Judgments of Time Intervals by Young Children

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle R. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

22 preschool children were either trained (experimental group) or not trained (control group) to indicate a 15-sec. time interval by the method of production. The accuracy was significantly improved by brief training. The children were generally accurate whether attending to the stopwatch at the right or left ear or given sound- or light-filled intervals. Neither age nor sex differences were found. These results demonstrate the possibility of conducting research on time-estimation at an early age if the procedures are relatively short and of interest to the young child. Because most of the children were unable to count as a guide to their judgments, the inner neural clock theory is supported.

Clinical observations on the course of oxytocinor prostaglandin E2/oxytocin-induced parturition in mares

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Witkowski ◽  
K. Pawłowski
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Cervical Dilatation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the course of parturitions induced with sole oxytocin with those induced with the combination of intracervical prostaglandin E2 jelly and oxytocin. For this purpose 13 mares in advanced pregnancy were allocated to the groups pretreated with either intracervical PGE2 (experimental group) or saline (control group) two hours before intravenous oxytocin (5 IU) administration. The mares were compared with respect to cervical dilation diameter (CDD) 20 min. after oxytocin injection. Time intervals from the first oxytocin dose to: the first external signs of parturition, the chorioallantois rupture, the delivery of a foal and time interval from the delivery of a foal to the placenta separation were measured. Cervical dilatation diameter as well as proportion of mares with cervical dilatation > 20 cm were significantly higher in the group of PGE2 treated mares comparing with control group (p = 0.0115 and p = 0.0490, respectively). All time intervals measured were statistically insignificant for both groups of mares, however time intervals from the first oxytocin dose to the first external signs of parturition, to the allantochorion rupture and to the delivery of a foal, were very close to the significance level (α = 0.05). To conclude, PGE/oxytocin combination has positive influence on the preparation of the uterine cervix to parturition. Moreover, it seems that PGE2 pretreatment reduced total oxytocin dose for successful parturition induction and shortened time elapsing between the first oxytocin dose and the delivery of a foal what is crucial for foal’s safety

scholarly journals Immuno-histopathologic evaluation of mineralized plasmatic matrix in the management of horizontal ridge defects in a canine model (a split-mouth comparative study)

Odontology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souzy Kamal Anwar ◽  
Hend Mohamed Abdel Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Collagen Membrane ◽  
Bone Surface ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Group I ◽  
Histopathologic Evaluation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractOur research aimed to investigate the effect of combining biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) alloplast with mineralized plasmatic matrix (MPM) as compared with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the quality and quantity of bone formation and maturation at surgically created horizontal critical-sized ridge defects (HRDs) in a canine model. We used a split-mouth design using the third and fourth mandibular premolars of the mongrel dogs. Twelve defects on the left side (experimental group, I) were managed with MPM composite mixed with BCP alloplast, MPM compact layer. On the right side (control group, II), another 12 defects were managed with PRF mixed with BCP alloplast, followed by the application of PRF compact strips. Finally, both were covered by a collagen membrane. Dogs were euthanized at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and the studied defects were processed to evaluate treatment outcome, including mean percentage of bone surface area, collagen percentage, and osteopontin (OPN) immunoreaction. Our results revealed that the mean percentage of bone surface area was significantly increased in the experimental group treated with MPM at all time intervals as compared with the PRF group. Decreased collagen percentage and increased OPN immunoreactivity showed significant results in the MPM group as compared with PRF at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, respectively. In conclusion, MPM accelerates the formation of superior new bone quality when used in the treatment of HRDs.

scholarly journals Experimental Pulpitis Treated By Double-Pinhole Drainage

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Labial Surface

Objective: To search for a dental pulp preservative method in experimental pulpitis. Methods: 20 rabbits with experimental pulpitis were selected for this study; Teeth were randomly assigned to 2 groups (experimental and control groups) based on the final irrigation methods. In experimental group (double-pinhole drainage), the two pinholes were drilled in middle 1/3 dental cervix of buccal labial surface of tooth; the pinholes were inserted into infant transfusion needles then the two syringes were contacted with them, one for suck, another for irrigation. In control group, pinhole was sealed. Rabbits were executed in 1, 3, 5, 7 day. The inflammation in pulp chamber was assessed after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Results: At the 1, 5 day time intervals, control group reported more inflammation than experimental group (P < .05). There was no significant difference between two groups at the other time intervals (P > .05), and in all groups the inflammation decreased over time. Conclusion: Dental pulp can be preserved by double-pinhole drainage efficiently.

scholarly journals The ages of zone of proximal development for retrospective time assessment and anticipation of time event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Portnova ◽  
A. B. Rebreikina ◽  
O.V. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Time Assessment

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the ability of children aged 5–14 years old (preschoolers, primary schoolers, and preteens) to assess and anticipate time intervals. 287 Russian children aged 5–14 years old and 26 adults of control group participated in our study. The neuropsychological assessment, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and a battery of time-related tests were applied. All groups of children overestimated the event’s duration, although the accuracy of the second estimations increased among the participants aged 6–8 years after a prompt was offered. A zone of proximal development for time anticipation task was detected for children aged 9-11 years, when the prompt could significantly improve the accuracy of time perception. The participants overestimated the duration of both upcoming and past events, with the degree of overestimation being found to be negatively correlated with age. Further, a higher degree of accuracy in terms of time estimation was found to be correlated with higher scores on the attention and memory tests, and accuracy of time anticipation was associated with scores of praxis test.

scholarly journals Morphometric evaluation of condylar cartilage of growing rats in response to mandibular retractive forces

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Peixoto Nogueira de Sá ◽  
Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni ◽  
Carlos Luiz Fernandes de Salles ◽  
Fabrício Dias de Souza ◽  
Uhana Seifert Guimarães Suga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Class ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Condylar Cartilage ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Mandibular Retrusion ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Morphometric Evaluation

INTRODUCTION: The mandibular condylar surface is made up of four layers, i.e., an external layer composed of dense connective tissue, followed by a layer of undifferentiated cells, hyaline cartilage and bone. Few studies have demonstrated the behavior of the condylar cartilage when the mandible is positioned posteriorly, as in treatments for correcting functional Class III malocclusion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the morphologic and histological aspects of rat condyles in response to posterior positioning of the mandible. METHODS: Thirty five-week-old male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into two groups: A control group (C) and an experimental group (E) which received devices for inducing mandibular retrusion. The animals were euthanized at time intervals of 7, 21 and 30 days after the experiment had began. For histological analysis, total condylar thickness was measured, including the proliferative, hyaline and hypertrophic layers, as well as each layer separately, totaling 30 measurements for each parameter of each animal. RESULTS: The greatest difference in cartilage thickness was observed in 21 days, although different levels were observed in the other periods. Group E showed an increase of 39.46% in the total layer, reflected by increases in the thickness of the hypertrophic (42.24%), hyaline (46.92%) and proliferative (17.70%) layers. CONCLUSIONS: Posteriorly repositioning the mandible produced a series of histological and morphological responses in the condyle, suggesting condylar and mandibular adaptation in rats.

Prevention of Capsular Contracture with Montelukast After Insertion of Silicone Implants in Rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 7623-7627
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Jin ◽  
Ki Yong Hong ◽  
Kyung Won Minn ◽  
Hak Chang ◽  
Ung Sik Jin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Implant ◽  
Capsular Contracture ◽  
White Female ◽  
Silicone Implants ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

Capsular contracture is the most common complication after insertion of silicone implants during breast implant surgery. The discovery that myofibroblasts play an important role in the formation of hypertrophic scars led to the development of pharmacological drugs such as zafirlukast, which prevents capsular contracture by resisting the above mechanism. As a result, the author sought to investigate the effect of the anti-leukotriene montelukast on capsular contracture. Ten white female New Zealand rabbits, each weighing approximately 3 kg, were used as subjects. Through bilateral incision of the midback area, the prostheses were inserted on the subpanniculus carnosus plane. Once the silicone prostheses had been inserted, the right implant was injected with 10 mL of montelukast (10 µg/mL), and the left implant was injected with 10 mL of normal saline. Eight weeks after the procedure, the capsular pressure was measured via tonometry using a circular glass piece weighing 42.7 g. The tissue samples were then extracted, and their thicknesses were measured using hematoxylin-eosin stain and Masson trichrome stain. The average pressure was 4.23±0.99 mmHg in the control group and 3.71±0.51 mmHg in the experimental group, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02). The average capsular thickness was 947.938±300 µm in the control group and 709.672±274 µm in the experimental group, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.028). The author confirmed that montelukast injections during silicone prosthesis insertion decreased the formation of capsular contracture.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Model of Overuse-Induced Calcific Achilles Tendinopathy in Mice: Contralateral Tendinopathy Following Unilateral Tenotomy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Wang ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Gang-hui Yin ◽  
Zhong-min Zhang ◽  
Tian-yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Achilles Tenotomy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a simple but reproducible overuse induced animal model of Achilles tendinopathy in mice for better understanding the underlying mechanism and prevention of calcific Achilles tendinopathy.Methods80 C57/B6 mice (8-9 weeks old) were employed and randomly divided into control group and experimental group. Unilateral Achilles tenotomy was performed on the right hindlimb of experiment group. After 12 weeks, the onset of Achilles tedinopathy in the contralateral Achilles tendon was determined by radiological assessment, histological analysis, electron microscopy observation and biomechanical test.ResultsThe onset of calcific Achilles tendinopathy in contralateral Achilles tendon was confirmed after 12 weeks unilateral tenotomy. The contralateral Achilles tendon of experimental group was characterized as hypercelluarity, neovascularization and fused collagen fiber disarrangement, compared to the control group. Importantly, intratendon endochondral ossification and calcaneus deformity was featured in contralateral Achilles tendon. Additionally, poor biomechanical properties in the contralateral Achilles tendon revealed the incidence of Achilles tedinopathy.ConclusionWe hereby introduce a novel simple but reproducible spontaneous contralateral calcific Achilles tendinopathy model in mice, which represents the overuse conditions during the tendinopathy development in human-beings. It should be a useful tool to further study the underlying pathogenesis of calcific Achilles tendinopathy.

scholarly journals SCAMPER: IMPROVING CREATIVE IMAGINATION OF YOUNG CHILDREN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysun Gündoğan
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Creative Imagination ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
Experimental Group

Young children are accepted to have creativity abilities. Creativity is a feature that needs to be improved. Many techniques are used to improve creativity. SCAMPER (substitute, combine, adjust, modify/magnify/minify, put to other uses, eliminate, reverse/rearrange) is one of the techniques used to improve creativity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SCAMPER in improving creative imagination of 5-year-old children attending kindergarten. For this purpose, 49 children from the age group of 5 year attending a kindergarten in the Southwestern part of Turkey participated in the study. There were an experimental group and a control group in the study. SCAMPER technique was applied to the children in the experimental group. The control group continued to the normal education program. The data were collected by using Test of Creative Imagination (Child Form), which was developed by Aysun Gündoğan in 2019. At the end of the study, it was found that creative imagination levels of the children in the experimental group receiving education with SCAMPER technique increased. Differences among children receiving SCAMPER education were found in the fluency sub-dimension of creativity. The SCAMPER technique was effective in improving the creative imagination. Therefore, techniques and activities that enable the development of creative imagination should be applied to individuals from an early age.

scholarly journals Does Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy Influence Nerve Regeneration in the Median Nerve Model of the Rat?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicta E. Beck-Broichsitter ◽  
Androniki Lamia ◽  
Stefano Geuna ◽  
Federica Fregnan ◽  
Ralf Smeets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Pulsed Magnetic Field ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Magnetic Field Therapy ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
Field Therapy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pulsed magnetic field therapy on peripheral nerve regeneration after median nerve injury and primary coaptation in the rat. Both median nerves were surgically exposed and denervated in 24 female Wistar rats. A microsurgical coaptation was performed on the right side, whereas on the left side a spontaneous healing was prevented. The study group underwent a daily pulsed magnetic field therapy; the other group served as a control group. The grasping force was recorded 2 weeks after the surgical intervention for a period of 12 weeks. The right median nerve was excised and histologically examined. The histomorphometric data and the functional assessments were analyzed byt-test statistics and one-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant influence of group affiliation and grasping force(P=0.0078). Grasping strength was higher on a significant level in the experimental group compared to the control group permanently from the 9th week to the end of the study.T-test statistics revealed a significantly higher weight of the flexor digitorum sublimis muscle(P=0.0385)in the experimental group. The histological evaluation did not reveal any statistically significant differences concerning the histomorphometric parameters. Our results suggest that the pulsed magnetic field therapy has a positive influence on the functional aspects of neural regeneration. More studies are needed to precisely evaluate and optimize the intensity and duration of the application.

Reliability of Time Estimation: Effect of a Preceding Reproduction Series on the Reliability of Subsequent Verbal Estimates of the Same Standard Stimuli

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Duane McConchie ◽  
Jacques Rutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

32 Ss, 16 in an experimental group and 16 in a control group, gave two verbal estimates of each of 8 standard intervals ranging from 300 to 1000 msec. in 100-msec. steps. The experimental group reproduced each standard 12 times before verbally estimating it, while the control group had no prior experience with the standards to be verbally estimated. The mean reliability of the verbal estimates of the experimental group was significantly higher ( p < .02) than that of the control group. This finding was held to account for the high reliability coefficients reported for the method of verbal estimation by a number of comparative studies employing several methods on the same group of Ss. The result suggests that serial position of the measuring methods may spuriously inflate the reliability coefficients of the method of verbal estimation when that method is used subsequent to the method of reproduction.

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