomings would be welcomed. This study proposed a systematic approach for wheat lodging detection in research plots (372 experimental plots), which consisted of using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for aerial imagery acquisition, manual field evaluation, and machine learning algorithms to detect the occurrence or not of lodging. UAS imagery was collected on three different dates (23 and 30 July 2019, and 8 August 2019) after lodging occurred. Traditional machine learning and deep learning were evaluated and compared in this study in terms of classification accuracy and standard deviation. For traditional machine learning, five types of features (i.e. gray level co-occurrence matrix, local binary pattern, Gabor, intensity, and Hu-moment) were extracted and fed into three traditional machine learning algorithms (i.e., random forest (RF), neural network, and support vector machine) for detecting lodged plots. For the datasets on each imagery collection date, the accuracies of the three algorithms were not significantly different from each other. For any of the three algorithms, accuracies on the first and last date datasets had the lowest and highest values, respectively. Incorporating standard deviation as a measurement of performance robustness, RF was determined as the most satisfactory. Regarding deep learning, three different convolutional neural networks (simple convolutional neural network, VGG-16, and GoogLeNet) were tested. For any of the single date datasets, GoogLeNet consistently had superior performance over the other two methods. Further comparisons between RF and GoogLeNet demonstrated that the detection accuracies of the two methods were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05); hence, the choice of any of the two would not affect the final detection accuracies. However, considering the fact that the average accuracy of GoogLeNet (93%) was larger than RF (91%), it was recommended to use GoogLeNet for wheat lodging detection. This research demonstrated that UAS RGB imagery, coupled with the GoogLeNet machine learning algorithm, can be a novel, reliable, objective, simple, low-cost, and effective (accuracy > 90%) tool for wheat lodging detection.

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