scholarly journals Bacterial culture and immunohistochemical detection of bacteria and endotoxin in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Center ◽  
John F. Randolph ◽  
Karen L. Warner ◽  
Sean P. McDonough ◽  
John M. Lucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Suppurative Cholangitis

Abstract OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency and type of bacterial infection by culture- and immunohistochemical (IHC)-based methods and determine the impact of infection on clinical features and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). ANIMALS 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS (cases). PROCEDURES Clinical features, bacterial culture results, culture-inoculate sources, and survival details were recorded. Cases were subcategorized by comorbidity (extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, ductal plate malformation, biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease, and biopsy-confirmed pancreatitis) or treatment by cholecystectomy or cholecystoenterostomy. Culture results, bacterial isolates, Gram-stain characteristics, and IHC staining were compared among comorbidities. Lipoteichoic acid IHC staining detected gram-positive bacterial cell wall components, and toll-like receptor expression IHC reflected pathologic endotoxin (gram-negative bacteria) exposure. RESULTS Clinical features were similar among cases except for more frequent abdominal pain and lethargy in cats with positive culture results and pyrexia, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly for cats with polymicrobial infections. Bacteria were cultured in 93 of 135 (69%) cats, with common isolates including Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli. IHC staining was positive in 142 of 151 (94%) cats (lipoteichoic acid, 107/142 [75%]; toll-like receptor 4, 99/142 [70%]). With in-parallel interpretation of culture and IHC-based bacterial detection, 154 of 166 (93%) cats had bacterial infections (gram-positive, 118/154 [77%]; gram-negative, 111/154 [72%]; polymicrobial, 79/154 [51%]). Greater frequency of bacterial isolation occurred with combined tissue, bile, and crushed cholelith inoculates. Infection and gram-positive bacterial isolates were associated with significantly shorter long-term survival times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-CCHS was associated with bacterial infection, pathologic endotoxin exposure, and frequent polymicrobial infection in cats. Combined tissue inoculates improved culture detection of associated bacteria.

scholarly journals Toll-like receptor 2 mediates inhibition of HCO3−absorption by bacterial lipoprotein in medullary thick ascending limb

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. F536-F544 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Good ◽  
Thampi George ◽  
Bruns A. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Medullary Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Bacterial Lipoprotein

Bacterial infection and sepsis are associated with renal tubule dysfunction and dysregulation of systemic electrolyte balance but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Recently, we demonstrated that HCO3−absorption by the medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) is inhibited by gram-negative bacterial LPS through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here, we examined whether MTAL transport is altered by activation of TLR2, the receptor predominantly responsible for recognizing gram-positive bacteria. Confocal immunofluorescence showed expression of TLR2 in the basolateral membrane domain of rat and mouse MTALs. The functional role of TLR2 was examined in perfused MTALs using Pam3CSK4, a bacterial lipoprotein analog that specifically activates TLR2. Adding Pam3CSK4to the bath decreased HCO3−absorption by 25%. The inhibition by Pam3CSK4was eliminated in MTALs from TLR2−/−mice. HCO3−absorption was also inhibited by the TLR2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, two cell wall components of gram-positive bacteria. The MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 eliminated inhibition of HCO3−absorption by bath LPS but had no effect on inhibition by Pam3CSK4. The inhibition by Pam3CSK4was eliminated by the protein kinase C inhibitors chelerythrine Cl and bisindolylmaleimide. Moreover, the inhibition by Pam3CSK4, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan was additive to inhibition by LPS. Thus, agonists of basolateral TLR2 and TLR4 inhibit HCO3−absorption independently through distinct signaling pathways. We conclude that bacterial components act directly through TLRs to modify the transport function of renal tubules. During polymicrobial sepsis, gram-positive bacterial molecules acting through TLR2 and gram-negative LPS acting through TLR4 can function through parallel signaling pathways to impair MTAL transport. The inhibition of luminal acidification may impair the ability of the kidneys to correct systemic acidosis that contributes to sepsis pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Gram-positive bacteria cell wall-derived lipoteichoic acid induces inflammatory alveolar bone loss through prostaglandin E production in osteoblasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Tominari ◽  
Ayumi Sanada ◽  
Ryota Ichimaru ◽  
Chiho Matsumoto ◽  
Michiko Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Alveolar Bone Loss ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

AbstractPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with severe alveolar bone loss and is dominantly induced by lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria; however, the role of Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal bone resorption remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell-wall factor of Gram-positive bacteria, on the progression of inflammatory alveolar bone loss in a model of periodontitis. In coculture of mouse primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, LTA induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LTA enhanced the production of PGE2 accompanying the upregulation of the mRNA expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts. The addition of indomethacin effectively blocked the LTA-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the production of PGE2. Using ex vivo organ cultures of mouse alveolar bone, we found that LTA induced alveolar bone resorption and that this was suppressed by indomethacin. In an experimental model of periodontitis, LTA was locally injected into the mouse lower gingiva, and we clearly detected alveolar bone destruction using 3D-μCT. We herein demonstrate a new concept indicating that Gram-positive bacteria in addition to Gram-negative bacteria are associated with the progression of periodontal bone loss.

scholarly journals Bacterial Isolates and its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in NICU

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shrestha ◽  
NC Shrestha ◽  
S Dongol Singh ◽  
RPB Shrestha ◽  
S Kayestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Nosocomial Sepsis

Background Neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the newborns in the developing world. Objectives To determine the common bacterial isolates causing sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Methods A one year discriptive prospective study was conducted in neonatal intensive care unit to analyse the results of blood culture and to look into the sensitivity of the commonly used antibiotics. Results The blood culture yield by conventional method was 44.13% with nosocomial sepsis accounting for 10.79%. 84.08% were culture proven early onset sepsis and 15.95% were late onset sepsis. Klebsiella infection was the commonest organism isolated in early, late and nosocomial sepsis but statistically not significant. Gram positive organisms were 39.36% in which Staphylococcus aureus was the leading microorganism followed by coagulase negative staphylococcus areus. Gram negative organisms were 60.64% amongst them Klebsiella was the most often encountered followed by Pseudomonas. The most common organism Klebsiella was 87.5% and 78.3% resistance to ampicillin and gentamycin respectively. Among gram negative isolates 87.5% and 77.2% were resistance to ampicillin and gentamycin respectively. Among gram positive isolates 58.5% and 31.5% resistance were noted to ampicillin and gentamycin respectively. Resistance to cefotaxim to gram negative and gram positive isolates were 87.34% and 59.35% respectively. Conclusion Klebsiella is most common organism which is almost resistance to first line antibiotics. Resistance to both gram negative and gram positive isolates among firstline antibiotics and even with cefotaxim is emerging and is a major concern in neonatal intensive care unit. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11030 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 66-70

scholarly journals Gram Positive Bacterial Lipoteichoic Acid Role in a Root Canal Infection – A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinoo Subramaniam Ramachandran ◽  
Mensudar Rathakrishnan ◽  
Malathy Balaraman Ravindrran ◽  
Alargarsamy Venkatesh ◽  
Vidhya Shankari Shanmugasundaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Endodontic Infection ◽  
Wall Components

Bacteria and its by-products are found to be the main cause of pulpal and periapical infection of tooth. Infected root canals of tooth harbours a wide variation of microbial flora that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial components such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) of gram positive bacteria have the potential to enter the peri-apical tissue of tooth and initiate the inflammatory process. After microbial death that occurs either due to body’s defence cells or by antibiotic action, bacterial cell wall components such as LTA are released which can persist inside macrophages for prolonged periods causing chronic inflammation. Once these cell-wall components are recognized by the body immune surveillance cells, numerous inflammatory mediators are released leading to inflammation and subsequent pathological consequences. The purpose of this review is intend to summarize the role of gram positive bacterial component LTA in causing endodontic infection and use of potential therapeutic agents against LTA.

scholarly journals Clinical features, concurrent disorders, and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Center ◽  
John F. Randolph ◽  
Karen L. Warner ◽  
James A. Flanders ◽  
H. Jay Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Duct ◽  
Bile Duct Obstruction ◽  
Duct Obstruction ◽  
Idiopathic Pancreatitis ◽  
Ductal Plate ◽  
Suppurative Cholangitis

Abstract OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical features, comorbidities, frequency of bacterial isolation, and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). ANIMALS 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS. PROCEDURES Data were prospectively (1980 to 2019) collected regarding clinical features, comorbidities, bacterial infection, illness duration, and treatments. Variables were evaluated for associations with survival time. RESULTS Median age of cats was 10.0 years, with no breed or sex predilection observed. Common clinical features included hyporexia (82%), hyperbilirubinemia (80%), lethargy (80%), vomiting (80%), jaundice (67%), weight loss (54%), and hypoalbuminemia (50%). Comorbidities included extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (53%), cholelithiasis (42%), cholecystitis (40%), and ductal plate malformation (44%) as well as biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease (60/68 [88%]) and pancreatitis (41/44 [93%]). Bacterial cultures were commonly positive (69%) despite prebiopsy antimicrobial administration in most cats. Of surgically confirmed choleliths, diagnostic imaging identified only 58%. Among 55 cats with “idiopathic pancreatitis,” 28 (51%) were documented to have transiting choleliths, and 20 had pancreatic biopsies confirming pancreatitis. Cholelithiasis (with or without bile duct obstruction) and cholecystectomy were associated with survival advantages. Survival disadvantages were found for leukocytosis, ≥ 2-fold increased alkaline phosphatase, and hyperbilirubinemia. Cholecystoenterostomy had no survival impact. Cats with ductal plate malformations were significantly younger at diagnosis and death than other cats. Chronic treatments with antimicrobials, S-adenosylmethionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid were common postbiopsy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-CCHS in cats was associated with bacterial infection and various comorbidities and may be confused with pancreatitis. Surgically correctable morbidities (ie, cholecystitis, cholecystocholelithiasis) and cholecystectomy provided a significant survival advantage.

scholarly journals Microbiological Screening and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profiling of Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity

Wound infection is a major problem in hospitals in developing countries. Wound infection causes morbidity and prolonged hospital stay thus this prospective study was conducted for a period of seven months (January 2019 to July 2019). A total of 217 specimens (wound swabs and pus exudates) from wound infected patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh. A retrospective study of the microbiological evaluation was done by cultural growth as well as Gram staining and biochemical examination to identify the bacterial isolates. Finally, the antimicrobial vulnerability testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion conventional method. A total of 295 samples were tested. Out of which 217 (73.5%) were found culture positive. E. coli was the most predominant gram-negative isolates whereas Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most commonly isolated gram-positive organisms. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacterial isolates revealed imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, and nitrofurantoin to be the most effective antimicrobials against gram-negative isolates, whereas imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, amoxiclav, and gentamicin were the most effective drugs against gram-positive isolates. The result of this examination contributes to the identification of basic causative microbes involved in wound infection and findings of antibiotic susceptibility patterns can be helpful for primary care physicians to optimize the treatment modalities, articulate policies for empiric antimicrobial therapy, and to minimize the rate of infection among wound infected patients.

scholarly journals Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria in Water of Hotel Restaurants in Dhaka City

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
Nasrin Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Micrococcus Roseus ◽  
Microbiological Status

Present study was conducted to determine the microbiological status of water from dispensers in different roadside hotel and restaurants of Dhaka city. Samples were collected from seven hotel and restaurants. Aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count ranged between 1.5 × 10 and 8.8 × 103 cfu/ml. Enteric and related bacterial abundance in MacConkey, SS and Cetrimide agar media ranged from 0 to 4.9 × 106, 0 to 2.1 × 105 and 0 to 1.2 × 106cfu/ml, respectively. In total, 28 bacterial isolates were obtained during the study period. Among them, 15 were heterotrophic isolates and 13 were enteric and related bacteria. Among 15 aerobic heterotrophic isolates, 11 were gram positive and five were gram negative. Out of 11 gram positive isolates, 7 belonged to the genus Bacillus viz. B. circulans, B. subtilis, B. stearothermophilus, B. brevis and B. cereus and one to coccus viz. Micrococcus roseus. The other gram positive species were Kurtia gibsonii, Auriobacterium liguefaciens and Curtobacterium luteum. Four gram negative isolates were Neisseria elongate sub. spp. glycolytica, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 13 enteric and related isolates were gram negative, short rod; and non-spore formers and belonged to the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Shigella and Pseudomonas. Among all isolates, two were resistant and six were susceptible to all five antibiotics. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(2): 173-180, December 2017

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Blood Culture among HIV/AIDS Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohabaw Jemal ◽  
Teshiwal Deress ◽  
Teshome Belachew ◽  
Yesuf Adem
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is recognized as a global public health problem. Bloodstream infection with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in HIV/AIDS patients makes the problem more challenging. So, regular and periodic diagnosis and use of the appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern determination is the only option for decreasing the prevalence and development of drug-resistant bacteria. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 HIV/AIDS patients. Sociodemographic data of patients were recorded using structured questionnaires. Blood cultures were collected with BACTEC aerobic blood culture bottles. A pair of samples was collected from each patient aseptically and incubated at 37°. If samples are positive for bacterial agents, they were subcultured to solid media such as blood agar plate, chocolate agar plate, and MacConkey agar plates. Identification was performed using colony characteristics and standard biochemical techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Data entry and analysis were performed while using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate frequencies. Results. Altogether, 384 patients were included, and 123 blood cultures were positive, so that the yield was thus 32%. About 46 (37.4%) of Gram-negative and 77 (62.6%) of Gram-positive bacterial species were identified. Among Gram-negative bacterial isolates, K. pneumoniae was the leading pathogen, 19 (41.3%), whereas S. aureus, 38 (49.4%), was predominant among Gram-positive isolates. In his study, the majority of Gram-positive isolates showed high level of resistance to penicillin, 72 (95.5%), tetracycline, 55 (71.4%), and cotrimoxazole, 45 (58.4%). About 28 (73.6%) of S. aureus isolates were also methicillin-resistant. Gram-negative bacterial isolates also showed a high resistance to ampicillin (91.3%), tetracycline (91.3%), and gentamicin (47.8%). Overall, about 78% of multidrug resistance was observed. Conclusion. Several pathogens were resistant to greater than five antimicrobial agents, so that proper management of patients with bacteremia is needed, and a careful selection of effective antibiotics should be practiced.

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