What Mental Illness Labels Mean to Schizophrenics

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-933
Author(s):  
Evelyn Crumpton ◽  
Henriette Groot
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Mental Patient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symptom Checklist ◽  
Adjective Checklist ◽  
Control Concept

The aim of the study was to determine what the schizophrenic thinks about some of the labels applied to him: “crazy,” “insane,” “mental patient,” “person with something wrong with his nerves,” “schizophrenic,” “sick.” 68 schizophrenics rated a 15-scale semantic differential for each of these concepts and for the control concept, “person.” Ratings for each of the labels differed markedly from ratings for “person” on many of the 15 scales, especially those scales representing the evaluation factor. While there were minor differences in order from scale to scale, in general “mental patient” and “schizophrenic” were rated about the same and closer to “person” than were the other scales: “crazy” and “insane” were most dissimilar to “person;” and “sick” was unexpectedly in the middle. Ratings for the various labels were not significantly affected by severity of schizophrenia (as indicated by symptom checklist scores) or by the relative frequency of negatively-toned self-descriptions on an adjective checklist.

Studies of Body Image III: Body Feelings as Measured by the Semantic Differential

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Plutchik ◽  
Hope Conte ◽  
Marcella Bakur-Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Body Image ◽  
University Students ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Per Se

A semantic differential questionnaire was designed to assess the connotative meanings of the word “head” as an important aspect of body image. The questionnaire was completed by 203 individuals representing varied groups ranging from geriatric patients to university students. The “head” was described in terms of various words representing the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions. Non-psychiatric patients in a Home and Hospital for the Aged, the oldest group, and university students described the “head” as good, happy, pleasurable, and active more frequently than did the other groups. Geriatric psychiatric patients and middle-aged schizophrenics scored consistently low an all three dimensions, suggesting that they perceived the “head” as bad, passive, and inactive. These results imply that increasing age per se is less disruptive to body image than is mental illness.

Tourists’ and Residents’ Impressions of A Heritage Tourism Site: The Case of Kampong Taman Sari, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Ernawati ◽  
Gary T. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The interface between tourism and built heritage is complicated because much built heritage is located in the middle of living communities. Questions arise about how to achieve a balance between the expectations of tourists and the community. To study this question, this paper reports on tourists’ and residents’ impressions of an international heritage tourism site, the Kampong Taman Sari in Indonesia. Using a linear-numeric semantic differential as the measuring instrument and nine consensus photographs of the site as stimuli, the study investigated similarities and differences in impressions between three groups: tourists (international and domestic) and residents. Three principal dimensions were found to underlie impressions of the site: Attractiveness, Organisation, and Novelty. Significant differences were found among all three groups in their impressions of Attractiveness. In terms of impressions of the Organisation of the site, international and domestic tourists have similar impressions but these differ significantly from the impressions of residents. On the other hand, domestic tourists and residents have similar impressions of the Novelty of the site, which is evaluated differently by international tourists.

Deceptive Ambiguity by Police and Prosecutors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Shuy
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Police Interviews ◽  
Performance Errors ◽  
Criminal Suspects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Speech Events

Much is written about how criminal suspects, defendants, and undercover targets use ambiguous language in their interactions with police, prosecutors, and undercover agents. This book examines the other side of the coin, describing fifteen criminal investigations demonstrating how police, prosecutors, undercover agents, and complainants use deceptive ambiguity with their subjects, which leads to misrepresentations of the speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, lexicon, and grammar. These misrepresentations affect the perceptions of judges and juries about the subjects’ motives, predispositions, intentions, and voluntariness. Deception is commonly considered intentional while ambiguity is often excused as unintentional performance errors. Although perhaps overreliance on Grice’s maxim of sincerity leads some to believe this, interactions of suspects, defendants, and targets with representatives of law are adversarial, non-cooperative events that enable participants to ignore or violate the cooperative principle. One effective way the government does this is to use ambiguity deceptively. Later listeners to the recordings of such conversations may not recognize this ambiguity and react in ways that the subjects may not have intended. Deceptive ambiguity is clearly intentional in undercover operations and the case examples illustrate that the practice also is alive and well in police interviews and prosecutorial questioning. The book concludes with a summary of how the deceptive ambiguity used by representatives of the government affected the perception of the subjects’ predisposition, intentionality and voluntariness, followed by a comparison of the relative frequency of deceptive ambiguity used by the government in its representations of speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, lexicon, and grammar.

Madness, virtue, and ecology: A classical Indian approach to psychiatric disturbance

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512098224
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Indian Medical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Relationship

The Caraka Saṃhitā (ca. first century BCE–third century CE), the first classical Indian medical compendium, covers a wide variety of pharmacological and therapeutic treatment, while also sketching out a philosophical anthropology of the human subject who is the patient of the physicians for whom this text was composed. In this article, I outline some of the relevant aspects of this anthropology – in particular, its understanding of ‘mind’ and other elements that constitute the subject – before exploring two ways in which it approaches ‘psychiatric’ disorder: one as ‘mental illness’ ( mānasa-roga), the other as ‘madness’ ( unmāda). I focus on two aspects of this approach. One concerns the moral relationship between the virtuous and the well life, or the moral and the medical dimensions of a patient’s subjectivity. The other is about the phenomenological relationship between the patient and the ecology within which the patient’s disturbance occurs. The aetiology of and responses to such disturbances helps us think more carefully about the very contours of subjectivity, about who we are and how we should understand ourselves. I locate this interpretation within a larger programme on the interpretation of the whole human being, which I have elsewhere called ‘ecological phenomenology’.

The Semantic Differential as an Index of Traffic Sign Perception and Comprehension

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Dewar ◽  
Jerry G. Ells
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traffic Sign ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Verbal Messages ◽  
Highly Correlated

There is a need to develop and validate simple, inexpensive techniques for the evaluation of traffic sign messages. This paper examines the semantic differential (a paper-and-pencil test which measures psychological meaning) as a potential instrument for such evaluation. Two experiments are described, one relating semantic differential scores to comprehension and the other relating this index to glance legibility. The data indicate that semantic differential scores on all four factors (evaluative, activity, potency, and understandability) were highly correlated with comprehension of symbolic messages. These scores were unrelated to glance legibility of verbal messages, but two factors (evaluative and understandability) did correlate with glance legibility of symbolic messages. It was concluded that the semantic differential is a valid instrument for evaluating comprehension of symbolic sign messages and that it has advantages over other techniques.

ATTITUDES TOWARD HEALTH AMONG CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT RACES AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-426
Author(s):  
Carter L. Marshall ◽  
Khatab M. Hassanein ◽  
Ruth S. Hassanein ◽  
Carol L. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Health Personnel ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
Culture Of Poverty ◽  
White Children ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Health Institutions

The semantic differential, a means of measuring attitudes, was administered to 178 fourth grade students to compare attitudes toward health. One school was composed almost entirely of black children from the inner city, the other contained white children from upper middle class homes. When the children were divided into the two groups by sex, differences between the groups were not statistically significant but there were highly significant differences between the races. Generally, white children held more positive attitudes toward health personnel and health institutions than black children, while on the average black children were less concerned about sickness than white children. Whether these differences in attitude are in some way ethnically determined or based rather on a "culture of poverty" could not be determined from this study.

scholarly journals Time for a shift in focus in schizophrenia: From narrow phenotypes to broad endophenotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Weiser ◽  
Jim van Os ◽  
Michael Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Social Impairments ◽  
Biological Explanation ◽  
Biological Substrate ◽  
The One

SummaryMany manifestations of mental illness, risk factors, course and even response to treatment are shared by several diagnostic groups. For example, cognitive and social impairments are present to some degree in most DSM and ICD diagnostic groups. The idea that diagnostic boundaries of mental illness, including schizophrenia, have to be redefined is reinforced by recent findings indicating that on the one hand multiple genetic factors, each exerting a small effect, come together to manifest as schizophrenia, and on the other hand, depending on interaction with the environment, the same genetic variations can present as diverse clinical phenotypes. Rather than attempting to find a unitary biological explanation for a DSM construct of schizophrenia, it would be reasonable to deconstruct it into the most basic manifestations, some of which are common with other DSM constructs, such as cognitive or social impairment, and then investigate the biological substrate of these manifestations.

scholarly journals Emotionally evaluative attitude of parents in the high conflict families to each other and the child

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-141
Author(s):  
S.S. Kulakov
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dysfunctional Families ◽  
Psychiatric Examination ◽  
High Conflict ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conflictual Relationship

The increasing number of dysfunctional families causes an increase in the number of civil litigation on the education of the child, where the relationship between the persons are highly conflictual. The actual task is study the one of components in the structure of the psychological relationship - emotional and semantic constructs underlying semantic perception of each other and the child's parents. Examination of 42 testees (parents) from harmonious families and 54 testees (parents) during the forensic psychological and psychiatric examination (regarding the definition of child`s residence or the order of meetings for the child and the parent who don`t live with it) by methods "Geometric test of relations" and "Semantic Differential" showed that in families where is highly conflictual relationship, there is positive assessments of herself and her child, while assessment of the spouse (wife) characterized inversion. This negative attitude toward the spouse (wife) is not the other parent's negative characteristics. It is the ignoring the other parent's positive characteristics. The positive acceptance of all family members was revealed in harmonious families.

scholarly journals Effects of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results (KR) in the acquisition of motor skills

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Leandro R. Palhares ◽  
Alessandro T. Bruzi ◽  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
João V. A. P. Fialho ◽  
Herbert Ugrinowitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Serial Task

The purpose of the present study was to identify the effects of relative frequency and delay interval of Knowledge of Results (KR) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. Sixty students were randomly distributed in 2 experiments, with three groups in each experiment (n = 10). The Experiment 1 investigated the effects of the KR frequency without KR delay interval and the Experiment 2 investigated the effects of the KR frequency with KR delay interval (3 seconds) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. The serial task consisted of putting a tennis ball into six holes, positioned in a wood platform in a previously determined target time. In both experiments, the subjects performed 60 trials in target time of 2,700 ms, in the acquisition phase. In the Experiment 1, the results showed superiority of G33 in relation to the other groups, during the tests. In the Experiment 2, the results did not show any difference among the groups. These results are discussed with respect to the effect of KR delay interval, showing the role of combination of the variables.  

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