The social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
Olga V. Medvedeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Prestige

The work is devoted to the issue of the social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia. The prestige of the professions is indicated by the data of scientific publications and examples taken from the works of fiction and art, which are also a reflection of the public perceptions of each historical stage. Professions are formed simultaneously with the de-velopment of public administration, and their prestige depended on the level of the hierarchy at which a particular position was located. One of the highest posts in the state service of the Russian Empire was the position of personal secretary. A prestigious service was considered to be in the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs. In the 19th century the posts of secretary and state secretary were prestigious. In the first half of the 20th century, the replacement of old quali-fied personnel with ordinary workers takes place. In the second half of the 20th century we can talk about a certain rise in prestige by continuing to organize the scientific organization of labor, creating a powerful material, technical and legal basis that regulates records management and archiving. Currently, there are changes in the technology of working with documents related to digitalization, the emergence of new positions, the profession of documentalist is in demand and is more universal in comparison with the profession of archivist. On the basis of the analysis of the questionnaire of archivists, we identify the key factors of the prestige of the documentalist and archivist, among which the main ones are economic and social. A number of state-economic, vocational-educational and public measures are proposed to increase the prestige of professions.

Charitable Activities of German Settlers Representatives in the Social Life of the Crimea (Mid-19th - Early 20th Century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
S.P. Shendrikova ◽  
N.E. Vishnyakova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
German People ◽  
Charitable Activities ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reveals the main issues of charitable activities of German landowners of the Tauride province of the 19th century, who not only created large model farms, but also devoted themselves to the social life of the Peninsula. The events of the Second World War (1939-1945) provoked the formation of negative public opinion about the German people, although the positive role of representatives of this nation is known in the history of Russia. However, today, the topic of charitable activities, patronage and philanthropy among the Ger-mans of the Crimea in the 19th - beginning of the 20th century is very inquisitive. The authors focus on the social activities of the German ethnic group in the territory of the Tauride province. Charitable activities in the Russian Empire initially did not have a sufficiently clear legal basis, however, with the adoption of the necessary legislative aspects, this direction became popular among a wealthy group of interested persons.

scholarly journals On the Issue of Creating a Russian Agent Network in Shanghai at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City

The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

Heinrich Gross of Würtemberg: A Diplomat on Elizabeth Petrovna's Service

2021 ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Maksim Anisimov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Heinrich Gross was a diplomat of the Empress of Russia Elizabeth Petrovna, a foreigner on the Russian service who held some of the most important diplomatic posts of her reign. As the head of Russian diplomatic missions in European countries, he was an immediate participant in the rupture of both Franco-Russian and Russo-Prussian diplomatic relations and witnessed the beginning of the Seven Years' War, while in the capital of Saxony, besieged by Prussian troops. After that H. Gross was one of the members of the collective leadership of the Russian Collegium of Foreign Affairs. So far there is only one biographic essay about him written in the 19th century. The aims of this article are threefold. Using both published foreign affairs-related documentation and diplomatic documents stored in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, it attempts to systematize the materials of the biography of this important participant in international events. It also seeks to assess his professional qualities and get valuable insight into his role both in the major events of European politics and in the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the mid-18th century. Moreover, the account of the diplomatic career of H. Gross presented in this essay aims to generate genuine interest among researchers in the personality and professional activities of one of the most brilliant Russian diplomats of the Enlightenment Era.

scholarly journals Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
I. K. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

scholarly journals Research of the History of Inter-Religious Relations in Ukraine in the Kyiv Theological Academy (Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Luidmila Pastushenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the first attempt of a complete and systematic analysis of historic and theological publications of teachers and pupils of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of 20th century in the field of studying the history of relations of Catholicism and Protestantism with Orthodox on the Ukrainian lands. The specifics of Kyiv academic historians studies was determined by the social and-political circumstances in the middle of the 19th century and denoted by an attempt to comprehend this issue in the perspective of the history of interconfessional relations of two Western Christian traditions with the eastern tradition of Orthodoxy in the historical gap of the 16th – 17th centuries – the period of the largest confrontation in confessional relations in Ukraine. The author clarifies the characteristic features of researching the question of inter-confessional interaction in the 15th – 17th centuries, which are expressed in attempts to describe the coexistence of three denominations as multidimensional and provoking а variety of different interpretations. Historical studies present the attempt to show confessional interaction in the political and legal aspects and to provide historical interpretations to the ground of philosophy of history. The article proves the tendency of Kyiv academic researchers to move away from the established Russian historiography of the 19th century view at confessional relations in Ukraine through the prism of hard confrontation and outline in religious life Ukraine conditions and circumstances of inter-confessional dialogue. Also, historians in their studies repeatedly note the significant educational and outlook influence of Western Christian denominations on the formation of educational, cultural, theological, literary traditions in Ukraine.

Czechs and Slovaks in the Russian Empire (last third of the 19th century – early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena P. Serapionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The book deals with the historical contacts of Czech, Slovak and Russian peoples, the beginning of mass Czech and Slovak relocation to Russia, Russian official policy towards settlers. The author marks the main centers of their residence, pauses in detail on public organizations created by them, ties with the historical homeland, their participation in the Slavic movement. Special attention is paid to the prominent representatives of the compatriots. The monograph analyzes the social, professional composition of the Czech and Slovak diasporas, evaluates their contribution to the economic and cultural development of Russia. It is based on documents published and identified in the archives of Russia, Czech and Slovak republics, printing masters, memories and literature on the topic. The book is intended for specialists in the history of Russia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as all those interested in the ties of the peoples of the three countries.

The Corporate Social Responsibility Meme as a Business Foundation for Economic Peacemaking

2019 ◽  
pp. 440-461
Author(s):  
Corrie Jonn Block
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

This chapter presents economic peacemaking in historical business terms through an exploration of the meaning of competition in the 20th century. The 19th century meme, “survival of the fittest,” may be considered a quality of natural law that has been used to defend laissez faire capitalism, which has at times produced economic outcomes that are good for a select few at the expense of humanity at large. The counter-concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which was developed in the mid-20th century, presented an alternative view of the corporation as citizen, and called for the compromise of profits for the sake of the betterment of the community in which the business existed. This chapter explores the historical development of these concepts in the social science context of social Darwinism vs. neo-Darwinism, concluding that economic peacemaking through stakeholder management and CSR implementation is an inherently natural concept and preferable for humanity to unregulated competition.

Effects of Unbalanced Response Scales on Judgments of Social Stimuli

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Weiss
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
The Prestige

The general purpose of the research was to determine if scale judgments of certain social stimuli would be differentially affected by the distribution of scale categories constituting the response scale. Previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) had demonstrated such an effect on judgments of neutral, physical stimuli. Two experiments were therefore conducted in which 72 and 248 college students judged the social prestige of 40 occupations. Ss used one of four types of scales: a 3-category balanced scale (+, 0, −), a 7-category balanced scale (+3 to −3), a 5-category unbalanced minus scale (+, 0, −1, −2, −3), or a 5-category unbalanced plus scale (+3, +2, +1, 0, −). The non-discriminating plus and minus categories were to be used for occupations that were above or below the average in prestige, regardless of how far above or below they might be. The zero category designated those average in prestige. And the discriminating plus or minus categories represented degrees of prestige above or below the average. The data revealed significant effects of the scales on the typical social prestige of occupations assigned to the ‘average’ category of judgment. Relative to the balanced scales, the unbalanced ones induced a shift in the prestige value of the ‘average’ category in the direction of the single, non-discriminating category. Relative to the 7-category balanced scale, the 3-category one produced a shift in the direction of the non-discriminating plus side. The data were interpreted primarily in terms of relationships between implicit category standards, latitudes of categories, and the distribution of the judged stimuli.

scholarly journals Foreign Layer of the Chuvash Book

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Alena Mikhajlovna Ivanova ◽  
Eduard Valentinovich Fomin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Parallel Texts

The article is devoted to the consideration of extraterritorial publications on the Chuvash theme. The purpose of the work is to identify the essential features of the foreign layer of the Chuvash book. The conclusions of the work are based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of bibliographic indexes and a direct study of the books themselves de visu. The authors of the article consider foreign books as an important component of modern Chuvash culture, endowed with communicative, cognitive-cumulative, ethno-presentative and educational functions. Extraterritorial editions of the Chuvash book appeared in the first half of the 19th century, and only by the end of the 20th century they formed an independent layer. At the same time, one should objectively speak of two exteriorics – the Chuvash and by the poet G. Aygi. Each of them is represented by almost 150 publications. The predominant problematic of the foreign language layer of the Chuvash book proper is the Chuvash language. Moreover, its notable aspect is the publication of books in the Chuvash language or their publication with parallel texts in Sweden and Turkey. G. Aygi’s foreign publications are already represented by collections of poems in Russian, published by the publishing house of the artist N. Dronnikov in France. This work is a publication that should provide an introduction to the scientific use of literature that has not yet become the property of the Chuvash Studies. Its task is to promote the full functioning of modern Chuvash science in conjunction with the world one. The authors come to the conclusion that, in general, the foreign layer of the Chuvash book has an enduring value, and many of the scientific publications published in the past are rightly elevated to the rank of classical ones by the scientists.

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