Aquatic Resources in Foodcrusts: Identification and Implication

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Heron ◽  
Oliver E Craig
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Compound Specific Carbon Isotope ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Isotope Measurements ◽  
Selection Of

Foodcrusts, the charred surface deposits on pottery vessel surfaces, provide a rich source of data regarding container function. This article reviews recent applications focusing on the detection of aquatic resources (marine and freshwater) in pottery vessels using a range of analytical approaches including bulk isotope measurements of carbon and nitrogen, lipid biomarker analysis, and compound-specific carbon isotope determinations. Such data can help to evaluate the presence of reservoir effects when undertaking radiocarbon dating of foodcrust samples. In particular, molecular and isotopic analysis can aid in the selection of suitable candidates for14C where it can be demonstrated that aquatic resources are unlikely to contribute to the residue. Prospects for compound-specific14C analysis of lipids in foodcrusts and ceramic-absorbed residues are also discussed.

Microbial utilization of terrigenous ancient carbon released to marine environments traced by compound specific radiocarbon dating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruben ◽  
Florence Schubotz ◽  
Hannah Marchant ◽  
Jens Hefter ◽  
Hendik Grotheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Permafrost Soils ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Global Carbon

<p>Until two decades ago, ancient carbon was regarded as non-bioavailable substrate for organisms because it was synthesised, deposited, and once before (partially) degraded thousands to millions of years ago. Such aged organic matter is stored in terrestrial permafrost deposits or sedimentary bedrock, where it is locked up and remains disconnected from the active global carbon cycle. However, with changing climatic conditions, these organic matter reservoirs are being remobilised at faster rates by receding glaciers or permafrost thaw. During transport and after redeposition in newly formed sediments, the ancient carbon can be accessed by micro-organisms, but whether or not the micro-organisms can utilize the ancient carbon is highly debated.</p><p>Using a combined approach of lipid biomarker analysis, lipidology, and radiocarbon dating of bulk organic matter as well as single compounds targeting intact polar lipid fatty acids (IPL-FAs), our research demonstrates that microbial communities utilise supposedly non-bioavailable ancient carbon for biosynthesis in Arctic marine fjord sediments. The availability of ancient carbon to the sub-surface microbes represents a carbon source that has not been accounted for in today’s climate models. These implications are of major importance concerning the increased thawing of high latitude permafrost soils, permafrost mobilization and coastal erosion due to anthropogenic climate change, catalysing associated positive feedback loops. In future research, we will use this approach to study the utilization of ancient carbon derived from North American and Siberian permafrost soils in Arctic shelf sediments to assess its importance in the global carbon budgets.</p>

scholarly journals Analyses of depositional environments of the Marcellus formation in New York using biomarker and trace metal proxies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reilly M. Blocho ◽  
Richard W. Smith ◽  
Mark R. Noll
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New York ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
New York State ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Marcellus Formation

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to observe how the composition of organic matter (OM) and the extent of anoxia during deposition within the Marcellus Formation in New York varied by distance from the sediment source in eastern New York. Lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) in the extractable organic component (bitumen) of the shale samples were analyzed, and proxies such as the average chain length (ACL), aquatic to terrestrial ratio (ATR) and carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes were calculated. Fatty acids were relatively non-abundant due to the age of the shale bed, but n-alkane distributions revealed that the primary component of the OM was terrigenous plants. The presence of shorter n-alkane chain lengths in the samples indicated that there was also a minor component of phytoplankton and algal (marine) sourced OM. Whole rock analyses were also conducted, and cerium anomalies were calculated as a proxy for anoxia. All samples had a negative anomaly value, indicating anoxic conditions during deposition. Two samples, however, contained values close to zero and thus were determined to have suboxic conditions. Anoxia and total organic matter (TOM) did not show any spatial trends across the basin, which may be caused by varying depths within the basin during deposition. A correlation between nickel concentrations and TOM was observed and indicates that algae was the primary source of the marine OM, which supports the lipid biomarker analysis. It was determined that the kerogen type of the Marcellus Formation in New York State is type III, consistent with a methane-forming shale bed.

scholarly journals Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 1251-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Willers ◽  
P.J. Jansen van Rensburg ◽  
S. Claassens
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Radiocarbon Dating and Dietary Stable Isotope Analysis of Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Richards ◽  
Sheila Greer ◽  
Lorna T. Corr ◽  
Owen Beattie ◽  
Alexander Mackie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
The Individual

We report here on the results of AMS dating and isotopic analysis of the frozen human remains named Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí and associated materials recovered from a glacier located in Northwest British Columbia, Canada in 1999. The isotopic analysis of bone collagen (bulk and single amino acids) from the individual indicates a strongly marine diet, which was unexpected given the location of this find, more than 100 km inland eroding out of a high elevation glacier; however, bulk hair and bone cholesterol isotopic values indicate a shift in diet to include more terrestrial foods in the year before death. The radiocarbon dating is not straightforward, as there are difficulties in determining the appropriate marine correction for the human remains, and the spread of dates on the associated artifacts clearly indicates that this was not a single use site. By combining the most recent date on a robe worn by Kwaday Dän Ts'inchi with direct bone collagen dates we conclude that the individual likely dates to between cal A.D. 1670 to 1850, which is in the pre-(or early) European contact period for this region.

scholarly journals Testing the Effectiveness of Protocols for Removal of Common Conservation Treatments for Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Brock ◽  
Michael Dee ◽  
Andrew Hughes ◽  
Christophe Snoeck ◽  
Richard Staff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Cellulose Nitrate ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acrylic Polymers ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTo achieve a reliable radiocarbon (14C) date for an object, any contamination that may be of a different age must be removed prior to dating. Samples that have been conserved with treatments such as adhesives, varnishes or consolidants can pose a particular challenge to 14C dating. At the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), common examples of such substances encountered include shellac, the acrylic polymers Paraloid B-67 and B-72, and vinyl acetate-derived polymers (e.g. PVA). Here, a non-carbon-containing absorbent substrate called Chromosorb® was deliberately contaminated with a range of varieties or brands of these conservation treatments, as well as two cellulose nitrate lacquers. A selection of chemical pretreatments was tested for their efficiency at removing them. While the varieties of shellac and Paraloid tested were completely removed with some treatments (water/methanol and acetone/methanol/chloroform sequential washes, respectively), no method was found that was capable of completely removing any of the vinyl acetate-derived materials or the cellulose nitrate lacquers. While Chromosorb is not an exact analog of archaeological wood or bone, for example, this study suggests that it may be possible to remove aged shellac and Paraloid from archaeological specimens with standard organic solvent-acid-base-acid pretreatments, but it may be significantly more difficult to remove vinyl acetate-derived polymers and cellulose nitrate lacquers sufficiently to provide reliable 14C dates. The four categories of conservation treatment studied demonstrate characteristic FTIR spectra, while highlighting subtle chemical and molecular differences between different varieties of shellac, Paraloid and cellulose nitrate lacquers, and significant differences between the vinyl acetate derivatives.

scholarly journals Micrometer scale imaging of sedimentary climate archives – Sample preparation for combined elemental and lipid biomarker analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Alfken ◽  
Lars Wörmer ◽  
Julius S. Lipp ◽  
Jenny Wendt ◽  
Heidi Taubner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Micrometer Scale

scholarly journals Petroleum system analysis of the Mishrif reservoir in the Ratawi, Zubair, North and South Rumaila oil fields, southern Iraq

GeoArabia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamer K. Al-Ameri ◽  
Amer Jassim Al-Khafaji ◽  
John Zumberge
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Sulaiy Formation ◽  
Rock Analysis

ABSTRACT Five oil samples reservoired in the Cretaceous Mishrif Formation from the Ratawi, Zubair, Rumaila North and Rumaila South fields have been analysed using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). In addition, fifteen core samples from the Mishrif Formation and 81 core samples from the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic have been subjected to source rock analysis and palynological and petrographic description. These observations have been integrated with electric wireline log response. The reservoirs of the Mishrif Formation show measured porosities up to 28% and the oils are interpreted as being sourced from: (1) Type II carbonate rocks interbedded with shales and deposited in a reducing marine environment with low salinity based on biomarkers and isotopic analysis; (2) Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous age based on sterane ratios, analysis of isoprenoids and isotopes, and biomarkers, and (3) Thermally mature source rocks, based on the biomarker analysis. The geochemical analysis suggests that the Mishrif oils may have been sourced from the Upper Jurassic Najma or Sargelu formations or the Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy Formation. Visual kerogen assessment and source rock analysis show the Sulaiy Formation to be a good quality source rock with high total organic carbon (up to 8 wt% TOC) and rich in amorphogen. The Lower Cretaceous source rocks were deposited in a suboxic-anoxic basin and show good hydrogen indices. They are buried at depths in excess of 5,000 m and are likely to have charged Mishrif reservoirs during the Miocene. The migration from the source rock is likely to be largely vertical and possibly along faults before reaching the vuggy, highly permeable reservoirs of the Mishrif Formation. Structural traps in the Mishrif Formation reservoir are likely to have formed in the Late Cretaceous.

The Geography of Health Risks

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-145
Author(s):  
Andrew Curtis ◽  
Michael Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Medical Geography ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Community Health Program ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Selection Of

This book has so far provided an introduction to GIS in terms of its use as part of a community health program. Subsequent chapters will describe a selection of more detailed GIS techniques and approaches. This chapter can be considered as an interlude, an attempt to set the scene by painting a backcloth of risks facing many city neighborhoods and the pregnant women living in them. Of course, at the risk of repeating oneself, there have been whole books written about single risk factors, so the task of compressing all risks into a single chapter is extremely difficult. This is made even harder because many of the situations described are not directly related to pregnancy outcomes, but instead are classed as neighborhood risks, contributing to the overall vulnerability of a person living in these environments. Although some may question why not concentrate solely on pregnancy-related risks, a more holistic understanding of the social environment can help place context into data, a movement away from the earlier criticized “structural functionalism” approach (Litva & Eyles, 1995). At this point it might be worth briefly mentioning that debate continues within the field of medical geography as to the degree in which pure analytical approaches ignore the social relevance of actions (a political economy approach), or how an individual’s experience shapes his or her actions (Dorn & Laws, 1994). For a review of these critical literatures in association with infant mortality see Gesler, Bird, and Oljeski, (1997).

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of Pleistocene Bone: Toward Criteria for the Selection of Samples

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Detection System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratios ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Selection Of

Amino acid composition data and stable isotope ratios (14N, D, and13C) are being evaluated as sources of information to indicate the presence of non-indigenous organics in bone samples intended for 14C analyses. The study is being conducted in the context of the planned measurement of Pleistocene bone samples by a high energy mass spectrometric 14C detection system.

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