Effects of Unbalanced Response Scales on Judgments of Social Stimuli

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Weiss
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
The Prestige

The general purpose of the research was to determine if scale judgments of certain social stimuli would be differentially affected by the distribution of scale categories constituting the response scale. Previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) had demonstrated such an effect on judgments of neutral, physical stimuli. Two experiments were therefore conducted in which 72 and 248 college students judged the social prestige of 40 occupations. Ss used one of four types of scales: a 3-category balanced scale (+, 0, −), a 7-category balanced scale (+3 to −3), a 5-category unbalanced minus scale (+, 0, −1, −2, −3), or a 5-category unbalanced plus scale (+3, +2, +1, 0, −). The non-discriminating plus and minus categories were to be used for occupations that were above or below the average in prestige, regardless of how far above or below they might be. The zero category designated those average in prestige. And the discriminating plus or minus categories represented degrees of prestige above or below the average. The data revealed significant effects of the scales on the typical social prestige of occupations assigned to the ‘average’ category of judgment. Relative to the balanced scales, the unbalanced ones induced a shift in the prestige value of the ‘average’ category in the direction of the single, non-discriminating category. Relative to the 7-category balanced scale, the 3-category one produced a shift in the direction of the non-discriminating plus side. The data were interpreted primarily in terms of relationships between implicit category standards, latitudes of categories, and the distribution of the judged stimuli.

The Visual Analogue Scale. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Adrian Duşa ◽  
Valeriu Frunzaru
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Type Response

Abstract For about eight decades, research instruments in the social sciences have been orbiting around Likert’s proposal for his famous response scale. Before him, and also after he managed to impose it, many researchers have tried to find a better solution. This, however, has proven difficult. While solving methodological problems for measuring concepts, by concentrating all the responses in only five categories brings major disadvantages as well: it has extremely low variation, it does not produce metric scores unless combined with similar items, and it cannot be used as such for advanced statistical analysis. In this article, we propose using a continuous response scale as a solution to each of these problems. In our opinion, the possible application of this solution has an extremely high potential to advance social science research methodology.

The social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
Olga V. Medvedeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Prestige

The work is devoted to the issue of the social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia. The prestige of the professions is indicated by the data of scientific publications and examples taken from the works of fiction and art, which are also a reflection of the public perceptions of each historical stage. Professions are formed simultaneously with the de-velopment of public administration, and their prestige depended on the level of the hierarchy at which a particular position was located. One of the highest posts in the state service of the Russian Empire was the position of personal secretary. A prestigious service was considered to be in the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs. In the 19th century the posts of secretary and state secretary were prestigious. In the first half of the 20th century, the replacement of old quali-fied personnel with ordinary workers takes place. In the second half of the 20th century we can talk about a certain rise in prestige by continuing to organize the scientific organization of labor, creating a powerful material, technical and legal basis that regulates records management and archiving. Currently, there are changes in the technology of working with documents related to digitalization, the emergence of new positions, the profession of documentalist is in demand and is more universal in comparison with the profession of archivist. On the basis of the analysis of the questionnaire of archivists, we identify the key factors of the prestige of the documentalist and archivist, among which the main ones are economic and social. A number of state-economic, vocational-educational and public measures are proposed to increase the prestige of professions.

Attentional Bias Among Adolescents Who Stutter: Evidence for a Vigilance–Avoidance Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 3349-3363
Author(s):  
Naomi H. Rodgers ◽  
Jennifer Y. F. Lau ◽  
Patricia M. Zebrowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Attentional Disengagement ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Social ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
High Social Anxiety

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine group and individual differences in attentional bias toward and away from socially threatening facial stimuli among adolescents who stutter and age- and sex-matched typically fluent controls. Method Participants included 86 adolescents (43 stuttering, 43 controls) ranging in age from 13 to 19 years. They completed a computerized dot-probe task, which was modified to allow for separate measurement of attentional engagement with and attentional disengagement from facial stimuli (angry, fearful, neutral expressions). Their response time on this task was the dependent variable. Participants also completed the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and provided a speech sample for analysis of stuttering-like behaviors. Results The adolescents who stutter were more likely to engage quickly with threatening faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also more likely to disengage quickly from threatening faces than to maintain attention on those faces. The typically fluent controls did not show any attentional preference for the threatening faces over the neutral faces in either the engagement or disengagement conditions. The two groups demonstrated equivalent levels of social anxiety that were both, on average, very close to the clinical cutoff score for high social anxiety, although degree of social anxiety did not influence performance in either condition. Stuttering severity did not influence performance among the adolescents who stutter. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for a vigilance–avoidance pattern of attentional allocation to threatening social stimuli among adolescents who stutter.

Predicting the Social Commitments of College Students

NASPA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lavelle ◽  
Leslie W. O'Ryan
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Social Beliefs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Scores

Developmental orientations as measured by the Dakota Inventory of Student Orientations (DISO) are strong predictors of the social attitudes and commitments that college students make. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of social beliefs and commitments during the college years in relation to developmental orientations as measured by DISO (Lavelle & Rickord, 1999). Results supported Creative-Reflective scale scores as predictive of commitment to the more humanitarian issues such as race and women’s rights, whereas Achieving-Social scores predicted environmental concern. Interestingly, Reliant scale scores were found to be negatively related to social commitment. Implications include interventions based on the strengths and weaknesses of each orientation and suggestions for further research.

Making privilege palatable: Normative sustainability in chefs’ Instagram discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Gwynne Mapes ◽  
Andrew S. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Community Responsibility ◽  
Personal Accounts

Abstract In this article we consider the discursive production of status as it relates to democratic ideals of environmental equity and community responsibility, orienting specifically to food discourse and ‘elite authenticity’ (Mapes 2018), as well as to recent work concerning normativity and class inequality (e.g. Thurlow 2016; Hall, Levon, & Milani 2019). Utilizing a dataset comprised of 150 Instagram posts, drawn from three different acclaimed chefs’ personal accounts, we examine the ways in which these celebrities emphasize local/sustainable food practices while simultaneously asserting their claims to privileged eating. Using multimodal critical discourse analysis, we document three general discursive tactics: (i) plant-based emphasis, (ii) local/community terroir, and (iii) realities of meat consumption. Ultimately, we establish how the chefs’ claims to egalitarian/environmental ideals paradoxically diminish their eliteness, while simultaneously elevating their social prestige, pointing to the often complicated and covert ways in which class inequality permeates the social landscape of contemporary eating. (Food discourse, elite authenticity, normativity, social class, locality/sustainability)*

scholarly journals Designing Mental Health Technologies that Support the Social Ecosystem of College Students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily G. Lattie ◽  
Rachel Kornfield ◽  
Kathryn E. Ringland ◽  
Renwen Zhang ◽  
Nathan Winquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
College Students ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
The Social

Microcomputers in Political Science

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Herbert F. Weisberg
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
New Era ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Frequency Counts

We are now entering a new era of computing in political science. The first era was marked by punched-card technology. Initially, the most sophisticated analyses possible were frequency counts and tables produced on a counter-sorter, a machine that specialized in chewing up data cards. By the early 1960s, batch processing on large mainframe computers became the predominant mode of data analysis, with turnaround time of up to a week. By the late 1960s, turnaround time was cut down to a matter of a few minutes and OSIRIS and then SPSS (and more recently SAS) were developed as general-purpose data analysis packages for the social sciences. Even today, use of these packages in batch mode remains one of the most efficient means of processing large-scale data analysis.

Field Dependence and Self-Disclosure

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin F. Sousa-Poza ◽  
Robert Rohrberg ◽  
Ernest Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Social ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Personality Theories

Some characteristics of the social behavior of field-dependents as well as their superior recognition of ambiguous social stimuli led to the hypothesis that they would show greater self-disclosure than field-independents. This hypothesis was tested by administering the 60-item Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (JSDQ) to 13 field-dependent and 13 field-independent Ss. In terms of total self-disclosure scores, field-dependents showed significantly (.025) higher levels than field-independents. Results are discussed in light of personality theories which emphasize the role of self-conceptual transactions in the development of the self.

The Social Character of College Students in the 1990s

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 6-33
Author(s):  
Iu. R. Vishnevskii ◽  
L. IA. Rubina
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Character ◽  
The Social

Robert Livingston (1654-1728): Businessman of Colonial New York

1956 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence H. Leder ◽  
Vincent P. Carosso
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Business Functions

Robert Livingston's career provides the first opportunity to consider in detail the emergence of an early New York businessman. Trained in business in Rotterdam, he brought to the New World the experience, knowledge, and techniques of one of the most advanced commercial centers of his day. On the Albany frontier he applied the Old World's business methods to advantage and gradually emerged as a dominant figure in colonial New York. His records and business correspondence leave no doubt that Livingston belonged to that class of businessmen often referred to as sedentary or resident merchants, though he did not employ as many agents and partners as his later, more mature counterparts. Neither did he engage in as many ventures or perform as many functions as the Browns, Hancocks, and other late eighteenth-century merchants, nor did he create an impressive business organization at home or abroad as was customary among certain European contemporaries. Still, as a wholesaler and retailer, importer and exporter, shipowner and land speculator, Livingston was an early New York practitioner of diversified business functions and investments. His extensive land dealings, no doubt motivated in part by the social prestige attached to real estate, were undertaken primarily as a source of credit and revenue. Livingston Manor was operated as a business enterprise: some of it was cultivated on Livingston's behalf, parts were leased to tenants who provided for the Lord of the Manor not only rents but a steady market for the goods he obtained in overseas trading ventures, and other sections were devoted to various manufacturing enterprises. Livingston's political life was an integral and necessary part of his business ventures, which reflected at all points the total instability of most colonial institutions. From the details of Livingstons many-sided commercial life emerges a rare picture of an embryonic business society in which the means were sorely taxed to achieve the ends conceived by ambitious men.

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