Unobtrusive Assessment of Interpersonal Affect through Expressive Line Drawings

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-428
Author(s):  
Gary S. Gilbert ◽  
Karen D. Kirkland ◽  
And Leon Rappoport
Keyword(s):  
School Setting ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Social Affect ◽  
Male Subjects

Lott and Lott (1970) provide a rationale as well as empirical support for the contention that nonverbal, indirect measures of social affect are highly economical and unobtrusive means of obtaining important information about children's interpersonal attitudes. The present investigation examined the sensitivity of expressive line drawings as an indirect measure of social affect in a school setting. 20 boys and girls ranging in age from 11 to 13 yr. were asked to select classmates representing four points on a scale of liking and were instructed to produce expressive line drawings of any shape or form in response to each of the identified peers. Two raters assessed 80 drawings on the following content categories: curvedness-angularity, simplicity-complexity, repetitive-nonrepetitive, warmth-coldness, and friendliness-aggressiveness. The structural features of the drawings differed as a function of liking, with male subjects evidencing a tendency toward finer discriminations than females across levels of liking. Expressive line drawings for disliked classmates were rated more angular, complex, nonrepetitive, cold and aggressive. The results of the present study suggest that various indirect measures may well reveal a more complex and refined set of social affective responses than have been previously noted.

Direct and Indirect Measures of Poverty

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein Ringen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Direct Definition ◽  
Logical Line

ABSTRACTPoverty can be defined and measured either directly (in terms of consumption) or indirectly (in terms of income). The relative deprivation concept of poverty is a direct concept; poverty is understood as visible poverty, that is, a low standard of consumption. The income poverty line is an indirect measure; poverty is established as low income. It is argued that recent mainstream poverty research combines a direct definition and an indirect measure. This causes there to be no logical line of deduction between definition and measurement and, along with other problems in the approach, renders the statistics produced invalid.

Opting Out: Individualism and Vaccine Refusal in Pockets of Socioeconomic Homogeneity

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-991
Author(s):  
Kevin Estep ◽  
Pierce Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Vaccine Refusal ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Personal Belief ◽  
Opt Out

Cases of measles and other highly contagious diseases are rising in the United States. Public health experts blame the rise partly on the spatial concentration of parents declining to vaccinate their children, but researchers have given little attention to theorizing why this clustering occurs in particular communities. We argue that residential and school selection processes create “pockets of homogeneity” attracting parents inclined to opt out of vaccines. Structural features of these enclaves reduce the likelihood of harsh criticism for vaccine refusal and foster a false sense of protection from disease, making the choice to opt out seem both safe and socially acceptable. Examination of quantitative data on personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from school-based vaccination requirements in California schools and districts, as well as findings from parent interviews, provide empirical support for the theory. We discuss substantive implications for lawmakers and public health officials, as well as broader sociological contributions concerning neighborhood effects and residential sorting.

scholarly journals Self-selected intensity, ratings of perceived exertion, and affective responses in sedentary male subjects during resistance training

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1795-1800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy ◽  
Kleverton Krinski ◽  
Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado ◽  
Pedro Moraes Dutra Agrícola ◽  
Alexandre Hideki Okano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Male Subjects

scholarly journals Sweet Revenge Feels Less Bitter: Spontaneous Affective Reactions After Revenge Taking

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110199
Author(s):  
Andreas B. Eder ◽  
Anand Krishna ◽  
Vanessa Mitschke
Keyword(s):  
Affective Responses ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Reactions ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Control Person ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Affective Consequences ◽  
Retaliatory Action ◽  
Laboratory Task

Previous studies suggested that people feel better after revenge taking, while other studies showed that they feel worse. The interpretation of this research is however ambiguous due to its extensive reliance on self-report measures. The present research examined spontaneous affective responses after retaliatory punishments in a laboratory task using an indirect measure of affect (affect misattribution procedure). Experiment 1 showed positive reactions after noise punishments of a provocateur compared to a control person, but only in revenge-seeking participants. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and revealed that punishing either individual led to less positive responses than not punishing anyone. It is suggested that revenge taking is associated with brief pleasurable responses that can ameliorate negative affective consequences of retaliatory action. Revenge is sweet because it makes one feel better about one’s punitive action.

Indicators of avian nest predation and parental activity in a managed boreal forest: an assessment at two spatial scales

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Ibarzabal ◽  
André Desrochers
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Edge Length ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Total Core Area ◽  
Nest Predators

Studies of avian nesting success at the landscape level often use a single indirect measure to evaluate nest predation or parental activity. During two summers at Forêt Montmorency, Quebec, we analyzed and compared three indirect measures of nest predation risk: detection of two nest predators, (1) red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) and (2) gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis L.), (3) depredation of bait, and direct observations of parental activity (mostly food transported by adults) at 316 stations over a 230-km2 area. We assessed the relationship between these indicators and three landscape-structure variables (total forested area, total core area, and total edge length) at two spatial scales (83 and 1610 ha). Nest predators were generally present at <30% of stations, <20% of baits were depredated, and >40% of stations exhibited evidence of broods. Bait depredation and the detection of jays or squirrels were correlated, but we found no associations between nest predation and parental activity indicators. Indicators of nest predation and parental activity were not significantly heterogeneous over the study area, despite substantial variation of landscape structure. We argue that parental activity indicators may be more reliable than nest predation indicators, but only as a coarse way to detect variation in nesting success.

Learning Styles Myth: what are the views of different professionals in the school context?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Jorge Amorim ◽  
◽  
Joana Rato ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
School Context ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Probable Impact

The learning styles theory is spread across the education field, despite previous research, especially from cognitive neuroscience, that concluded the lack of empirical support in its use in teaching. In this study, we used a survey to analyse the perception of learning styles in different professionals working in the Portuguese educational system. We recruited 136 participants, between the ages of 22 and 68 years (M=38,5 years; SD=10,51), 95% of them were female. The average of working experience it is 13.8 years (SD= 9.15). We analysed the answers of three groups of professional from different specializations, Teachers (n=42), Psychologists (n=44) and Speech-Language Pathologists (n=50) and no differences were found in their answers since all the groups scored above 80% as they classified as fact the benefits of teaching by learning styles. Our empirical data stand aligned with the scientific literature, suggesting that the learning styles myth is widely present in the school setting, affecting other professions beyond teachers. With this undistinguishable knowledge despite specialization, we discuss this bias's probable impact in the educational contexts.

scholarly journals HPLC MS-MS Analysis Shows Measurement of Corticosterone in Egg Albumen Is Not a Valid Indicator of Chicken Welfare

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm P. Caulfield ◽  
Matthew P. Padula
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Good State ◽  
Median Level ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Poor Welfare

Assessment of animal welfare can include analysis of physiological parameters, as well as behavior and health. Levels of adrenocortical hormones such as cortisol (and corticosterone in chickens) have been relied on as indicators of stress. Elevations in those hormones have been said to be correlated with poor welfare, while levels in the normal range have been interpreted to mean that animals are in a good state of welfare. Procuring blood samples from animals for hormone measures can in itself be stressful and cause increases in the target hormones. To overcome this problem, indirect measures of cortisol and corticosterone have been developed. In chickens, corticosterone levels in egg albumen are said to be a useful indirect measure, and have been used in several recent studies as indicators of chicken welfare. All of the measures of chicken egg albumen corticosterone in welfare studies have used immunoassays, and have reported values ranging from about 0.5 to over 20 ng/g. Using these measures, egg albumen from chickens housed in conventional cages or free ranging has been said to have indistinguishable corticosterone levels. This has been used to support the conclusion that chickens kept in conventional cages are not experiencing stress and are in a good state of welfare. In this study, we have used high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to measure corticosterone in egg albumen. We found levels of corticosterone (median level about 50 pg/g) in egg albumen which were just above the limit of detection. By contrast, we found significant levels of progesterone and cortisol, hormones which would be expected to cross react with anti-corticosterone antibodies, and which therefore might explain the high reported levels of corticosterone using immunoassay. We conclude that because corticosterone levels in egg albumen are negligible, they cannot be used as an indicator of chicken welfare.

scholarly journals Social distance: a comparison between the screen and virtual environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Emanoel Pereira ◽  
Elza Maria Techio ◽  
José Luís Álvaro ◽  
Benvindo Maloa ◽  
Carina Feitosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures

Social distance is one of the indicators of intergroup relations. It expresses the degree of intimacy, proximity or distance in relation to the members of specific social groups, making the concept an indirect form of referring to prejudice. The present study described in this article aims to evaluate the protocol for the use of an indirect measure of social distance, implemented by computers and specialized devices. We sought to assess the potential of the technique of virtual reality as a criterion for estimating social distance by comparing the results obtained in the virtual environment with the correlated measures obtained in a computer screen. This is an experimental study, developed to evaluate the pleasantness of four photographs and the registry of two classes of indirect measures. Social distance was chosen to evaluate the photographs and the response time was used to choose the estimate, in two modalities of data collection, one in a screen environment and the other in the virtual environment, in Brazil and Mozambique. A total of 150 university students participated in the study, 87 from Brazil and 61 from Mozambique. In the study, we show that the estimate for social distance is more associated with the response time than the attractiveness of the image, regardless of the country. When we introduce in the predictive models the variables sex and skin color of the individuals portrayed in the photographs, we note that the models obtained in the virtual environment present better indicators than those obtained in the screen, except for the predictive model for the evaluation of the distance of the Black woman portrait. The response time proved to be much more central in the model than the attractiveness of the image. In the screen environment, the increase in the image size was connected to the greater amount of time spent in decision-making while in the virtual environment the distancing from the image was connected to a greater amount of time spent making a decision. The country of origin had little influence over the final models. In conclusion, we may highlight that the effects of social distance, the response time and the attractiveness of the image were greater in the virtual environment, which inspires us to highlight the importance of using more sophisticated data collection procedures through the use of information technology.

A new Argentinian species of Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini) with accessory setae

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 782 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGIO SERGIO ROIG-JUÑENT ◽  
ERICA SCHEIBLER
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
San Luis

The new species, Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) cuyanus (type locality ARGENTINA, San Luis, Quebrada Lopez, 7 km SE San Francisco) is described, based on external structural features (extra setae in the supraorbital region, pronotum, elytral margin and intervals 3, 5 and 7) and those of the male genitalia (details of the endophallic flagellum). Line drawings illustrate diagnostic features and a key distinguishes among the species of subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel. This species lives along the border of rivers and creeks in the arid region of western Argentina.KEY WORDS. Carabidae. Bembidiini. Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) cuyanus n. sp., ArgentinaSe describe una nueva especie del g nero Bembidion Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini) del centro oeste de la Argentina. Esta ha sido encontrada en las orillas de arroyos y r os de esta regi n semides rtica. La morfolog a externa y las caracter sticas de las estructuras de la genitalia masculina hacen considerar que esta nueva especie pertenece al g nero Bembidion Latreille, y algunos caracteres del ed ago muestran que pertenece al subg nero Chilioperyphus Jeannel. La estructura del flagelo y la presencia de numerosas setas, tanto en la regi n supraorbital, pronoto, borde del litro e interesar as 3, 5 y 7, permiten reconocer a esta como una nueva especie, Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) cuyanus nov. sp. Se provee la descripci n e ilustraciones de esta nueva especie, como as tambi n una clave para diferenciarla de las restantes especies del subg nero Chilioperyphus.PALABRAS CLAVE. Carabidae. Bembidiini. Bembidion (Chilioperyphus) cuyanus n. sp., Argentina

“Making the Connection”: Aggregate Internship Data as Direct and Indirect Measure Informing Curricula and Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bugeja ◽  
Melissa Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Survey Instrument ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Mass Communications ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures

This article focuses on aggregate internship data from an accredited Midwestern mass communications school to illustrate how feedback loops inform curricula and assessment according to standards of the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC). A sample survey instrument is shared with data directly related to ACEJMC values and competencies. Final recommendations are made to help accredited programs earn compliance in assessment by using direct and indirect measures from internships.

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