Volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution required to reach maximum peristaltic pressure in cadaveric intact jejunal specimens from dogs of various sizes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tricia F. Culbertson ◽  
Daniel D. Smeak ◽  
Sangeeta Rao
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Leak Testing

Abstract OBJECTIVE To compare the volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution required to reach a maximum intraluminal peristaltic pressure of 25 mm Hg in dogs of various sizes. SAMPLES 25 grossly normal jejunal segments from 6 canine cadavers < 20 kg (small dogs) and 25 segments from 5 cadavers ≥ 20 kg (large dogs). PROCEDURES Jejunal specimens were obtained within 1.5 hours after euthanasia. Harvested tissue was transected into 12-cm-long segments, mesentery was trimmed, and each segment was measured from the antimesenteric to mesenteric serosal edges. A 10-cm segment was isolated with Doyen forceps, securing a pressure sleeve within the lumen. Intraluminal saline was infused, and the volume was recorded when a pressure of > 25 mm Hg was achieved. Data were analyzed only from specimens in which the pressure remained between 24 and 26 mm Hg for > 5 seconds. RESULTS Mean ± SD intestinal measurement for large dogs (17.82 ± 1.44 mm) was greater than that for small dogs (12.38 ± 1.38 mm) as was the volume of saline solution infused (17.56 ± 7.17 mL vs 3.28 ± 1.41 mL, respectively). The volume infused increased by 1.31 mL (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.18) for every 1-mm increase in intestinal measurement and by 1.06 mL (95% CI, 1.052 to 1.068) for every 1-kg increase in body weight. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The volume of saline solution used for intestinal leak testing should be determined on the basis of patient intestinal measurement or body weight. In vivo studies are necessary to establish the optimal volume for intestinal leak testing.

scholarly journals Effective Control of Postprandial Glucose Level through Inhibition of Intestinal Alpha Glucosidase byCymbopogon martinii(Roxb.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Ghadyale ◽  
Shrihari Takalikar ◽  
Vivek Haldavnekar ◽  
Akalpita Arvindekar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Postprandial Glucose Level

Inhibition of intestinal alpha glucosidase plays a major role in preventing rise in postprandial glucose level in diabetics.Cymbopogon martinii(CM) (family Poaceae) is used in traditional Indian medicine in treatment of diabetes mellitus. The alpha glucosidase inhibitory action of the plant is studied. The active component was separated using hot water extraction of the whole plant powder, differential solvent extraction, and silica gel column chromatography. The 30 : 70 toluene : ethyl acetate fraction showed optimum activity. The silica gel chromatography fraction demonstrated 98, 98, and 68% inhibition for starch, maltose, and sucrose, respectively, at 5 mg/kg body weight of rats. Intestinal absorption studies using noneverted intestinal sacs, as well as in vivo studies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using oral glucose tolerance with maltose and sucrose load, revealed better inhibition of alpha glucosidase as compared to acarbose. Kinetic studies using Lineweaver Burk plot showed mixed to noncompetitive type of inhibition by CM. In vivo studies with maltose load of 2 mg and 3 mg/gm body weight showed a noncompetitive pattern of inhibition at 5 mg/kg body weight of CM as against 60 mg/kg body weight of acarbose. Thus CM is more effective alpha glucosidase inhibitor and at lower concentration than acarbose.

Voiding behavior in awake unrestrained untethered spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar control rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L Langdale ◽  
Danielle J Degoski ◽  
Philip H Milliken ◽  
Warren M. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Infusion Pump ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Voided Volume

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a genetic model of high blood pressure, has also been studied as a potential model of overactive bladder (OAB). In vivo studies confirmed the presence of surrogate markers of OAB, including detrusor overactivity (DO), increased urinary frequency, decreased bladder capacity and voided volume, and afferent hypersensitivity to bladder irritation. However, these observations were during awake cystometry (CMG) using implanted bladder catheters tethered to an infusion pump and artificially filled. We conducted studies in awake unrestrained untethered age-matched female SHR and Wistar rats to quantify naïve consumption and voiding behavior and the effect of capsaicin desensitization on consumption and voiding behavior. Food and water consumption, body weight, voiding frequency (VF), and voided volume (VV) were recorded. Rats were placed in metabolism cages for 24 h, up to twice a week, from 17 to 37 weeks of age. In SHRs, body weight, food, and water consumption were decreased compared to Wistars. However, after normalizing for body weight, only water consumption was reduced. Wistars exhibited a diurnal pattern of voiding behavior. Compared to Wistars, SHRs showed smaller VV and lacked a diurnal voiding pattern such that VV was similar during both light cycles. No difference in VF was observed after normalizing for water consumption. We observed no change in SHR voiding behavior following capsaicin desensitization, which was in contrast to a prior awake in vivo cystometry study describing increased VV and micturition interval in SHRs, and suggests that C-fiber activity may not contribute to bladder hypersensitivity in SHRs.

Development of a Full Flexion 3D Musculoskeletal Model of the Knee Considering Intersegmental Contact During High Knee Flexion Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-456
Author(s):  
David C. Kingston ◽  
Stacey M. Acker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Right

A musculoskeletal model of the right lower limb was developed to estimate 3D tibial contact forces in high knee flexion postures. This model determined the effect of intersegmental contact between thigh–calf and heel–gluteal structures on tibial contact forces. This model includes direct tracking and 3D orientation of intersegmental contact force, femoral translations from in vivo studies, wrapping of knee extensor musculature, and a novel optimization constraint for multielement muscle groups. Model verification consisted of calculating the error between estimated tibial compressive forces and direct measurements from the Grand Knee Challenge during movements to ∼120° of knee flexion as no high knee flexion data are available. Tibial compression estimates strongly fit implant data during walking (R2 = .83) and squatting (R2 = .93) with a root mean squared difference of .47 and .16 body weight, respectively. Incorporating intersegmental contact significantly reduced model estimates of peak tibial anterior–posterior shear and increased peak medial–lateral shear during the static phase of high knee flexion movements by an average of .33 and .07 body weight, respectively. This model supports prior work in that intersegmental contact is a critical parameter when estimating tibial contact forces in high knee flexion movements across a range of culturally and occupationally relevant postures.

scholarly journals IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF ANTIHYPERURICEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FROM BULBS OF BAWANG TIWAI (ELEUTHERINE PALMIFOLIA (L.) MERR.) FROM INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Dian Ratih Laksmitawati ◽  
Rininta Firdaus ◽  
Mediana Astika Zein
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde

Objectives: This study would like to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and in vitro xanthine oxidase activity of the bulbs. This study performs in vivo assays to study the antihyperuricemic activity and antioxidant in the hyperuricemic rat through plasma malondialdehyde measurement. Method: The study was conducted by testing the fresh bulbs of bawang tiwai (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. with chemical solvent of ethanol 70% to extract the bulbs. Allopurinol and Vitamin C were used as positive control for the antihyperuricemic assay and antioxidant assay, respectively. Other chemical substances were also used in this study. This study used chicken extract (Brands) 20 ml/kg/body weight to induce the level of uric acid in the blood serum, and potassium oxonate (Sigma 156124) to inhibit the uricase in rats. Results: The results show that the levels of uric acid were measured using spectrophotometer with dichloro-hydroxybenzen sulfonate (Biolabo) a as reagent. The ethanol extract of bawang tiwai (EBT) (E. palmifolia (L.) Merr) was potential to reduce uric acid level at 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg body weight, but possibly without inhibition against xanthine oxydase activity. Conclusion: All doses of EBT could inhibit lipid peroxidation in hyperuricemic condition caused by high purine diet in 14 days.

Arginine-containing peptides and their influenceon normal hemostatic parameters in rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Я. Рогозинская ◽  
М.Е. Григорьева ◽  
Л.А. Ляпина
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antiplatelet Activity ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Anticoagulation System

Введение. В ранних исследованиях была выявлена способность аргининсодержащих пептидов глипролинового ряда в условиях in vitro оказывать антикоагулянтные и суммарные фибринолитические эффекты на плазму крови лабораторных крыс. Цель исследования: изучение действия аргининсодержащих глипролинов HisPheArgTrpProGlyPro (HFRWPGP), ThrLysProArgProGlyPro (TKPRPGP), ArgGluArgProGlyPro (RERPGP) на параметры системы гемостаза крыс в условиях in vivo в норме и сравнительный анализ эффектов исследуемых пептидов с глипролином (PGP). Материалы и методы. В работе использовали пептиды HFRWPGP (АКТГ(69)PGP), TKPRPGP (Селанк), RERPGP и PGP. В опытах 20 белым лабораторным крысам интраназально вводили по 0,02 мл раствора каждого из пептидов в дозе 1 мкг/кг массы тела (3 опытных группы) или 0,85 раствора NaCl (контрольная группа) через каждые 24 ч в течение 7 суток (168 ч). Влияние пептидов на параметры гемостаза исследовали тромбоэластографическим методом, в тестах активированного частичного тромбопластинового времени и агрегации тромбоцитов, а также определяли фибринолитическую активность крови на нестабилизированном фибрине. Результаты. Каждый из исследованных препаратов обнаруживал антикоагулянтную, фибринолитическую, антитромбоцитарную активности. Противосвертывающие эффекты проявлялись через 20 ч после последнего введения и сохранялись на протяжении 168 ч. Наибольшим эффектом обладали пептиды, в состав которых входил аргинин ArgGluArgProGlyPro и Селанк. Заключение. Аминокислота аргинин в составе олигопептидов глипролинового ряда способствует усилению активации противосвертывающей системы. Introduction. Early in vitro studies revealed anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects of argininecontaining glyprolins on plasma in rats. Aim: to study the effects of argininecontaining glyprolines HisPheArgTrpProGlyPro (HFRWPGP), ThrLysProArgProGlyPro (TKPRPGP), ArgGluArgProGlyPro (RERPGP) on rats hemostasis in vivo in normal conditions and to compare the effects of test peptides with glyproline (PGP). Materials and methods. The following peptides were used: HFRWPGP (ACTH(69)PGP), TKPRPGP (Selank), RERPGP and PGP. In experiments 20 white rats were intranasally injected with 0.02 ml of each peptide solution in a dose of 1 g/kg body weight (3 experimental groups) or 0.85 NaCl solution (control group) every 24 hours for 7 days (168 hours). The effects of peptides on hemostatic parameters were investigated by thromboelastographic method, by activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet aggregation, also fibrinolytic blood activity on nonstabilized fibrin was determined. Results. All tested peptides showed anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, antiplatelet activity. Anticoagulant effects manifested 20 hours after the last injection and persisted for 168 hours. Argininecontaining ArgGluArgProGlyPro and Selank showed the greatest effect. Conclusion. Arginine as a part of argininecontaining glyprolines intensified the activation of anticoagulation system.

Preventive effects of the antioxidant and antigenotoxic Achyrocline satureioides extract against zearalenone-induced mammal cytogenotoxicity and histological damage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M.C. Sabini ◽  
L.N. Cariddi ◽  
F.M. Escobar ◽  
F. Mañas ◽  
D. Roma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity ◽  
Achyrocline Satureioides

Zearalenone (ZEN), a Fusarium’s mycotoxin, is immunotoxic, genotoxic, hepatonephrotoxic and, affects the reproductive system. ZEN induces toxic and genotoxic effects on humans and other animals. Achyrocline satureioides has several medicinal properties. Moreover, the aqueous extract of A. satureioides is a safe agent that exerts low cytotoxicity and no genotoxicity. This extract is a promissory candidate to counteract ZEN effects. The present study aimed to investigate the capacity of cold aqueous extract from A. satureioides to protect against ZEN multi-target toxicity in different experimental mammal models. Anticytotoxicity was evaluated by neutral red uptake and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium reduction assays. Comet assay and micronuclei test, oxidative stress (TBARs), and histopathological damage were evaluated in Balb/C mice. Anticytotoxic studies indicated that cold aqueous extract (100 and 300 μg/ml) protected from damage induced by ZEN (50 μg/ml) on Vero cells. In vivo studies indicated that ZEN (40 mg/kg body weight) induced an increase of genotoxicity: micronuclei (34 MNPCE/1000 PCE) and increase of damage (tail moment) in blood cells. Also, it increased lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys and generated several histopathological alterations in both organs. Cold aqueous extract (100 mg/kg body weight) protected from genotoxicity induced by ZEN in both tests. Cold aqueous extract, also, reduced the lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in liver and kidneys. In conclusion, the cold aqueous extract of A. satureioides that contains bioactive flavonoids prevents the multi-target toxicity induced by ZEN improving all the parameters evaluated in vitro and in vivo, which is a valuable and original finding in order to develop future treatments for human and veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Posaconazole against Coccidioides immitis

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1352-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria M. González ◽  
Rolando Tijerina ◽  
Laura K. Najvar ◽  
Rosie Bocanegra ◽  
Michael Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis

ABSTRACT Posaconazole (SCH 56592) was tested against 25 strains of Coccidioides immitis to determine their in vitro susceptibilities. The geometric mean 48-h MIC of posaconazole (POSA) was 0.5 μg/ml, the MIC range was 0.25 to 1 μg/ml, and the MIC at which 50% of the isolates tested are inhibited (MIC50) and the MIC90 were 0.5 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The geometric mean 48-h MIC of itraconazole (ITRA) was 0.23 μg/ml, the MIC range was 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml, and the MIC50 and MIC90 were both 0.25 μg/ml. Two strains of C. immitis were selected for in vivo studies on the basis of the POSA 48-h MICs for the isolates. POSA orally administered at 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day was compared with ITRA administered at 10 and 30 mg/kg three times a day. The spleens and livers of mice that died or survived to day 50 were removed to measure the fungal burdens. Mice had ≥90% survival when they were treated with ≥0.5 mg of POSA per kg or 30 mg of ITRA per kg. Cultures of whole spleens and livers from mice treated with 10 mg of POSA per kg showed ≥70% sterilization. No sterilization of whole spleens and livers from mice treated with ITRA was seen. POSA displayed potent in vivo activity against the two strains of C. immitis tested.

scholarly journals Application of grouping and read-across for the evaluation of parabens of different chain lengths with a particular focus on endocrine properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-881
Author(s):  
Susann Fayyaz ◽  
Reinhard Kreiling ◽  
Ursula G. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Methyl Paraben ◽  
Propyl Paraben ◽  
Repeated Dose Toxicity ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

AbstractThis article presents the outcomes of higher-tier repeated-dose toxicity studies and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies using Wistar rats requested for methyl paraben and propyl paraben under the European Union chemicals legislation. All studies revealed no-observed adverse effects (NOAELs) at 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. These findings (absence of effects) were then used to interpolate the hazard profile for ethyl paraben, further considering available data for butyl paraben. The underlying read-across hypothesis (all shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens are a ‘category’ based on very high structural similarity and are transformed to a common compound) was confirmed by similarity calculations and comparative in vivo toxicokinetics screening studies for methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben. All four parabens were rapidly taken up systemically following oral gavage administration to rats, metabolised to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and rapidly eliminated (parabens within one hour; p-hydroxybenzoic acid within 4–8 h). Accordingly, for ethyl paraben, the NOAELs for repeated-dose toxicity and DART were interpolated to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. Finally, all evidence was evaluated to address concerns expressed in the literature that parabens might be endocrine disruptors. This evaluation showed that the higher-tier studies do not provide any indication for any endocrine disrupting property. This is the first time that a comprehensive dataset from higher-tier in vivo studies following internationally agreed test protocols has become available for shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens. Consistently, the dataset shows that these parabens are devoid of repeated-dose toxicity and do not possess any DART or endocrine disrupting properties.

scholarly journals Anti-tumor potential of cucurbitacin triterpenoids of Momordica dioica Roxb. fruit by EAC induced ascites tumor model

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1793-1797
Author(s):  
Madesh T ◽  
Abhinav Raj Ghosh ◽  
Krishna K L ◽  
Seema Mehdi ◽  
Nandini H S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Anticancer Efficacy

Momordica dioicaRoxb. (Cucurbitaceae) is commonly known as spiny gourd and traditionally used as astringent, febrifuge, antiseptic, anthelmintic, spermicidal and also used in bleeding piles, urinary infection and as a sedative. Studies indicate that it possesses antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid peroxidative, hypoglycaemic and analgesic properties. In this study, the anticancer efficacy of Cucurbitacins obtained from Momordica dioicaRoxb. (MDR) has been evaluated. Based on previous in-vitro studies performed, in-vivo studies were carried out on mice model.  Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were inoculated into swiss albino mice intraperitoneally to form a liquid tumor and then treated with oral administration of 50, 100, 200mg/kg. Evaluation parameters involved the mean survival time (MST), body weight, hematological parameters, Percentage increase in life span were measured in normal control, EAC control and Cucurbitacintreated groups (n = 6). Treatment with Cucurbitacins enriched fraction has shown anti-tumor effects against liquid tumor as indicated by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight. Interestingly, the enriched bio fraction restored the altered hematological parameters of tumor-bearing animals and significantly increased their life span. These data indicate the cytotoxic potential effects of MDRon tumor cells opening new opportunities for further studies on the anti-cancer effects of this agent.

scholarly journals Activity of Posaconazole Combined with Amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus Infection in Mice: Comparative Studies in Two Laboratories

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 758-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Najvar ◽  
Anthony Cacciapuoti ◽  
Steve Hernandez ◽  
Judith Halpern ◽  
Rosie Bocanegra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Invasive Aspergillosis ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Prolonged Survival ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Antagonistic Interaction

ABSTRACT Posaconazole and/or amphotericin B was given to mice pretreated with a steroid and then infected by inhalation of Aspergillus flavus conidia. Two laboratories conducted studies using almost identical protocols to evaluate both survival and lung tissue burdens 8 days after infection. The results of the in vivo studies performed at both laboratories were consistent. We found that (i) up to 5 mg of amphotericin B per kg of body weight was poorly effective in treating invasive aspergillosis; (ii) posaconazole at 2 or 10 mg/kg/dose prolonged survival and reduced lung tissue CFU; and (iii) there was generally no antagonistic interaction of the drugs in combination, even when the experiments were designed to maximize the likelihood of antagonism. These studies do not confirm the antagonistic interaction of triazoles and polyenes reported by others.

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