Is the Self Essential? Handling Reductionism

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-732
Author(s):  
Joseph Tloczynski
Keyword(s):  
Social Functioning ◽  
The Self ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Essential Nature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Levels Of Functioning ◽  
Supporting Structures

The nature of the self has been addressed by persons in various areas of psychology. The explanatory constructs have often reduced the self to other phenomena or structures. The self has been reduced to biology, cognition, social functioning, personal history, and consciousness. However, there are theories which characterize the self as an agent which is not simply reducible to its functions and supporting structures. The difference between reductionistic and nonreductionistic theories is the difference between a self who is created by awareness and behavior and a self who becomes aware and creates behavior. Most theories of personality argue on one side or the other. There are also theories which simply ignore the argument and use the term “self” vaguely. This article argues for a unitive concept of the self as essence, which precedes existence on all levels of functioning. It is argued that our essential nature is akin to that which has been termed spiritual.

Tracing Sexual Difference

1998 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pamela Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Difference

A reading of Luce Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. In particular, I argue that Irigaray raises the possibility of moving beyond the aporia of the other which lies at the heart of Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity. My contention is that the self conceived in Ricoeur's Oneself as Another is male insofar as it is dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped Western culture both socially and economically. Nevertheless there remains the possibility of developing Ricoeur's reference to 'the trace of the Other' in order to give a non-essential meaning to sexual difference. Such meaning will emerge when (i) both men and women have identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. I aim to elucidate both conditions by appropriating Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love.'

scholarly journals Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Alexander Jonathan Vidgop ◽  
Nelly Norton ◽  
Nechama Rosenberg ◽  
Malka Haguel-Spitzberg ◽  
Itzhak Fouxon
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Choice

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the self-collected database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type’s definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

scholarly journals The Geography of ‘Otherness’: Spaces of Conflict in Smaro Kamboureli’s in the Second Person

Humanities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rocco De Leo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Abstract Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come ◽  
Different Levels

In today’s “liquid” society, boundaries and limits are shifting or disorienting: belonging to no place, not knowing where ‘home’ is, underlines the sense of uncertainty and in-betweenness experienced by people. This contribution suggests five spatial issues Greek-born Canadian author Smaro Kamboureli has to negotiate with in her ‘poetic diary’ in the second person, where she investigates the duality of the self, displaying the double “I” of the writer’s split subjectivity on a concrete (Greece) as well as abstract (language) place of living. Kamboureli’s account of a duel with and a paradoxical courting of what was and is now for her “the place of language” is related to the awareness of inhabiting a “third” zone of expectations: the difference of origin, of country, of point of view. In conclusion, the different levels of spatial negotiations Kamboureli has had to come to terms with have made her a completely different person. Her life on the border, epitomized in turn by airports, boats, Greece, and the Greek islands, is indeed an endless research of, as well as a conflict with, the ‘Other’, which opens up questions about the relativity of the space/place dichotomy.

Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
peter scholliers ◽  
anneke geyzen
Keyword(s):  
Local Food ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference

This essay touches upon questions about the use of food as an identity marker, the nature of local food, and the influence of foreign food. Since 1830, Belgium witnessed two international food waves that alternated with two local food waves, both opposing as well as using each other's characteristics. In this process, local food was continuously redefined. Belgium reveals a relationship between local and foreign food both in the sense of incorporation and exclusion. Foreign food always influenced local cooking and eating. The opposition between the ““self”” and the ““other”” is at times strongly upheld: local food is labeled as ““our,”” ““authentic,”” ““national,”” or ““regional”” (the ““self””) to make the difference with ““their,”” ““artificial,”” or ““international”” (the ““other””). This classification of foodways as national/regional is used to forge sentiments of belonging, especially in Belgium where strong separatist political feelings lead to intense regional reactions.

scholarly journals Why Do Smart Contracts Self-Destruct? Investigating the Selfdestruct Function on Ethereum

2022 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Jiachi Chen ◽  
Xin Xia ◽  
David Lo ◽  
John Grundy
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
False Positives ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
F Measure

The selfdestruct function is provided by Ethereum smart contracts to destroy a contract on the blockchain system. However, it is a double-edged sword for developers. On the one hand, using the selfdestruct function enables developers to remove smart contracts ( SCs ) from Ethereum and transfers Ethers when emergency situations happen, e.g., being attacked. On the other hand, this function can increase the complexity for the development and open an attack vector for attackers. To better understand the reasons why SC developers include or exclude the selfdestruct function in their contracts, we conducted an online survey to collect feedback from them and summarize the key reasons. Their feedback shows that 66.67% of the developers will deploy an updated contract to the Ethereum after destructing the old contract. According to this information, we propose a method to find the self-destructed contracts (also called predecessor contracts) and their updated version (successor contracts) by computing the code similarity. By analyzing the difference between the predecessor contracts and their successor contracts, we found five reasons that led to the death of the contracts; two of them (i.e., Unmatched ERC20 Token and Limits of Permission ) might affect the life span of contracts. We developed a tool named LifeScope to detect these problems. LifeScope reports 0 false positives or negatives in detecting Unmatched ERC20 Token . In terms of Limits of Permission , LifeScope achieves 77.89% of F-measure and 0.8673 of AUC in average. According to the feedback of developers who exclude selfdestruct functions, we propose suggestions to help developers use selfdestruct functions in Ethereum smart contracts better.

scholarly journals SELF ESTEEM OF SECONDARY SCHOOL THARU STUDENTS OF WEST CHAMPARAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 354-358
Author(s):  
Ignatius Topno ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Behavior

SelfEsteemis a central construct in clinical, developmental, personality, and social psychology.Self Esteem can be defined as an individuals judgment of his or her self-worth (Rosenberg 1965). Self Esteem is generally considered the evaluative component of the self-concept, a broader representation of the self that includes cognitive and behavioral aspects as well as evaluative or affective ones (Tomaka&Blascovich, 1991). Self Esteem creates self-image (Judy and Arin 2004). People with high self esteem take risks more easily than those with low self Esteem. Self Esteem, that is contingent on success and competence, triggers fundamentally different habitual thought and behavior patterns than contingent self Esteem, that involves seeking compensation from emotional support and acceptance. These behaviors and attitudes have in recent studies been linked to distinctive patterns of coping with social threats and differential health outcomes.It is an extremely popular construct within psychology, and has been related to virtually every other psychological concept or domain, including personality, behavioral, cognitive, and clinical concepts. It can influence life in myriad ways, from academic and professional success to relationships and mental health. On the above criteria in mind the researcher desired using mean, standard deviation t test to study the difference between the mean scores of male and female, Private and Government job holders children, age of students, type of family and finally the standard of students in their self-esteem of secondary school Tharu children of West Champaran . The result declared that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female,Private and government Job holders children, single and nuclear family, whereas there is a significant difference between the mean scores of less than 14 and above 14 years and IXth and Xth Standard secondary school Tharu students in their self-esteem.

scholarly journals Person centered psychotherapy: an encounter with oneself or a confrontation with the other?

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Meireles Vieira ◽  
Francisco Pablo Huascar Aragão Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Change Process ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Therapeutic Change ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Person Centered Approach ◽  
The Relationship

The paper discusses the possibilities of host of alterity in the therapeutic process of the Person Centered Approach. The debate is based on the ethics of Emmanuel Levinas, for whom subjectivity would be formed from the relationship with the absolute other. The therapeutic change process that aims to further integrate the experience by the self is questioned. On the other hand, from a reading of a Rogerian clinical case, it is pointed out the externality of experience as an estrangement that allows one to recreate themselves. This research shows the interiority eroded by the organism that arises as other-of-self, sieve for the experience. It is conclude that the person-centered psychotherapy, beyond an encounter with oneself, seems to point as one of its purposes the clash with the radically different. Such discussion alludes to a political repositioning of the Person Centered Approach in its ways to deal with the difference.

scholarly journals EM DIREÇÃO À CONTRA-ETNOGRAFIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 202032
Author(s):  
Suelen Calonga
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
African Centered ◽  
European Thought ◽  
And Behavior

TOWARDS THE COUNTER-ETHNOGRAPHYHACIA LA CONTRA-ETNOGRAFÍARESUMOEste texto se organiza entre os assombros e os encantamentos de minhas descobertas enquanto tentava responder para mim mesma a questão “o que é o poder?”. A partir da encruzilhada contida na pergunta, avancei um pouco no rumo que tomei para respondê-la, mas como é típico da pedagogia de Exu, o dono dos caminhos, todas as outras trilhas que se desdobraram a partir desta me conduziram novamente para o centro da encruzilhada: o que é o poder? Sendo a encruzilhada um lugar de possibilidades abertas, hoje me permito responder com tranquilidade que poder é o controle das narrativas; sobre si e sobre “o outro”. Com base na crítica africano-centrada do pensamento e comportamento europeu (ANI, 1994) esse texto vai contar um pouco dos passos dados para essa descoberta e apontar um caminho de retomada para a autodeterminação: a contra-etnografia.Palavras-chave: Poder; Contra-etnografia; Patrimônio Cultural; Museu; Arquivo.ABSTRACTThis text is organized between the haunts and enchantments of my discoveries while trying to answer for myself the question “what is power?”. From the crossroads contained in the question, I advanced a little in the direction I took to answer it, but as is typical of the pedagogy of Eshu, the owner of the paths, all the other routes that unfolded from this one led me back to the center of the crossroads: what is power? Being the crossroads a place of open possibilities, today I allow myself to answer calmly that power is the control of narratives; about oneself and about “the other”. Based on the African-centered critique of European thought and behavior (ANI, 1994), this text will tell us a little about the steps taken towards this discovery and point a way back to recover the self-determination: the counter-ethnography.Keywords: Power; Counter-ethnography; Cultural Heritage; Museum; Archive.RESUMENEste texto está organizado entre los embrujos y encantos de mis descubrimientos mientras intento responder por mí misma a la pregunta “¿qué es el poder?”. Desde la encrucijada contenida en la pregunta, avancé un poco en la dirección que tomé para contestarla, pero como es típico de la pedagogía de Elegua, del dueño de los caminos, todos los demás trayectos que se desplegaron a partir de éste me llevaron de vuelta al centro de la encrucijada: ¿qué es el poder? Siendo la encrucijada un lugar de posibilidades abiertas, hoy me permito responder con tranquilidad que poder es el control de las narraciones; sobre uno mismo y sobre “el otro”. Partiendo de la crítica africanocéntrica del pensamiento y el comportamiento europeos (ANI, 1994) este texto contará un poco los pasos dados hacia este descubrimiento y señalará un camino de vuelta a la autodeterminación: la contra-etnografía.Palabras clave: Poder; Contra-etnografía; Patrimonio Cultural; Museo; Archivo.

scholarly journals Is Imagination Fundamental? on the Issue of the Genesis of Subjectivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5081-5085
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the issue of the genesis of subjectivity, the authors of the article turn to the Hegelian model, which captures the two-sided and fundamentally changeable nature of the relationship between subject and object. The article substantiates the idea that imagination, being considered outside of the context of psychologization or reduction of it only to the reproductive aspect, is a source of binary differences fundamental to philosophical thought. Following Hegel’s dialectical method, the authors note that the presence of the image already indicates the difference between the two dimensions of consciousness and knowledge. The image expresses the primary truth of substance and, at the same time, the way it is subjectively given. There is a differentiation of the subjective moment of Being with the realization of fantasy. All formations of Spirit are interpretations of the figurative series, primal scenes, the analog of which was studied by classical psychoanalysis. From this perspective, the genesis of such subjective modes as consciousness, self-consciousness and mind inevitably includes symbolization, interpretation of the "Self" images, cognizing, willing and acting in various situations and contexts. The study of the concepts developed by Hegel, Kennouche, Verene and Merleau-Ponty allows concluding about two arguments in favor of the fundamentality of imagination. This refers, on the one hand, to subjective imagination that generates meanings and the need for their interpretation and, on the other hand, to the initial form of synthesis, on the basis of which, the subject and object of cognition, formations of consciousness and types of knowledge characteristic of them are further distinguished. The image, being the first meeting of the concrete and universal, is capable of setting the plot of one or another form of subjectivity.

scholarly journals Self-consistent field, with exchange, for Cl -

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (887) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Excited States ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Field Problem ◽  
Consistent Field ◽  
Exchange Effects ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Self Consistent Field ◽  
The Difference

Quantitative solutions by Fock's equations for the self-consistent field, including exchange effects, have now been obtained for the normal state of Na + , and for the normal and some excited states of neutral Li and Na, by Fock and Petrashen, and for the normal and the (2 s ) (2 p ) 3 P and 1 P excited states of neutral Be, by the present authors. The work here described was undertaken as the first step in carrying out the solution of Fock's equations for heavier atoms; calculations for Cu + , in progress at the time of writing, will carry this a step further. The effect of the inclusion of exchange terms on the self-consistent field may be expected to be particularly large for a negative ion, on account of the sensiticeness of the wave function of the outer ( nl ) group of such an ion (and, to a less extent, of those of the other groups of the outer shell also). This, of course, is likely to make the process of solution of Fock's equations more than usually difficult and lengthy for a negative ion, and made the project of obtaining such a solution appear somewhat ambitions; but, on the other calculations, are greatest when the difference from the solution of the self-consistent field problem without exchange is greatest, and for this reason it seemed desirable to carry out the solution of Fock's equations for at least one negative ion.

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